Environmental effects in molecular electronics

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

β

μ



μ

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

α

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

−

ℏ

2

2𝑚

𝑑

2

𝜓

𝑑𝑥

2

+ 𝑉𝜓 = 𝐸𝜓

𝜓 = 𝐴𝑒

𝑖𝑘𝑥

+ 𝐵𝑒

−𝑖𝑘𝑥

𝑘 =

√2𝑚𝐸

ℏ

𝜓 = 𝐶𝑒

𝜅𝑥

+ 𝐷𝑒

−𝜅𝑥



𝜅 =

√2𝑚(𝑉 − 𝐸)

ℏ

(32)

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 + 𝐷

𝐶𝑒

𝜅𝐿

+ 𝐷𝑒

−𝜅𝐿

= 𝐴′𝑒

𝑖𝑘𝐿

+ 𝐵

′𝑒−𝑖𝑘𝐿

𝑖𝑘𝐴 − 𝑖𝑘𝐵 = 𝜅𝐶 − 𝜅𝐷

𝜅𝐶𝑒

𝜅𝐿

− 𝜅𝐷𝑒

−𝜅𝐿

= 𝑖𝑘𝐴′𝑒

𝑖𝑘𝐿

− 𝑖𝑘𝐵′𝑒

−𝑖𝑘𝐿

𝑇 = {1 +

(𝑒

𝜅𝐿

_{− 𝑒}

−𝜅𝐿

₎

2

16𝜀(1 − 𝜀)

}

−1

ε



𝑇 ≈ 16𝜀(1 − 𝜀)𝑒

−2𝜅𝐿

β

(33)

(34)

𝐽 ≈ 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑝 (−

2𝑑

ℏ

√2𝑚Φ)

𝐽 ≈ 𝑉

2

_{𝑒𝑥𝑝 (−}

4𝑑√2𝑚Φ

3 2⁄

3𝑞ℏ𝑉

)

𝐽 ≈ 𝑇

2

_{exp (−}

Φ − q√qV 4πεd

⁄

kT

)



(35)

(36)



𝐽 ∝ 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑝 (

− Φ

𝑘

_𝐵

𝑇

)

𝑘

_𝐸𝑇

∝ 𝑁

−𝜂

η

β

(37)

(38)



μ



μ

𝐼 =

𝑒

ℏ

Γ

₁

Γ

₁

+ Γ

₂

[𝑓

1

(𝜀) − 𝑓

2

(𝜀)]







𝑓

₁

(𝜀) = 1 (1 + exp

𝜀−𝜇1

𝑘𝐵𝑇

)

⁄

𝑓

₂

(𝜀) = 1 (1 + exp

𝜀−𝜇2

𝑘𝐵𝑇

)

⁄



  

(39)



μ





μ



μ

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

I

V

I

(45)

𝐺(𝜇) = 𝐺

₀

∑ 𝑇

_𝑛

(𝜇)

𝑛

𝐺(0) =

2𝑒

2

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

β

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

β

│

(58)

(59)

(60)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 B Group A Group ln( G) ( n S )

n(CH₂)

β

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -3.0

-2.5 -2.0 -1.5

-1.0 B Group

A Group

ln(G

/ nS)

n(CH₂)

(61)

(62)

0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10 Conductance (nS) 4[V]4 4[Ph]4 4[T3]4 Conductance (nS) 6[V]6 6[Ph]6 6[T3]6

β

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ln(G ) ( nS)

n(CH₂)

A Group x[Ph]x x[T3]x x[V]x ADT32 ln(G ) ( nS)

n(CH₂)

(63)

(64)

𝑇(𝐸) = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(Γ

_𝑅

(𝐸) 𝐺

𝑅

_(𝐸)Γ

𝐿

(𝐸) 𝐺

𝑅†

(𝐸))

𝛤

_𝐿,𝑅

(𝐸) = 𝑖 (∑

_𝐿,𝑅

(𝐸) − ∑

_𝐿,𝑅†

(𝐸))

∑

𝐿,𝑅

(𝐸)

𝐺

𝑅

= (𝐸𝑆 − 𝐻 − ∑

𝐿

−

∑

𝑅

)

−1

𝐼 =

2𝑒

ℎ

∫ 𝑑𝐸 𝑇(𝐸) (𝑓

𝐿

(𝐸) − 𝑓

𝑅

(𝐸))

𝑓(𝐸) = 1 (1 ± exp

𝐸−𝐸𝐹

(65)

-2 -1 0 1 2 1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 0.01 1

-2 -1 0 1 2

1E-13 1E-11 1E-9 1E-7 1E-5 1E-3 0.1

-2 -1 0 1 2

1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 0.01 1

-2 -1 0 1 2

1E-11 1E-9 1E-7 1E-5 1E-3 0.1 X[V]X X[Ph]X X[T3]X G /G 0

E-E_F (eV)

Hexanedithiol Octanedithiol Decanedithiol Dodecanedithiol G /G 0

E-E_F (eV)

1[T3]1 5[T3]5 3[T3]3 6[T3]6 4[T3]4 8[T3]8

G

/G

0

E-E_F (eV)

1[Ph]1 3[Ph]3 4[Ph]4 6[Ph]6 G /G 0

E-E_F (eV)

2[V]2 6[V]6 9[V]9

(66)

β

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 ln (G /G 0 )

n(CH₂)

(67)

β

(68)

(69)

(70)

(71)

(72)

β

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0

Group B (Air) Group B (Argon) Group A (Air) Group A (Argon) Group A (UHV)

ln(G

/ nS)

(73)

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Conductance (nS)

295 K 323 K 338 K 353 K 373 K

5[T2]5

Conductance (nS)

(74)

0.0026 0.0028 0.0030 0.0032 0.0034 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 5[T3]5 5[T2]5 5[T]5 DDT ln( G  n S )

(75)

𝐺(𝐸

_𝐹

) =

2𝑒

2

ℎ

∫ 𝑑𝐸 𝑇(𝐸) (−

𝑑𝑓(𝐸, 𝐸

𝐹

)

𝑑𝐸

)

∞

(76)

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 T( E)

E - E_F (eV)

295 K 320 K 335 K 350 K 370 K

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 T( E)

E - E_F (eV) Vacuum H₂O

-0.03 0.00 0.03 0.06 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 T( E)

H₂O

295 K 320 K 335 K 350 K 370 K

E - E_F (eV)

Vacuum

-2 -1 0 1 2

1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1

1 _Vacuum

H₂O

T(

E)

(77)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

295 K 323 K 353 K 373 K

(78)

(79)

(80)

(81)

∆E = E

_A

− E

_I

+ 𝐽

𝐷 + 𝐴 ⇌ 𝐷𝐴

𝐾 =

[𝐷𝐴]

([𝐴] − [𝐷𝐴])([𝐷] − [𝐷𝐴])

ε

(82)

[𝐷𝐴] =

𝐴

𝜀𝑙

[𝐴][𝐷]

𝐴

=

1 𝐾

_𝐷𝐴

𝜀

+

[𝐷]

𝜀

ε

ε.

(83)

(84)

(85)

1000 2000 3000 4000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0 1 2

6[T3]6 6[T3]6:TCNE

Counts

Conduc

tanc

e (logG / nS)

(86)

(87)

α

250 500 750 1000

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Abs

orbance (A.U.)

Wavelength (nm)

(88)

1000 2000 3000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0 1 2

6[Ph]6 6[Ph]6:TCNE

Counts

Conduc

tanc

e (logG / nS)

Electrode Separation (nm)

(89)

ε

250 500 750 1000

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 5 10 15 20 0.004

0.008 0.012

0.016 [DEB] = 0.0495 M

[DEB] = 0.099 M [DEB] = 0.198 M [DEB] = 0.297 M [DEB] = 0.396 M [DEB] = 0.495 M [DEB] = 0.594 M

(90)

σ

(91)

(92)

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 1E-9

1E-7 1E-5 1E-3 0.1

T(

E)

(93)

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1E-7

1E-5 1E-3 0.1

G

(E

F

)

E-E_F0 _(eV)

(94)

(95)

(96)



(97)

(98)



α ω

(99)

(100)

(101)



(102)



(103)



(104)

δ

(105)

δ

(106)

δ

(107)

δ

(108)



(109)

δ

(110)

δ

(111)

(112)

δ

(113)

δ =

δ

(114)

δ

(115)

(116)

δ

(117)

(118)

(119)

(120)

(121)

(122)

μ

𝑧

0

=

ln (𝐺

₀

𝑉

𝐵𝐼𝐴𝑆

𝐼

0

⁄ )

(123)

(124)

(125)

𝜎 =

𝐼

𝑉

_{𝐵𝐼𝐴𝑆}

(126)

σ

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conduc tanc e (nS) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Counts (A. U.)

Condu c tan c e (nS )

(127)

(128)

(129)

(130)

(131)

(132)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

(133)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(134)

1 2 3 4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

(135)

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8

(136)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 C o n d u c ta n c e ( n S ) Time (ms)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(137)

1 2 3 4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

(138)

1 2 3 4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

(139)

1 2 3 4 0.25

0.50 0.75 1.00

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

(140)

1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8 10

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

(141)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

(142)

1 2 3 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

2 4 6 8 10 12

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

(143)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

(144)

1 2 3 4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Conduc tanc e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Conduc tanc e (nS)

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(145)

1 2 3 4 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

(146)

1 2 3 4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.25 0.50 0.75

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(147)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(148)

1 2 3 4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

(149)

1 2 3 4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(150)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

(151)

1 2 3 4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

(152)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(153)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

(154)

1 2 3 4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(155)

1 2 3 4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(156)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(157)

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

(158)

1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

100 200 300 400

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Cou

nt

(159)

1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

20 40 60 80 100

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Conductance (nS)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

(160)

1 2 3 4 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 200 400 600 800

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

C o n d u c ta n c e ( n S )

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

(161)

1 2 3 4 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 200 400 600 800

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 50 100 150 200 250

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

(162)

1 2 3 4 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0 200 400 600 800

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

20 40 60 80 100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(163)

1 2 3 4 100 200 300 400 500

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 200 400 600 800

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

10 20 30 40 50

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(164)

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

(165)

1 2 3 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

5 10 15 20 25 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(166)

1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

(167)

1 2 3 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Conductance (nS)

1 2 3 4

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Conduc

tanc

e (nS)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

(168)





(169)

(170)

(171)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

6[T3]6:TCNE in TCB 6[T3]6 in TCB Au in TCB

Counts

/ Tr

ac

e

log (G / G₀)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

6[T3]6 (no selection) 6[T3]6 (500 selected)

Counts

/ Tr

ac

e

log (G / G₀)

6[T3]6:TCNE (no selection) 6[T3]6:TCNE (500 selected)

Counts

/ Tr

ac

e

(172)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Counts

/ Tr

ac

e

(173)

(174)

(175)

(176)

(177)

(178)

σ

(179)

′ ′ ″

(180)

(181)

(182)

(183)

(184)

(185)

(186)

α

(187)

(188)

(189)

(190)