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Generation of whistler waves by continuous HF heating of the upper ionosphere

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Figure

Figure 1. Ionograms (a) during Experiment 1 and (b) during Experiment 2 showing a smooth ionosphere with sporadic E layer present, as well as Kodiak radarobservations (c) during Experiment 1 showing strong reflections (given in decibel) during the time of heating (20:15–20:45 UT) in the range 700–800 km.
Figure 3. Power spectral density versus frequency measured on 16 October 2009 (Figure 2a) and on 2 October 2010(Figure 2b), obtained from a 2 s average of the Figure 2 observations near the closest approach of the MZ
Figure 4. (a) Measurements of STEC during an HF heating experiment; variation in STEC has a timescale of severalseconds
Figure 5. Simulation results showing generation of mode-converted whistler waves with frequencies at the LHfrequency and its second harmonic: (a) the magnitude of the LH electric field in V/m, (b) magnitude of the whistlermagnetic field in picotesla, and (c) spectrum of the y component whistler electric field, relative to the peak value; thevertical lines in Figure 5c represent the LH frequency and its second harmonic.

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