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(1)Crop protection strategies in European organic viticulture. Lucius Tamm, Andy Häseli, Thomas Amsler, Sonia Jiménez, Barbara Thürig & Dominique Lévite. Archiviert unter: http://orgprints.org/00002638/. FiBL Frick.

(2) Contents „. Organic viticulture in Europe. „. Major bottlenecks and solutions. „. Crop protection strategies in humid climates. „. Novel trends in disease control. FiBL Frick.

(3) Development of organic farming world-wide Hectares. Farms 140'000. 3'500'000 3'000'000. Hektares Farms. 120'000. 2'500'000. 100'000. 2'000'000. 80'000. 1'500'000. 60'000. 1'000'000. 40'000. 500'000. 20'000 0. 19 8 19 5 8 19 6 8 19 7 8 19 8 8 19 9 9 19 0 9 19 1 9 19 2 9 19 3 9 19 4 9 19 5 9 19 6 9 19 7 9 19 8 99. 0. (source: Kilcher et al., 2000). FiBL Frick.

(4) Organic viticulture in Europe Turkey Switzerland (2000) Spain (31.12.2001) Portugal (31.12.2001) Italy (31.12.2001) Hungary (1998). Reihe1. Greece (31.12.1999) Germany (31.12.2000) France (31.12.2000) Czech Republic (1999) Austria (31.12.2000) 0.00. 1.00. 2.00. 3.00. 4.00. 5.00. 6.00. Percent organic surface. FiBL Frick.

(5) Major diseases Problem Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Phomopsis viticola Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Grey rot (Botrytis cinerea) Flavescence d.. importance. solution. efficacy. losses. ****. acidified clays, copper. ***. *-****. ****. *-***. ***. *. *-**. sulphur, other products sulphur. local. acidified clays. ***. *-**. **-***. copper. **. *-**. local. ?. ?. ****. ****. FiBL Frick.

(6) Major pests Problem Eupoecilia ambiguella and Lobesia botrana Red spider mite Spider mite Phylloxera Thrips Lygus Empoasca Lepidopterae. importance. solution. efficacy. losses. **. mating disruption, B.t.. ***. **. soaps sulphur sulphur sulphur. **** *** *** ***. ** * * *. pyrethrin, spinosad. ***. *. * local * * * * local. FiBL Frick.

(7) Major bottlenecks:. FiBL Frick.

(8) Crop protection on organic viticulture crop protection products soil fertility soil tillage fertilization Habitat management. sanitation Mengenredukt ion health plant. avoidance techniques variety variety mixture. intercropping. FiBL Frick.

(9) Sanitation. FiBL Frick.

(10) Crop protection on organic viticulture crop protection products soil fertility soil tillage fertilization Habitat management. sanitation Mengenredukt ion health plant. avoidance techniques variety variety mixture. intercropping. FiBL Frick.

(11) Avoidance techniques: wasps. FiBL Frick.

(12) Avoidance techniques: Birds. FiBL Frick.

(13) Crop protection on organic viticulture crop protection products soil fertility soil tillage fertilization Habitat management. sanitation Mengenredukt ion health plant. avoidance techniques variety variety mixture. intercropping. FiBL Frick.

(14) Resistant varieties. FiBL Frick.

(15) Partial resistance. Spot. FiBL Frick.

(16) Partial resistance?. FiBL Frick.

(17) Downy mildew on interspecific hybrids 100 1999 2000 2001 2002. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10. r an ni te. n. Jo h. ur ci. ha m bo. Bi an ca. 2 85 0. nt eg e R. Br on ne r C. Se. yv. al. la. Bl an. ris. c. 0 So. Disease severity (%). 90. FiBL Frick.

(18) Crop protection strategies crop protection products soil fertility soil tillage fertilization Habitat management. sanitation Mengenredukt ion health plant. avoidance techniques variety variety mixture. intercropping. FiBL Frick.

(19) Habitat management: wild flower strips. FiBL Frick.

(20) Alicante (Spain): added value. FiBL Frick.

(21) Crop protection strategies crop protection products soil fertility soil tillage fertilization Habitat management. sanitation Mengenredukt ion health plant. avoidance techniques variety variety mixture. intercropping. FiBL Frick.

(22) Plant nutrition and field resistance?. low susceptibility. high susceptibility. FiBL Frick.

(23) Crop protection strategies crop protection products soil fertility soil tillage fertilization Habitat management. sanitation Mengenredukt ion health plant. avoidance techniques variety variety mixture. intercropping. FiBL Frick.

(24) Efficacy gap of pesticides in OF Efficacy level. Ideal pesticide synthetic. 100%. organic Disease /pest pressure FiBL Frick.

(25) Untreated Aliette Copper Cu+G Agromos Fitoclean Kocide 2000 Messenger Serenade Polyverum Myco San Mycosin MSin-l MSin+Thiovit MSin-l+Thiovit MSin-l+G. Disease severity. Downy mildew control: Frick, 11.9. 2002 100. 80. 60. 40. 20. 0. FiBL Frick.

(26) Application and timing of sprays are crucial. FiBL Frick.

(27) Crop protection strategies in humid climates Bud burst Standard Swiss max 4 kg Cu/ha. acidified Clay. copper. Berry touch acidified Clay. Véraison copper fennel oil. sulfur. Copper low dosage (100-200g/ha application). Standard German max 3 kg Cu/ha. sulfur Copper high dosage. Standard French/Italian max 8 kg Cu/ha Low toxicity standard. flowering. acidified Clay. copper fennel oil. sulfur. B. thuringiensis Mating disruption FiBL Frick.

(28) Crop protection in Frick, May 2002. FiBL Frick.

(29) Crop protection in Frick, June 2002. 1st symptoms. FiBL Frick.

(30) Crop protection in Frick, July 2002. FiBL Frick.

(31) Crop protection in Frick, August 2002. FiBL Frick.

(32) Frick 2002. 80. 60. 40. 20. 0 a. control. Peronospora Befallstärke [%] 06.08.02. 100. Bilanz. Cu+T. MSan. Standard. FiBL Frick.

(33) Standard compounds. untreated. copper. Myco-San FiBL Frick.

(34) Acidified clay preparations: „. Myco San: acidified clay + wettable sulfur;. „. Myco Sin: acidified clay Manufacturer: Schaette GmbH, Germany. „. Ulmasud: acidified clay Manufacturer: Biofa GmbH, Germany. Putative active principles: „. Al-Ion toxicity to sporangia/zoospores. „. Resistance induction FiBL Frick.

(35) Dose-response of Myco Sin. Efficacy rate [%]. 100. A ]. A ]. A ]. A ]. A ]. A ]. 0,07. 0,09. 0,10. 0,50. 1,00. 2,00. ] A. 75. ] A. 50. ] A. 25 0. ] A. 0,00. 0,01. 0,03. 0,05. Dosierung Dosage % FiBL Frick.

(36) Dosis-response of Al-Ions (controlled conditions) Al on leaf surface. Efficacy rate [%]. 100.0. 75.0. A A A A A A. A AA A. AA. A. 50.0 A A. 25.0. 0.0. A. 0.0. 1.0. 2.0. 3.0. 4.0. Al-Konzentration [µg/cm2]. FiBL Frick.

(37) Dose-response of Al-Ions (outdoors). Efficacy rate (%). 100.00. 75.00. 50.00. 25.00. W WW W W W W W W W WW W W W WW WW W W W W WW W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W WW W W WW W W W W W W W W W W. 0.00. W W W WW W W. W. W W. Rain (mm). W. WW. W. 0. 43. W. W. W. W. W. W WW W. 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. Mikrogramm Al/cm2 leaf surface. FiBL Frick.

(38) Phytotoxicity effects in combination with copper. Symptoms of makroskopically visible toxicity on leaves. SA Roland Mühletaler, 2001 FiBL Frick.

(39) Properties of acidified clays. „. fungicidal activity. „. Slightly less efficient than copper. „. May cause phytotoxicity. FiBL Frick.

(40) PEN-a novel elicitor?. Penicillium chrysogenum. Dry mycelium. 'Agro Biosol' Biochemie GmbH, A-Kundl. FiBL Frick.

(41) PEN on grapevine-P. viticola Control. PEN. FiBL Frick.

(42) PEN on grapevine-P. viticola Control. PEN. FiBL Frick.

(43) Bion+copper 1/4. Bion+copper 1/2. Bion+copper 1/1. Bion. PEN+copper 1/4. PEN+copper 1/2. 5. PEN+copper 1/1. PEN (1.5 g/l). copper 1/4. copper 1/2. copper 1/1. control. lesion diameter (mm). P. viticola: Lesion diameter 1997 25. 20. 15 *. 10. *. 0. Rentsch, 1997. FiBL Frick.

(44) Signal pathways and pathosystems Resistance against. necrosis. Salicylsäure „SAR“. SA. PR-proteins e.g. PR-1, 2, 5. pathogens / abiotic inductors PGPR. NPR1 JA. ethylene. „ISR“ Unknown markers. Pdf 1.2, some PR-proteins (e.g. basic PR-3 and acidic PR-4). Camalexin. Peronospora parasitica Pseudomonas syringae Turnip crinkle virus Peronospora parasitica Fusarium oxysproum Pseudomonas syringae Xanthomonas campestris. Botrytis cinerea Pythium sp. Erisyphe sp.. Alternaria brassicicola (Botrytis cinerea) FiBL Frick.

(45) Properties of PEN. „. Elicitor activity on grapevine. „. May cause phytotoxicity. „. Probably ready to use in 3-5 years. FiBL Frick.

(46) Available commercial products Downy mildew. Powdery mildew. „. Copper. „. Sulphur. „. Acidified clays. „. Soybean lezithin. „. Phosphoric acid. „. Fennel oil. „. Potassium permanganate. „. Ampelomyces quisqualis. „. Sodium bicarbonate. „. Reynoutria sachaliensis FiBL Frick.

(47) Trends in crop protection strategies Novel technology Use of DSS Improved DSS Plant extracts Biocontrol agents Elicitors Resistant varieties. target organism Plasmopara viticola Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula necator, Botrytis cinerea Plasmopara viticola Uncinula necator, Botrytis cinerea Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula necator Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula necator. expected efficacy introduction on farm 2003 2005 2010 later *** *** *-**** *-** *** *-***. FiBL Frick.

(48) Crew & support „. Dominique Lévite. „. Thomas Boller. „. Andy Häseli. „. Andres Binder. „. Thomas Amsler. „. Jürg Felix. „. Barbara Thürig. „. Sonia Jiménez. „. Christina Rentsch. „. Urs Guyer. „. Roland Mühletaler. FiBL Frick.

(49)

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