Symbols

Rochester Institute of Technology

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Thesis/Dissertation Collections

5-1-1993

Symbols

Mary Therese McCann

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ROCHESTER

INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

A Thesis

Submitted

to the

Faculty

The

College

Fine

Applied Arts

in

Candidacy

for

the

Degree

MASTER OF FINE

ARTS

SYMBOLS

By

Mary

Therese McCann

Approval

Chief Advisor: Robert Keough:

Date:

2'-fet

-9?

Associate Advisor: Jack Slutzky:

Date:

.;- - /

<..{

-cr

'3

Associate Advisor:

bCY

Ciolek:

Date:

4

01c{

_

q,/

993

Associate

Adv~r:

Barbara Fox:

C' _

Date:

(I

fAd'-£.

.::9-3/

/'1>

3

1,

Mary Therese McCann

hereby (grant) permission to the Wallace

Memorial Library of Rochester Institute of Technology, to reproduce my thesis in whole or

in part. Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or project•

Table

Contents

Acknowledgement

iv

Dedication

Introduction

1

Review

Literature

History

2

Idea-writing

3

Phonetic

A

4

The World

Script

Culture

6

Pictogragrahs

8

Trademark

10

Dimensions-arts

15

Glossary

Symbols

16

Procedure/

Body

Work

Modern

Computer

17

Experimental

Inquiry

1)

Adobe

Photoshop

*Branding

iron

18

*Title

layout

20

2)

Aldus

Persuasion

21

Conclusion

23

Appendix A

24

Timeline

25

Appendix B

28

Equipment

& Software

29

Objective

30

Measurable Objective

3 1

Presentation

Outline

32

Presentation

Graphics

33

Acknowledgements

I

gratefully

the

the

following

individuals:

Nancy

Ciolek

Barbara

Fox

Robert Keough

Dedication

This

thesis

is

dedicated

to

my

beloved

family

had

I

my

thesis

my

Master

Fine Arts

in

Computer Gra

phic

Design.

My

family

very

their

time,

hospitality

thoughts.

Through

letters,

and

in

they

demon

to

ready

knew:

that

I

accomplishing

Introduction

Why

is it

that

have

The

is

drawn

language

that

message.

The Executive Art Direc

tor

Time

Nigel

Holmes

intellectual

who analyzed

the

He

the

importance

the

that

designers

translate

design

of symbolson

layouts

applications.

Holmes

A

for

thing.

It

is

visually

precise;

it

to

the

idea-either

by being

non-literal,

A

iden

tity

to

by

use,

to

With

the

history,

maps and

timelines,

I

investigate

the

development

pictographs andtrademarks.

I

also

include

the

Com

Graphics

to

my

design

This

thesis

is

study

the

European

Asian

symbolschosen

for

the

expanding my

knowledge

style and

design.

NigelHolmes,Designing Pictorial Symbols

History

Figure #1 'Hall

Dordogne,

France

Figure

Two

J

land,

Sweden

H*S

cn

Figure #3 Rock

drawing,

Bohuslan,

Sweden

The

development

ofpictures and symbolswas

the

drawing.

Humans

made

their

by

carving

and

painting,

petroglyphs whencarvedand

petrogramswhenpainted.2

The

drawings have been

found

in

locations

over

the

This

discuss

only

few

from Sweden

France. The

the

paintedmarks on

the

have

from Ice

Age,

about

60,000

before

The

drawing

from

France

is

located

in Dordogne.

The

has

dynamic figure

it

form

tivity.

It

is

the

left

Lascaux

known

the

'Hall

This

drawing

between

15,000-13,000 B.C.

As

shown

in

figure

#1

the

drawing

was created

by

painting

the

wall and

it

has

image

describing

The

drawing

from

Sweden

is

located

in

Jamtland

is

in

figure

#2.

The

image

to

be

drawing

two

elk.

This

drawing

during

the

early

Ice

Age.

Another

drawing

Bohuslan,

Sweden

is

picture

writing

in

figure

#3.

It

is

likely

using rock-scratching

and

is

dated

from

the

Bronze

Age

1800-1000 B.C.

During

the

Ice

Age,

rock

drawings

the

first

stage of

images,

symbols

towards

cation.

For

example, the

drawings became

for

communication connected

to

spoken sounds and

descriptive

This

leads

to the

in

the

same statements.5

The

drawings became

that

the thought

of spoken sounds.

TlansJensen,Sign. SymbolandScript.

(New York:G.P. Putnam'sSons.1969),32.

AdrianFrutiger,Sign,andSymbols Their DesignandMeaning.(New York:VanNostrand Reinhold,1989),iii.

Torstde la CroixandRichanl G.Tansey, Artthrough theAges. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,Inc.1980.),24,25.

Idea-writing

Figure #4 Chinese

Horse

(archaic)

& Horse

(modern)

icir

Figure

Latin

From

hieroglyph

phoneticcharacterA

i/

A

A

r~\

Writing

is

known

to

have

from

the time

drawings

orsigns

became

in

syllables,

wordor phases.

It

is

of

thought

The

existed

in

the

fifth

B.C.

in

the

Middle

With

the

help

known

pictograms,

they

objects,

dates

Writing

did

begin

the

early

to

the

in

horizontal

conforming

to

linear

thought.7

The

signs and

the

signs

developed

into

scriptcultures.8

The

that

have

into

through

development

certainly

pictorial signs.9

Pictorial

Alphabetical

two

that

be

First

remaining

pictorial

in

this

category

scripts

that

have

revolutionary

through

hundreds

The

kept

signs at

the

later

The

Chinese

is

the

best

example.

In

figure #4

the

for

horse

clearly

recognizable

in its

form,

this

it

has

later been

This

shows

the

basic

movements still present

in

the

modern sign.

The

basic

four

legs,

head

Alphabetical

scriptswhose originalpicture

signs

have been

the

to

The

to

The

best

is

the

Latin

alphabet

in

figure

#5.

The

illustration

demonstrates

in

the

first

early

sign

for

bull.

The

sign of

the

bull

the

details

ears,

horns

eye.

Through

the

development

of

the

the

the

image

little

by

little

time

the

first

alphabet

letter A

is

Adrian_Frutiger,SignsandSymbols Their DesignandMeaning.(New York Van Nostrand Reinhold,1989),113.

Frutiger,113.

rrutiger, 114.

Frutiger,113.

rrutiger 114.

lie_{rrutiger 114.}

Phonetic

A

At

the

millennium

B.C.

ber

writing

used

in

the

Near East

to

document

variety

languages.

Much trading

that took

place on

the

the

Mediterranean. The Phoe

nicians and

Near Eastern

that

by

land

by

This

enabled

them to

develop

understanding

tongues

It

involved

the

understanding

the

sonants

b, d,

g,

the

the

ba, di,

gu,

Today

the

Phoenician

signs are

known

for

originality

deserve

to

be

being

the

An

in

figure

#6

is

designed

in

way

to

the

development

of

Phonetic

A.

At

center of

the

is

the

Phoenician

that

was

influenced

by

Egyptian,

Sumerian,

Cretan,

styles of pictogram and

ideo

gram.

The

the

the time

nearly

2,000

[3,000

to

1,000

B.C.]

Many

have been left

because

certain stages

have

been

At

the

lower

the

chart

the

Semitic

Indian,

Western

the

today

are

developed. We

that

the

in

developed

differently

in

each area

beginning

in

the

early

the

first

nium

B.C. This

is

because

that time

there

between

these

The

left-side

describes

important

in

the

development

Western

The Greek

found

it

necessary

to

develop

further

the

imprecise

fixing

the

Phoenicians,

for

Semitic

languages but

for

the

writing

the

highly

inflected

Greek

For

the

A

E

derived

from

pronouncing

sounds as "ha"and "he," "I"

from

the

from

the tough

from

The

phasizes

the

different

language

strongly

influenced

by

the

writing

instruments

materials employed.

AdrianFrutiger,SignsandSymbols Their DesignandMeaning.(New York: VanNostrand

Remhold, 1989),143 14

Frutiger,143. Frutiger,

144-rrutiger,

144-Phonetic

A

Figure #6

Organization

of

Phonetic

A

Egyptian,

B.C.

Sumerian,

Sinai,

B.C.

Hieratic,

B.C.

Babylonian,

Crete,

B.G

Phoenician,

B.C.

Inventionof vowels

Old

Greek,

B.C.

Old

Aramaic,

Brahmin,

B.C.

Old

Latin,

B.C.

Aramaic,

B.C.

Nabataean,

B.C.

|

Development

Indian

Indonesian

Uncial,

Hebrew,

Sinaitic,

Carolingian

A.D.

Hebrew,

A.D. Old

Arabic,

600 A.D.

The Worlds

Script Culture

Scripts have

been

one of

the

that

Priests

have

writing

as a special activity.

Early

scripts

have been

in

ligion,

trade

law,

Religious

have been

used

extensively

in

the

For

the

different

develop

writing

form

in

the

way

and painting.

The

map

figure

#7

indi

cates

Judea

the

the

development

the

Hebrew

alphabet.

During

the

5,000

Jewish

tradition that

has been

through the

The Greek

Latin

culturesof

the

Mediterranean

into

Christianity,

through

branches

Eastern

Orthodoxy

is

called

Cyrillic

Also

Catholic

Christian

faiths

than

half

the

They

developed

scripts

derived

from Roman

alphabets

to

the

Renaissance

minuscule,

The

Mohammedan

faith

Islam

the

Arabic

style of

writing

North

Africa,

Asia

Minor

then

far

to

foothills

the

Himalayas.

It is

located

to

southeast on

the

map

culture.21

The

the

Hindu

faith

into

Northern

India

forming

in

dependent

De-vanagari

in

the

early

1 1th

century.

This

is

the

India

In

the

India

500

B.C.

Buddhists

beside

the

ancient

Hindu

They

immigrated

toward the

southeast and

brought

their

into

wereobtained

from

Devanagari

and

the

Pali

languages

Indonesia.23

Map

in

figure

#7

demon

strates

the

flow

into

the

differ

world.

AdrianFrutiger,SignsandSymbols Their

DesignandMeaning. (NewYork:Van No6trand

Reinhold,1989),146-147.

19Fmtiger,

20Frutiger,

21Frutiger,

The Worlds

Script

Culture

Figure #7

Early

culture

The

the

forms

the

in

the

Christianity

Hinduism

TT 3TPlJiqn ^PT

Confucius

Christianity

TrpOa0UTa

Hinduism

tflesj33a

Confucius

H

Judaism

IXJDSnX

Buddhism

J

Islam

Jlii

^Axitf

S^-iof

Buddhism

laikivBlLJiH

a

I

Hinduism

*^

*

fit

Pictoyraph

Today

symbols

that

to

object,

action,

process,

cept.24

They

message

by breaking

language

barriers. Pictographs

take

the

can

effectively

message.

Four

pictographswill

be

in

the

following

transpor

tation,

sports,

historical

This

focus

the

importance

pictographsas communication

symbols.

First,

the

transpor

tation

have

become

necessary

our

lives

in

America

the

Typically

drivers

information

road condition

information,

such as a sign

indicating

"Falling

"Level

Crossing"

or

"Steep

Des

cent."25

For

the

the

flight

the

passenger uses

the

language

English

for

signals of emergencies such as

the

Exit, Flight,

It

the

anxiety

barriers

attending

to

variety

different languages.

Second,

nationalparks are oftenstruc tured

using

bols for

The

image

form

usually

simple,

informational

for

during

the

sportsentertainmentand

in

During

Olympics

in

there

is

needofasignage systemwhich uses visual organization.

The

de

signed

to

during

these

Last,

designed

information in

museums,

historical

societies,

They

are used

in

the

format

the

pictographs

but

for

educational purposes

because

the

information

A

for

sports can

be

designed

in

generic

image

For

bicycle

image

to the

audiences

that

they

mitted

to

bicycle

in

particular area.

Frutiger

commented

that

safety

and pictograph signs must

have

a strict

international

unity

for

obvious reasons.27

Gregg

andVisual

Communication,

Kaufmann, Inc., 1979),18.

AdrianFrutiger,SignsandSymbols Their DesignandMeaning.(New York:VanNostrand

Reinhold, 1989),347.

xutiger,348.

26Fn

Pictograph

Figure

#8

Pictograph

examples:

Transportation

^O^^

Sports

Trademark

Trademarks

"marks"

which

identify

in

Trademarks

wereused

for

identifying

ducts

trade

turing

The

three

early

develop

ments of

the

be

in

the

following

areas: cattle

branding,

marks,

craftsmans'

marks.

This

better

standing

the

it

developed

in

the

First,

the

brand

that

by

ers gave

them the

opportunity

to

indicate ownership

In

North America

during

the

17th century

there

location

in

the

boundaries

property.

So

the

motives

to

do

branding

were

based

individual

will

to

The

purpose of stockbreeders

to

brandmark

their

to

keep

them

times

bled

in

They

to

be driven from

to

pasture

in

food. It

became

necessary

for

to

their

herds.

The

marking

the

for

life

was

by burning

into

the

horn

the

hide,

making

brand

mark.31

This

brand

is

the

liest

developments

This

type

ownership

herds

is

the

world.

In

figure

#9

the

early

brand

Second,

developed

for

many

The

trader

products suchas

sacks,

and

bundles

spices,

groceries,

fruit,

When

importing

exporting

products

it

became

necessity

for

traders

to

the

ducts

to

being

made

during

Upon

the

in

the

the

signs

became

identification

the

inside

the

quality.33

The

ownership

has

become

the

The

illustrations

torial

images

marks

by

the traders

for

their

products.

The

these

marks are seen

during

the

14th

and

15th

The

stractions

in

the

way

design

was produced.

The

the

in

figure

#10

following:

indications

of

the

the compass, the

scales,

the

cross,

the ship, the

flag,

Last,

the

has been

to

display

the

handicrafts

the potter,

smith,

maker

to

few.

With

pride

in

their

profession

it

in

the

in

terests

the

to

their

by

stamping in

mark as confirmation of

the

finished

Trademark

and

Mesopotamia

in

figure

#11.

These

early

craftsmens'

marks on pottery.

Other

by

a

variety

craftsmen, many

centuries ago.

Examples

the

craftsmens'

marks are shown

in

figure

#12

follows:

1, 2,

3:

Ancient

bakery

marks

from

the

Near

East,

into

the

dough before

baking. Circa

1500

B.C.

4:

Potter's

Roman

lamp. 5

Ceramic

marking

sign,

Doccia,

The

marks are

pictorialand

decorative

images

representing

their

finished

crafts.

These

the

earliestmarks

that the

craft-men

developed.

The

promoted andadvertised

their

work.

Presently,

trademarks

have

become

sumer goods.

An

is

trademark

the

ket

tea

Trade

marksare recognizedall

a-round us

in

daily

life. For

instance

trademark

for

Bell

Telephone

is

highly

able.

With

ducts

in

the

it

became

necessary

to

viate signs.

This

the

viewers an

opportunity

to

recognize

the

causes

the

to

become

The

designer

has

the

responsibility

to

develop

the

image

and

the

effect.

Figures

#13-15

various

types

trademarks

and we willexamine

these

in

the

following

Trademarks

based

figures,

letters

ments,

formation

contrasting

areas,

finally

abstraction

that

lead

to

wantedsimilarites.37

First,

trademarks

based

figures

the

image

and represents

the

figure

ground relations.

They

have

the

depicting

images

the

railway

tracks.

The

trademarks

give

the

recog

nition.38

Second,

trademarks

letters

that

demonstrate

the

ability

to

resemble

letter forms

in

abstract

image.

In

zations and companies

the

of

initials

to the

graphic expression.

The

following

trade

that

in

this

esthetic are shown

in

figure

#14.

These

have letters

fused

together

graphic images.39

In

figure

#15

that

best

demonstrate

trade

the

images

consist of spiral

movement,

simulating

3

dimensions

2

dimensions.

The

last

two

trademarks

in

this

group

sistof

formations

contrasting

sim-Trademark

milarities.40

The

third trade

mark

in

figure

#15

is

example ofunwanted

sim-milarities

because

it

image

to the

around,

toward

through the

These

this

trademark

difficult

to

This

be

in

the

trademark;

to

clearly

easily

company'ssymbol.

After

viewing

the trade

mark

images

that

graphic

designers'

esthetics

have

influenced

designers,

they

these

oldermarks

for

It

forces

the

designer

to

what

is

being

communicated,

is

being

represented,

is

the

T'eterWild,Internationaltrademark

design.(New York:Van NostrandReinhold Co.

1979),6.

AdrianFrutiger,SignsandSymbols Their

DesignandMeaning.(New York: Van Nostrand

Reinhold,1989),325.

rrutiger, 325.

Frutiger,325.

rrutiger,326.

Frutiger,326.

^Frutiger,

Frutiger,327.

36Frutiger,

37Frutiger,

38Frutiger,

Frutiger,334.

Trademark

^&\*^

S

S3

3r

A Jk

Figure

#9

Cattle

branding

from North

America,

during

t^

*%

ob

<?V-V^

S3

VoV

^

Figure

#10

signs ofthe_{14th century}

Figure

#11

Pottery

WW

Figure

#12

Craftsmen's

Trademark

\1\

*

Figure

#13

Modern

based

concrete and abstract

figures

A

Figure

#14

Trademarks

letters

elements

H<@

Figure

#15

Trademark

Dimensions-

Arts

The

three

distinct di

mensions of all visualarts and

symbols are as

following:

Semantic:

way

to

for

defined

meaning

communication.

How

does

this

represent

the

Does

the

image

communicate

the

that

the

Will

those

the

the

symbol?

Is

the

by

the target

Syntactic:

the

intended

lationship

in

to

How

does

the

relationship

of

the

How

does

the

design

the

Is

the

important infor

mationnoticeable

first?

Pragmatic:

that

fers

to the

relationship

visual communication

to

user.

What

be

the

tiveness of

the

enlarged orreduced?

Is

the

for

the

Can

the target

see

the

All

the

in

terrelated

in

Successful

design

that

these

be

the

thinking.

These

provideamethod of

evaluating

the qualties ofdesigns.41

Aiga,SymbolSigns (New York:

Hasting

Glossary

Symbols

Combination Marks: Symbol

and

logo

together.

Also

called signature.

Constant

space relationship.

Devanagari:

The

in

which

Sanskrit

many

Indian

languages

written.

andsoldas

desired.

Gregg

Designand

Visual

43William

Dictionaryofthe English Tangnafp,<Rostnn:

Houghton Mifflin Co.1979),860-837.

Lettermarks:

Letters

formed

in

type.

Used

to

identify

pany,

to

long

name,

Logos:

A

in

type.

Identify

company,

brand,

project,

Pronounceable.

Can

be

legally

Minuscule:

A

small,

script

developed

from

between

the

7th

9th

centuries

A.D.

in

medieval manuscripts.

A letter

written

in

this

Pictogram:

Any

representation of numerical

data

Pictographs:

Public

Used

to

language

barriers

for

direction,

safety, trans

portation.

Use

by

all.

Symbols:

Marks

type

used

to

identify

agency

institution.

Can

be

legally

Trademarks: Legal

for

unique markswhich

may

be

Modern

computer

Today

graphic

designers

Macintosh

various application programs

which are available

for

the

designer

to

from.

We

will examine

the

following

programs:

Aldus

Persuasion,

Aldus

Freehand,

Adobe

Photoshop, Computer-Eyes,

and

Xapshot

Canon.

First,

Aldus

Persuasion

is

acomprehesive

desktop

presention program.

It

of

built-in

outlining,

Auto

Template

technology,

charting

tools.

Aldus

Per

suasion

is

the

only

to

produce

overheads,

35

slides,

handouts,

notes.44

Second,

Aldus Freehand

is

a

flexible

drawing

that

enables

the

designer

to

illustrations,

charts and complicated

tech

nicalillustrations.45

Third,

Adobe

Photoshop

is

application

designed for

who work with graphic

images.

The

the

tools

to

new

images.

It

the

the

ability

to

existing

digital

images

that

were created

by

video capture

equipment.46

Fourth,

ComputerEyes is

aprofessional program

that

provides

the

the

ability

to

capture

full-

black-and-white

images.

It is

the

developed for

the

Macintosh

computer.47

Xap

Shot

Canon

is

be

to take

The

be

displayed

the

Macin

tosh computer.

Xap

Shot

camera

is

entirely

because

it is

These

programs are available and are

very

for

because

they

be

widely

educationally

for

tising department.

44_Aldus

PersuasionUser Manual. (USA:

AldusCorporation,1991),3.

45

HarryC. Edwards & Lin Compton O'Leary,Aldus Freehand

Learning

^^ynne

Photoshop

ClassroomInABox Student Workbook.(USA:

AdobeSystemsIncorporated, 1991),1.

47

ComputerEyesProfessionalSeries Color

DigitizerforAppleMacintoshComputersOwners

Manual. (USA:AldusCorporation,1991),7. XapShot Instructions,(Japan:CanonInc.

Experimental

Inquiry

Figure #16

Branding

from Ohio

Figure #17

Branding

from Ohio

During

the

the

ice

frozen

the

brick

Rochester

Institute

Technology,

in

upstate

New

York I

found

myself

using

Adobe

Photoshop

tools

retouching

branding

iron

as shown

in

figure

#16.

The

moments of

exploring

the

techniques

I

the

Computer

Graphic

Lab

RIT,

to

scanned

images

my

graphs andretouched

the

images.

I

to

it

PICT

file because Aldus

Per

suasion under system

7.1

subscribes

to

designers

to

EPS

PICT

file formats

slides.

I

RGB

display

mode of

color,

32

bits/pixel,

and

diffusion.

After

I

to the

computer program of

Adobe

Photoshop,

I

displayed

the

photographic

image

the

branding

iron

the

screen of

the

Apple Macintosh

computer

to

I

saved a second

image

for

back

up

file

in

I

selected

the

branding

iron

image

the

Lasso

tool

from

the

Main

tool

copied and pasted

it

page

layout.

Then

I

the

Eye

black for

the

background

Next I

the

Paint

bucket

tool

dumped

the

color onto

the

background.

There

to

where

to

I

the

photographic

image

the

forms

of

the

image

that

to

be

retouched.

After

my

of

the

branding

iron

for

retouching,

it

to

see

the

layers

forms.

Then I

ette

background

into

the

blur

method around

the

branding

iron image

in

figure

#17.

The

blurring

is

to

image

and

to

blend

in

the

background

for

By

adding my

details

the

colors,

forms

touch

up

as

the

lighting,

I

Line

tool to

dilute

the

high

lighting.

This

is

to

the

details

the

branding

iron.

During

the

retouching

in

the

Adobe

Photoshop

I

the

copy, cut,

from

the

back-up

my

image

to

any

that

might

happen

I

touched the

When

I

the copy, cut,

commands on

my

the

exactly

I

hoped.

I

the

final

process of

retouching

the

branding

iron

the

Apple Macintosh

screen with

the

RGB

Then I

the

32

bit

system pallette and

Dither

-Diffusion. After I

the

pallette

I

the

as a

PICT

file format.

I

Experimental

Inquiry

diffusion dither

to

the

image.

Shortly

my

PICT

file

the

closed,

I

took the

PICT

file

to

my

disk

and

my

SyQuest

folder.

My

image

is

best

shown on

the

Apple Mac

intosh

Winter

is

time

for

hitting

Apple

Macintosh

during

hours.

One

forget

how

it

is

outside,

busy

the

computer.

The

process of

my

Experimental

Inquiry

Figure

Photograph

landscape

from

Transfer,

PA.

Figure #19 Photograph

landscape

from

Transfer,

PA.

Adobe

Photoshop

During

the

I

discovered

the

techniques

using

the

Adobe

Photoshop

tools to

ofa

landscape

in

figure

#18. The

exploring

the techniques

surprisedme.

In

the

Computer Graphic

Lab

Rochester Institute

Technology,

I

the

image

the

landscape

graph as seen

in

figure

#18.

1

image

PICT

file

by

Aldus

Persuasion

to

import

files

PICT

E.P.S.

I

RGB

color,

32

bits/

diffusion

I

the

the

Microtek

After I

finished

the

image

I

to the

computer program of

Adobe

Photoshop.

I

the

photographic

image

the

landscape

the

the

Apple Macintosh

to

title

layout.

I

saved asecond

image

for

backup

in

that

might arise.

I

land

images,

the

Brightness/Contrast

under

the

Image Menu

the

I

to

blur

the

for

subtle

image. Under

the

I

the

filter

Blur

Gaussian Blur in

radius of

3

then

it.

The

in

eery glowing

After

I

this

process

I

the

image

andchose

the

location for

the

title.

This

to

decide

on

the

for

the

text.

For

the text

I

medium

gray

Helvetica

Bold

using

72pt.

Under

the

stylemenu

for

the text

in

the

Text

Tool I

bold,

anti-aliased,

left. The

text

the

in

the

text

I

located

the

title

the

dark

the

landscape

image.

While

the

text

in

the

I

chose

to

the title

by

using

the trick

Lens Flare

145%,

Lens

type

is

50-300

mm zoomand

located

the

highlight

the

text

allowing

it

to

dramatic

in

figure

#19.

Upon

completing

the

layout

design for

the title

I

the

image

PICT

file

format

in

32

bit

pallette.

My

title

layout

for

the

landscape

image

is

best

on

the

Aldus

Persuasion

presentation.

Winter

is

time

for

staying

indoors

to

away

from

the

Rochester.

The

ability

to

my

time to

using

the

Adobe

Photoshop

techniques

Experimental

Inquiry

When I

discovered

the

of

the

Adobe

Photoshop

I

able

to

images

for

the

Slide

tation.

Through

this

I

learned

the

the tools

touching

the

digital

images

created

by

the

equip

My

to

my

design

ability

into

for

the

I

my

digital

images

PICT

file,

RGB

color mode and

32

bit

pallette.

Then I

the

PICT

files

into

folders

a

folder for

title

layout

folder for

history

layout. This

structure

kept

my

files

in

liner

format.

The

installation

Aldus

Persuasion 2.1

to

forth

into

the

presentation.

I

the

form

to

develop

positive sense of

my

tationstructure.

Then

I

to the

Slide

to

modify

in

I

dark background

color

to

the

typeface.

The background

is

gray

black

black background for

design

digital

images.

For

title

text

I

chose white

Helvetica

bold

Folio

Then

I

up

ture

for

this

tion.

I

grid

that

from

then

lines.

After

the

lines

type

This

type

grid

is

consistently

to the composition,

layout

balance.

After

the

up

the

constructionalgrid

I

imported

the

PICT

files

the

digital

images into

tation.

Having

layout

time

in

the

flow

importing

images

for

my

The

using

the

Aldus

Persuasion is

it

enables me

to

the

imported

images

to

format

them

enhance

them

in

design

that

works well visually.

In

figure

#20

of

the

Slide

that

were created

using

the

Aldus

Persuasion 2.1.

They

with

the

The

examples give

the

design

style,

Experimental

Inquiry

hmsd

__ ^ 'W.<*v ::.:>wnwnwimiimip*xi.tti. K^tRwwciMaM:

<tiM*xmm Wg^Wvm

Conclusion

My

research,

in

the

field

Symbols has

the

question

"Why

is it

that

symbols

have

people?"

The

illustrations

drawings,

scripts,

and

trademarks

that

have been developed

many

thousands

These

convey

through

forms

For

example,

language

in

character and used

in

communication.

History

timelines

trademarks

very

informative

to

both

the

They

direction

to

the

future

at

the

Appendix

A

On

the

following

is

my

timeline

journals

Timeline

Thesis

Septem

ber

25,

1992.

Thesis

October,

1992.

Research

study

during

Septem

ber-November,

1992.

During

Thankgiving

break

I

took

trade

marks and pictographs

that

is

related

to

my

thesis topic

November

17,

1992

&

November

30,

1992.

Developed

the

using

the

ComputerEyes

application on

December

1,

1992.

Using

Adobe

Photoshop

I

the

tools to

improve

the

images

up

sizing

December

1,

1992.

Revisement

Barbara Fox

December

4,

1992.

Committee

meeting

the

Advisors

faculty

De

cember

9,

1992.

Reviewed

my

literature

to

December

10,

1992.

Read literature

draft

3

December

11,

1992.

Scanned

developed

images

related

to

my

December

16,

1992.

Scanned

logos

from

and save as a

PICT

I

into

Adobe

Photoshop

to

improve image

Decem

ber

17,

1992.

Discovered

that the

Xapshot

Canon

battery

in

working

I

my

to take

pictographsand

logos

wheather wasgreat

to take

the

it

Decem

ber

24,

1992.

(Christmas

Eve)

Picked

up

the

the

One

Hour

Photo

December

30,

1992.

Went

in

my

disks

files

to

the

photographsand

trashed

57

photos

that

I

for

this

January

3,

1993.

Scanned

in

the

from

the

Christmas

break

using

the

Microtek

in

using

Adobe

Photoshop

January

8,

1993.

Trashed

that

were

done

the

Xapshot

Camera

in

three

pictographs

that

I

bought

the

Strawberry

Mall

Penn

sylvaniaon

January

9,

1993.

Studied

the

Adobe

Photoshop

the

to

apply in retouching

the

graphs.

Also I

in

the

Timeline

and paste photographs

to

enhance

the

image

Jan

uary

10,

1993.

Meet

my

Cheif Advisor

Robert

Keough

to

my

processon

January

13,

1993.

Studied

using

the

Adobe

Photoshop

application completed at

least

27 images

January

13,

1993.

Scanned

in

logo

images

that

I

found

to

be

for

this

project on

January

14,

1993.

Studied

using

the

Adobe

Photoshop

January

19,

1993;

7-

11p.m.

Studied

using

the

Adobe

Photoshop

January

20,

1993;

9a.m.-4p.m.

Typed

information in

for

Thesis

the

information

that

I

Then

I

my Presentation

for

the

design

January

21,

1993.

Scanned

images

for

presentationandworked

in

Adobe

Photoshop

January

24,

1993.

Scanned

images

PICT

file

January

25,

1993.

Studied

in

the

Adobe

Photoshop

tinued

working

the

PICT

files

January

27,

1993.

Installed

the

Aldus

Persuasion 2.1

designed

the

background

layout

for

the

slidepresentationon

January

28,

1993.

Then

I

dis

appointed

that

I

import

any

PICT

files

into

the

Reading

day

the

Aldus

Persuasion

for further

study

in

the

to

design

my

January

29,1993.

Imported

the

PICT

file

into

the

Set

up

the

did design

process on

January

30,

1993.

Studied

the

Aldus Persuasion

slideproject on

January

31,

1993.

Process

in

the

Aldus Persuasion

the

Slide

Presentation

Feb-uary

3,

1993.

Did

touch

Febuary

4,

1993.

Wrote Thesis

Febuary

9,

1993.

Typed Thesis

Febuary

10,

1993.

Review

Slide Presentation

Timeline

Designed

Liner

layout for

the

Set-up

Thesis

in

the

Thesis

Febuary

14,

tray holder for

the

Exhibition

1993.

March

25,

1993.

Thesis

Committee

meeting

Febuary

17,

1993.

Revision

Thesis

project on

March

9,

1993.

Meeting

Bob

Keough

going

the

Thesis

for

35mm

to

be

developed

March

10,

1993.

Worked

the

Image

Q

for

the

Thesis

March

16,

1993.

Spent

the

day

going

through

trial,

labor

Bob

Keough

the

shooting

from

the

Montage FR1

into

the

ektachrome

film

March

17,

1993.

(Saint

Patricks

Day)

Tested

the

Caramate for

the

show on

March

20

&

21,

1993.

Revision

Thesis

for

the

Thesis

Exhibition

March

21,

1993.

Preplanning

Meeting

for

Graduate Thesis Show

#2

March

22,

1993.

Accomplished

the

shooting

from

the

Montage FR1 into

the

ektachrome

film

March

17,

1993.

Installation

Orientation

Meeting

April

1,

1993.

Installation

day

April

2,

3

&4,

1993.

Graduate

Thesis Show

#2

April

9,

1993.

(Qood

Friday)

Revisions

Barbara

Fox

my

Thesis

April

21,

1993.

At

last

this

Thesis Project

Thesis

is

I

it.

I

have

in

I

to

Appendix B

The

following

contain

information

the

Equipment

& Software

Equipment;

*A

Macintosh

Ilex

7.01

*256

*At

least

4mb

RAM.

*Silver

&

Mi

crotek scanner.

*Xapshot

Canon

era

&

equip

ment.

*Montage

FR1.

Software:

*Aldus

Freehand

*

Aldus Persuasion

2.1

*

Adobe

Photoshop

2.0

*Computer Eyes-Color

Video Digitizer for Apple Mac

intosh

Computer.

*Image

Q.

Objective

Thirty-six

Subject

SYMBOLS

Audience

is

for

the

visualarts students and

for

the

first

Computer

Graphic

Design

students,

Graphic

Design

in

graduate and graduate

level.

Will

have

list

Using

Auto Template

my

design

36

outline,

handouts

Using

the

Xapshot Canon

various

trademarks

pictographs

relating

to

my

topic

Symbols. This

hance

my

this

to

begin

to

is

in

the

public places.

Using

the

the

Microtek

to

images

for

the

project.

Using

the

following

ware:

1)

Aldus

Freehand

2)

Aldus

Persuasion 2.1

3)

Adobe

Photoshop

2.0

4)Computer Eyes-Color

Video

Digitizer

for

Apple Macintosh

Computer.

Measurable Objective

After

the presentation

the

topic

Symbols

the

be

to:

1)

Write

the

dates

the

timeline.

2)

Identify

the

to

familiarize

themself

the

3)

List Religions

the

world's scriptculture.

4)

Write

dates

Graphic

summary

sign

A.

5

)

Identify

trademarks

and pictographs.

6)

To

the

trademarks

7)

To

the

branding

iron

branding

North

America.

8)

Familiarize

themself

of

the

9)

To

identify

the

drawings

10)

To

the

Presentation Outline

Objective:

To

to

Computer

Graphic

Design

Graphic

Design

the

information

Symbols.

L

Introduction

*Why

is it

that

Symbols

have

II.

History

*

'Halls

Bulls/

Dor

dogne,

France

*Two

elk,

Jamtland,

Sweden

*Rockdrawing,

Bohuslan,

Sweden

III. Idea

*Chinese

Horse

(archaic)

& Horse

(modern)

*Latin

characters,

From

the

hieroglyph

to the

phoneticcharacter

A.

IV.

Graphic

phonetic sign

A

*Organization

phonetic sign

A

V.

The Worlds Script

Culture

*Early

VI. Pictograph

*Transportation

*Sports

*National Park

VII. Trademark

*Branding

iron

during

the

1800's, A keyhole

mark,

Ohio

*Branding

iron

dern

during

the

1900's,

#6,

Meadville

PA.

*Catde

branding

from North

America,

during

16th

18th

century

*Traders'

signs ofthe

14th

century

*Pottery

*Craftsmen's

from

many

*Modern

based

figures

*Trademarks

letters

and elements

*Trademark

trasting

VIII. Dimensions-arts

*Semantic:

way

to

for

defined

meaning

visual communication.

*

Syntactic:

the

in

tended

relationship

in

to

*

Pragmatic:

thatrefers

to the

relationship

ofvisualcommunication

to

Presentation

Graphics

Graphics

to

designing

this

*

Simple

background

*Computer

Generate

Design

*Photographs

Video

images

*Rules

lines

*Graphic

The

design

sentation

layout:

*13"

Macintosh

is

*35mm

Slides

is

*Helvetica

bold

type

face

be

for

the title

and

Folio

bold

typeface

be

used

for head

title

text

*The

title

be lo

cated centered and

36pt.

*The

text

is

22pt.,

18pt., &

14pt.

*The

be

Bibliograp