ʻAbd al-Raʼūf al-Singkilī's Tarjumān al-Mustafīd : a critical study of his treatment of Juzʼ 16

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TARJUMAN A L - M U S T A F I D :

A CRITICAL STUDY OF HIS TREATMENT OF JUZ* 16

PETER GREGORY RIDDELL

t h e s i s s u b m i tted in N o v e m b e r , 1984 for the d egr ee of D o c t o

of P h i l o s o p h y of The A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l U n i ver sity.

is the o r i g i n a l w o r k of the candidat e.

Table of Contents

P r e f a c e

1 A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s 2 A b s t r a ct

3 A b b r e v i a t i o n s

4 S y s t e m s of T r a n s l i t e r a t i o n U s e d 5 M e t h o d of N u m b e r i n g V e r s e s

1. H i s t o r i c a l I n t r o d u c t i o n to the T e x t

1.1 A c e h ' s E a rl y R ise to P o w e r 1 5 2 0 - 1 6 0 7

1.2 A c e h n e s e P o l i t i c a l and R e l i g i o u s L i f e 1 607- 29 1.2.1 E x t e r n a l E x p a n s i o n to 1624

1.2.2 The R e l i g i o u s D o c t r i n e s P r e v a i l i n g d u r i n g Abd a l - R a ' u f ' s E a r l y Y e a r s

1.2.3 S o m e S o c i a l E f f e c t s of the P o l i c y of E x p a n s i o n 1.3 The D e f e a t at M a l a c c a (1629) and its E f f e c t s

1.4 R e l i g i o u s T u r m o i l in A c e h (1637-44) and c Abd a l - R a ' u f ' s D e p a r t u r e fo r A r a b i a

1.5 °Abd a l - R a ' u f ' s S o j o u r n in A r a b i a ( 1 642 - 1 6 6 1 ) 1.6 The R e t u r n to A c e h (1661-1 6 93)

1.7 The L i t e r a r y O u t p u t of °Abd a l - R a ' u f

1.8 D e s c r i p t i o n of M S S e x t a n t of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d 1.9 T h e D a t e of Jak. MS M L 116

1.10 The C ho ic e of Juz' 16 for E d i t i n g

1.11 P r i n t e d E d i t i o n s of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d 1.11.1 T he d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n the e d i t i o n s

1.12 C o m m e n t a r i e s and t r a n s l a t i o n s of_ Q u r ' a n i c pa s s a g e s into M a l a y p r e d a t i n g T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d

2. S o u r c e s of J uz' 16 of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d

2.1 T h e T r a d i t i o n a l V i e w

2.2 T h e C o m p i l a t i o n of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d 2.3 The v a r i o u s q i s s a h

2. 4 T h e v a r i o u s fa i d a h

2.4.1 Qira' at p r e s e n t e d in the f a ' i d a h of Juz' 16 of_MS A 2. 4 . 2 I n c o n s i s t e n c i e s in this R e c o r d i n g of the Q i r a at 2 . 4 . 3 A n e c d o t a l f a ' i d a h in Juz' 16 of MS A

2.5 The C h a p t e r I n t r o d u c t i o n s

2.6 T h e M a l a y R e n d e r i n g of the Q u r ' a n i c V e r s e s 2.7 The C o m m e n t a r y on the Q u r ' a n i c V e r s e s

2. 8 The S t a g e s of D e v e l o p m e n t of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d

3. The l a n g u a g e of the text

3.1 M a t e r i a l s for a S t u d y of M a l a y as u s e d in 17th C e n t u r y Aceh 3.1.1 The S o u r c e s

3 . 1 . 2 The R ole

3.2 The R ole of CAbd a l - R a ' u f ' s T r a n s l a t i o n e s e

3.3 G r a m m a t i c a l I n f l u e n c e s from A r a b i c on the M a l a y of MS A

3.3.1 W ord O r d e r and V e r b a l U s a g e 95 3.3.1.1 W o r d C l a s s e s in M a l a y 95 3 2 .موما W o r d O r d e r of 17th C e n t u r y A c e h n e s e M a l a y T e xt s 96 3 . 3 . 1 . 3 A r a b i c W o r d O r d e r 101 3.₃.₁.4 W o r d O r d e r in MS A 102

3.3 . 2 The R e n d e r i n g of P a r t i c l e s 106

3.3 . 3 M i s c e l l a n e o u s I n f l u e n c e s 1 1 3

3.₃.₃.1 L o a n T r a n s l a t i o n s _{1 1 3}

3.₃.3.2 N u m b e r ₁₁₄

3.₃._{3 . 3} C a s e _{1 1 7}

3.₃.₃.4 A s p ectual I n f l u e n c e s 121

3.3 . 4 R e s u m e of G r a m m a t i c a l I n f l u e n c e s 122

3 . 4 M a l a y S p e l l i n g in M S A ₁₂₃

3*4.1 T he O r t h o g r a p h y of the E a r l i e s t S u r v i v i n g M a l a y M S S 123

3.4 . 2 The O r t h o g r a p h ic D a ta in M S A 126

3._{4 . 3} An I n t e r m e d i a t e O r t h o g r a p h i c s t a g e ? 129

4. E d i t e d M a l a y Text of J uz' 16 of Jak. MS M L 116 130 4. 1 S u r a t a l - K a h f ₁₃₀

4 . 2 S u r a h M a r r a m ₁₄₀

4 . 3 S u r a h T a h a ₁₆₅

5. E n g l i s h T r a n s l a t i o n of Vol. 16 of Jak. MS M L 116 ₁₉₄

5.1 The Cave ₁₉₄

5.2 T h e C h a p t e r of M a r ^ 201

5 . 3 T h e C h a p t e r of T a h a 216

A p p e n ؛i^ A. R o m a n ized T e x t of C Abd a l - R a ' u f ’s A u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l 235 C o d i c i l to U m d a t a l - M u h t a j i n

A p p e n d i x B. W i n s t e d t on A c e h n e s e M a l a y 253

A p p e n d i x c. G r a m m a t ical T e r m i n o l o g y

255

C.3 T h e role of these g r a m m a t i c a l terms 256

A p p e n d i x D. A ra b i c T e r m s and P h r a s e s in the M a l a y Text of J u z 1 16 of 261 T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d

A p p e n d i x E. U n u s u a l M a l a y W o r d s and A r c h a i c F o r m s in Juz' 16 of Jak. 263 M S ML 116.

A p p e n d i x F. Text of J u z 1 16 of T a f s i r a l - J a l a l a y n 266

B i b l i o g r a p h y 2 5 و

L i s t of T a b l e s

T a b l e 2-1: Q i r a ' a t f r o m S u r a t a l - K a h f P r e s e n t e d in MS A T a b l e 2-2: Q i r a ' a t

TM

f ro m S u r a h M a r y a m v e r s e s 1 -45 P r e s e n t e d in

T a b l e 2-3: Q i r a ' a t T M

f r o m S u r a h M a r y a m v e r s e s 4 6 - 9 8 P r e s e n t e d in

T a b l e 2-4: Q i r a 1at f r o m S u r a h T a h a v e r s e s 1-64 P r e s e n t e d in TM T a b l e 2-5: Q i r a ' a t f r o m S u r a h T a h a v e r s e s 65-135 P r e s e n t e d in

T a b l e 3-1: S y n t a c t i c P a t t e r n / F o c u s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e in 17thC

Malay-T a b l e 3-2: V e r b a l P r e f i x / S y n t a c t i c P a t t e r n F r e q u e n c y in 17thC M a l a y

T a b l e 3 - 3 ؛ V e r b a l P r e f i x / S y n t a c t i c P a t t e r n F r e q u e n c y in TM T a b l e 3-4: A r a b i c G r a m m a t i c a l F e a t u r e s M a n i f e s t e d in the M a l a y

T a b l e C-1 : M a l a y G r a m m a t i c a l T e r m s u sed in Juz' 16 of TM : a-1 T a b l e C-2: M a l a y G r a m m a t i c a l Te r ms u s e d in Juz' 16 of TM : m -s T a b l e C-3: M a l a y G r a m m a t i c a l T e r m s u s ed in Juz' 16 of TM : t-z

60

61

62

63 64

99

100

103 124

1 A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

The p r o d u ction of this th e s i s w o u l d not h a v e been p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t

the s u p p o r t and g u i d a n c e of v a r i o u s c o l l e a g u e s , f r i e n d s and m e m b e r s of m y

family.

C h i e f a m ong them is m y p r i n c i p a l s up e r v i s o r , P r o f e s s o r A.H. Johns,

who g a v e m e c o n t i n u a l e n c o u r a g e m e n t and p r o v i d e d me w i t h the a c a d e m i c

d i r e c t i o n n ee d e d to u n e a r t h the i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d in this thesis.

W i t h o u t hi s g u i d i n g h an d m y e f f o r t s could not h a v e m e t w i t h the same

d e g r e e of success.

M y a s s i s t a n t s u p e r v i s o r w as D r B il l Fo ley. H is f r i e n d s h i p and

i n t e l l e c t u a l i n s i g h t s w e r e a sour ce of g r eat e n c o u r a g e m e n t to m e d u r i n g

the pe r i o d of m y res e arc h .

In J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y 1981, I u n d e r t o o k a r e s e a r c h trip to J a k a r t a to

s t u d y m a n u s c r i p t s of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d at the Ce n t r a l M u seu m. I am

i n d e b t e d to Drs K o s i m H. R. o f the M a n u s c r i p t S e c t i o n for his a s s i s t a n c e

w i t h the s t u d y of these MSS. Tha n k s are also due to G a v a n and J u l i e n

B r o m il o w , who p r o v i d e d me w i t h a c c o m m o d a t i o n d u r i n g my s t a y in Jakarta,

and w h o s e f r i e n d s h i p m a d e m y trip i n f i n i t e l y m o r e e nj oyabl e.

In J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y 1982 and F e b r u a r y - J u n e 1983 I c a r r i e d out

l i b r a r y r e s e a rch in Leiden, P a r i s and London. D u r i n g these periods, I

w a s f o r t u n a t e in b e n e f i t i n g f ro m d i s c u s s i o n of m y w o r k w i t h Prof. G.W.J.

D rewes, D r T. Iskan da r, Dr U. Kratz, Prof. D. L ombard, D r R. R o o l v i n k and

Dr P. V o o r h o e v e . S p e c i a l t ha n k s are due to D r R. J on e s of S O A S f o r his

a s s i s t a n c e w i t h the d a t i n g and d e s c r i p t i o n of m y b ase m a n u s c r i p t . I am

also i n d e b t e d to Rev. Fr. G. M o n n o t O.P., w h o s e c l a s s e s in Q u r ' a n i c

E x e g e s i s at the S o r b o n n e in 1 9 8 ؟ w e r e a sou r ce of g r ea t i n s p i r a t i o n to

w h o se h o u s e I s h a r e d d u r i n g m y s e m e s t e r II st u d i e s in Paris, and who m a d e

me feel w e l c o m e and one of the f a m i l y at all times.

I w i s h to ex p r e s s m y t h ank s to A bo e Bakar, D i r e c t o r of the P us a t

D o k u m e n t a s i dan I n f o r m a s i Aceh, and all the s t a ff for h a v i n g m a d e

a v a i l a b l e to me the r e s o u r c e s of this C e n t r e d u r i n g my stay in Ac e h in

N o v e m b e r - D e c e m b e r 1982. S i m i l a r l y Dr s N a s r u d d i n S u l a i m a n of the M u s e u m

N e g e r i A c eh is d e s e r v i n g of thanks for h a v i n g h e l p e d m e e x a m i n e the

u n c a t a l o g u e d c o l l e c t i o n of M S S b e l o n g to the museum. In a d d i t i o n I am

ind e b t e d to W a m a d A b d u lla h , D r A c h m a d Daudy, T e u n g k u D a c h l a n al -Fai r u s y ,

Prof. A. Hasjmy, A b d u r r a h m a n I b r a h i m and Z a s l i n a Z a i n u d d i n for t h eir

a s s i s t a n c e w i t h v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of the r e s e a r c h w h i c h I u n d e r t o o k w h i l e

in Aceh.

I also w i s h to t h a n k the F a c u l t y of A s i a n S t ud ies, ANU, f or h a v i n g

p r o v i d e d me w i t h a gra nt to as s i s t w i t h m y r e s e a r c h trip to A si a and

E u r o p e in 1982-3•

S p e c i a l thanks are due to D r H e n r i C h a m b e r t - L o i r of E F E O and J u t t a

B l u h m of A N U for their h e l p in o b t a i n i n g m i c r o f i l m s of M S S held in

Jakarta, to T o n y S t r e e t for h i s m e t i c u l o u s p r o o f - r e a d i n g of this thesis

and v a l u a b l e comments, to Mrs M u n a S a b b a g h for her a s s i s t a n c e w i t h the

i n e v i t a b l e h u r d l e s one faces in s t u d y i n g A r a bic , and to M r s Y o h a n n i J o h ns

for h e r a d v i c e on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of m y work.

T h i s thesis was @ S c r i b e d on the A N U F a c u l t i e s V a x Com p u t e r . My

thanks go to the C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s Centre, ANU, for the us e of its

f a c i l i t i e s and p a r t i c u l a r l y to P e t e r E l f o r d and G e o f f H u s t o n of CSC for

t heir h e l p w i t h the p r e p a r a t i o n and p r i n t i n g of this thesis. I am also

i n d e b t e d to J e r e m y Web b er, w h o s e a d a p t i o n of S c r i b e to the D i a b l o 1 6 4 0

m a d e this p r i n t o u t p ossible, and to A v e r y A n d r e w s and M a r k Durie, w h o s e

h e l p w i t h the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of S c r i b e g r e a t l y l i g h t e n e d w h a t cou ld h a v e

o t h e r w i s e b e e n an o n e r o u s task.

F i n ally, I owe a g r eat d e b t to m y family, w i t h o u t w h o s e

e n c o u r a g e m e n t this thes is m a y n o t h a ve b e e n compl ete d. My w i f e A n n a w as

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of my s t u d y - i n d u c e d ab s e n c e s and ful l y s u p p o r t i v e of all m y

e f f o r ts . My m o t h e r and f a t h e r p r o v i d e d me w i t h the e d u c a t i o n a l

b r o t h e r M i k e p r o v i d e d a m o d e l of a c a d e m i c a c h i e v e m e n t in e a r l i e r y e a r s

w h i c h s er v e d to w h e t my own a p p e t i t e fo r stu d y and research.

A n y er ro r s and s h o r t c o m i n g s in this t hesis are m y own

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

T h i s the s i s is d e d i c a t e d to m y late father, G o r d o n Ri d d e l l , and m y m othe r, N a n c y R i d d e l l .

2 A b s t r a c t

This thesis f oc u s s e s u p o n a p r e s e n t a t i o n and a n a l y s i s of part of the

text of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d , the e a r l i e s t M a l a y c o m m e n t a r y on the w h o l e

Q u r 1an.

C h a p t e r O ne p r e s e n t s b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n abo u t the A c e h n e s e

S u l t a n a t e d u r i n g the 1 6t h and 1 7 t h c e n t u r i e s , the author, °Abd a l - R a ' u f

b. °Ali a l - J a w i a l - F a n s u r i al - S i n g k i l i , and his l i t e r a r y output. It a lso

p r o v i d e s d e t a i l s on the s u r v i v i n g M S S a n d pri n t e d e d i t i o n s of this work.

C h a p t e r Two exa m i n e s in d eta i l the s o urc e s and s t r u c t u r e of juz' 16

of this c o m m e n t a r y , and in the p r o c e s s a t t e m p t s to b r e a k d o w n a

l o n g - s t a n d i n g m i s c o n c e p t i o n c o n c e r n i n g its i d e n t i t y h eld by s c h o l a r s of

I s l a m in S o u t h e a s t A s i a and Europe.

C h a p t e r T h ree c o n t a i n s an e x a m i n a t i o n of the l a n g u a g e of the

c o m m e n t a r y . D e t a i l s are li st ed r e l a t i n g to the ways in w h i c h the M a l a y

u s e d by °Abd a l - R a ' u f u n d e r w e n t m o r p h o l o g i c a l and s y n t a c t i c i n f l u e n c e

fro m the A r a b i c of the texts b e i n g t ran s l a t e d . In ad dition, there is a

d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n of the o r t h o g r a p h y of the base m a n u s c r i p t used for

this thesis.

C h a p t e r F o u r c o n t a i n s an ed ited r o m a n i z e d text of c o m m e n t a r y on the

1 6 t h part of the Qur'a n , t a k e n from the o l d e s t exta nt m a n u s c r i p t of

T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d . L a c u n a e and i m p e r f e c t i o n s in the text of this MS

are r e c t i f i e d by r e f e r e n c e to the ol d e s t pr i n t e d e d i t i o n of the

c o m m e n t a r y , i t s e l f p r o b a b l y b a s ed u p o n an e a r l y MS.

C h a p t e r Five c o n t a i n s a t r a n s l a t i o n into E n g l i s h of the r o m a n i z e d

M a l a y text p r e s e n t e d in the p r e v i o u s chapter.

the life of c Abd a l - R a ' u f and v a r i o u s a s p e cts of the l a n g u a g e of the

c o m m e n t a r y , in a d d i t i o n to p r e s e n t i n g part of the text of the m a i n w o r k

G e n e r a l

BIM

BKI

DBP

E l 1

E l 2

HA

H MH

J

JAOS

JRAS

J M B R A S

J S BRAS

K K h L M Q R SEW SM TBG TM V

3 A b b r e v i a t i o n s

A b b r e v i ations

F l e i s c h e r , H.O. B e i d h a w i i :C o m m e n t a r i u s in C o r a n u m , L i p s i a e 1846

B a h a s a I n d o n e s i a / M a l a y s i a (The n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e

of I n d o n e s i a and M a l a y s i a )

B i j d r a g e n tot de Taal-, L and- en V o l k e n k u n d e

D e w a n B a h a s a d an P u s t a k a , K u a l a L u m p u r

E n c y c l o p a e d i a of I s l a m , 1st ed., E. J . B r i l l , L e i d e n

E n c y c l o p a e d i a of I s l a m , n e w ed., E.J. B rill, L e i d e n

I s kandar, T. De H i k a y a t A t j e h , V K I , Vol. 26, The H a g u e 1958

B rakel, L.F. The H i k a y a t M u h a m m a d H a n a f i y y a h , The H a g u e 1975

a l - M a h a l l i , Ja la l a l - D i n & a l - S u y u t i , Jal al al-Din,

T a f s i r a l - J a l a l a y n , D a m a s c u s 1 3 8 5 / 1 9 6 5

J o u r n a l of the A m e r i c a n O r i e n t a l S o c i e t y

J o u r n a l of the R o y a l A s i a t i c S o c i e t y

J o u r n a l of the R o y a l A s i a t i c So c i e t y , M a l a y ( s i ) a n B r a n c h

J o u r n a l of the R o y a l A s i a t i c Society, St ra i t s B r a n c h

K l i n k e r t , H.C. N i e u w M a l e i s c h - N e d e r l a n d s c h W o o r d e n b o e k ,

5 t h ed., L e i d e n 1947

a l - K h azin L u b a b a l - T a 1wil fi M a C ani a l - T a n z i l , 4 vols., Dar a l - M a c rifah, B e i r u t

Lane, E.W. An A r a b i c - E n g l i s h L e x i c o n , repr. 1955,

N.Y., F r e d e r i c k U n g e r Publ., 8v. 1 86 3 - 9 3

M a r s d e n , W . A D i c t i o n a r y of the M a l a y a n L a n g u a g e , L o n d o n 1812

A l - Q u r a a n D a n T e r j e m a h n y a , J a k a r t a 1974, M i n i s t r y of R e l i g i o n

Q u r ' a n K a r i m , C ai r o 1976, Dar a l - K u t u b

a l-Razi, F a k h r a l - D i n : a l - T a f s i r a l - K a b i r ,

2 nd ed. (no date), Teh r an, Dar a l - K u t u b a l - CIlmiyah,

( o f f s e t of C a i r o ed. 1933)

Lombard,D. _Le " S p r a e c k E n d e W o o r d - B o e k " de F r e d e r i c k de H o u t m a n

M a i s o n n e u v e , P a r i s 1970

W i n s t e d t ,R . 0. The M a l a y A n n a l s , JMBRAS, Vol. 16 1938

T i j d s c h r i f t v o o r i n d i s c h e Taal-, Land - en V o l k e n k u n d e ,

u i t g e g e v e n d o o r h et B a t a v i a a s c h G e n o o t s c h a p v a n K u n s t e n

en W e t e n s c h a p p e n

T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d , Jak. MS ML 116

Wall, H. V o n de M a l e i s c h - N e d e r l a n d s c h W o o r d e n b o e k ,

T a al-, Land- en V o l k e n k u n d e

¥ W i l k i n s o n , R.j. A_ M a l a y - E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y ,

L o n d o n 1959

We Wehr, H.A. A D i c t i o n a r y of M o d e r n W r i t t e n

A r a b i c , 3rd ed., N.Y. ₁₉₇₆

Wu W u r m , s . & W i l s o n , B . E n g l i s h F i n d e r l i st of

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n s in A u s t r o n e s i a n L a n g u a g e s , A.N.U. 1975

z al-Zamakhshar^!, Muh. b. 0U m a r

a l - K a s h s h a f °an h a q a ' i q g h a w a m i d a l -tanzil

w a Cu y u n a l - a q a w i l fi w u j u h a l-t a ' w i l ,

Beirut, Ca r a l - K i t a b a l - cA r a bi

L i n g u i s t i c A b b r e v i a t i o n s 1 F i r s t p e r s o n 2 S e c o n d p e r s o n 3 Th i r d p e r s o n

ACC A c c u s a t i v e cas e (Arabic) CAUS C a u s a t i v e

C O M M C o m m e n t m a r k e r (Malay) DEF D e f i n i t e a r t i c l e

D U A L D u a l n u m b e r (Arabic) EMPH E m p h a t ic m a r k e r (Malay) EN E n e r g e t ic m o o d ( A r a b ic)

F E M F e m i n i n e g e n d e r (Arabic) FW F u n ction w o r d s (Malay)

GEN G e n i t i v e cas e (Arabic) I ND E F I n d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e

IMP I m p e r f e ctive a s p ect (Arabic) LOC L o c a t i v e p a r t i c l e / a f f i x MASC M a s c u l i n e g e n d e r (Arabic) MKR M a r k e r

N N o m i n a l s (Malay) N E G N e g a t i v e p a r t i c l e

N O M N o m i n a t i v e c a s e (Arabic) 0 O b j e c t of v e r b

P A S S P a s s i v e v o i c e (Arabic) P E R F P e r f e c t i v e a s p e c t ■(Arabic) Pi P l u r a l n u m b e r

9 I n t e r r o g a t i v e p a r t i c l e / a f f i x REL R e l a t i v e p a r t i c l e

S G r a m m a t i c a l s u b j ect sg S i n g u l a r n u m b e r

SUB J S u b j u n c t i v e m o o d (Arabic) TOP T o p i c m a r k e r (Malay)

4 S y s t e m s of T r a n s l i t e r a t i o n Used

A r a b i c

F o r the t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n of A r a b i c p a s s a g e s in my base m a n u s c r i p t , I

have l a r g e l y fol l o w e d the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s s ys t e m d e t a i l e d in B u l l e t i n

91 if the C a t a l o g i n g S e r v i c e [ S e p t e m b e r 1970]. Thi s s y s t e m is as

f o l l o w s :

L e t t e r s of the A l p h a b e t

0 _{omit^ d}

y b J * t

w t _{J i} z

A _th

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c

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J d

J

J dh

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r

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sh w

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Alif, w a w and ya' w h e n use d to sup p o r t h a m z a h are not r e p r e s e n t e d in the r o m a n i z e d text. The h a m z a h it s e l f is not r e p r e s e n t e d in r o m a n iza t i o n

M a l a y

I n t r a n s l i t e r a t i n g the text of the M a l a y c o m m e n t a r y fo und in the

m a n u s c r i p t , the p r i m a r y goal has b e e n to c o n f o r m to the s t a n d a r d

e s t a b l i s h e d by the M a l a y / I n d o n e s i a n s p e l l i n g r e f o r m of 1972 d e t a i l e d in

the " P e d o m a n U m u m E j a a n B a h a s a I n d o n e s i a Y a n g D i s e m p u r n a k a n " . In cases

w h e r e the Jawi o r t h o g r a p h y c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s an arch aic form, such forms

h a v e b e e n f a i t h f u l l y r e p r o d u c e d in the t r a n s l i t e r a t e d text. For f u r t h e r

deta i l s, the r e a d e r is r e f e r r e d to s e c t i o n 3.4, d e a l i n g w i t h the

o r t h o g r a p h y of the b a s e m a n u s c r i p t , and A p p e n d i x E, c o n t a i n i n g a list of

a r c h a i c and u n u s u a l f orms found in the MS.

5 M e t h o d of N u m b e r i n g V e r s e s

The text of the M a l a y c o m m e n t a r y of T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d c o n t a i n e d

in the base m a n u s c r i p t used in this the s i s d o es not n u m b e r the Q u r ' a n i c

v erses. E a c h S u rah b e g i n s w i t h a short a c c o u n t of the v a r y i n g m e t h o d s of

n u m b e r i n g the v e r s e s of e a c h Surah, as is the t r a d i t i o n of the cl a s s i c a l

A r a b i c c o m m e n t a r i e s .

To f a c i l i t a t e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n of the e d i t e d text of j u z 1 16 of TM

w i t h o t h e r r e n d e r i n g s of the Q u r ’an into I n d o n e s i a n / M a l a y , the n u m b e r i n g

s y s t e m a d o p t e d fol low s that a d h e r e d to by the o f f i c i a l I n d o n e s i a n

G o v e r n m e n t rendering, A l - Q u r a a n D a n T e r j e m a h n y a . This r e n d e r i n g is by

f ar the m o s t w i d e l y used and a u t h o r i t a t i v e of al l m o d e r n r e n d e r i n g s into

I n d o n e s i a n / M a l a y , and foll o ws the n u m b e r i n g s y s t e m used by the o f f i c i a l

H i s t o r i c a l I n t r o d u c t i o n to the T e x t

M u c h has b e e n w r i t t e n about the e a r l y h i s t o r y of the S u l t a n a t e of

Aceh. The p r i m a r y s o u r c e s fall into two g r o u p s - A c e h n e s e and E u r o p e a n .

The f o r m e r are c h i e f l y r e p r e s e n t e d by the B u s t a n a l - S a l a t i n , the Adat

A c e h and the H i k a y a t A c e h , w h i l e the E u r o p e a n s our ces c o m p r i s e d i ari es,

l e t ter s and a v a r i e t y of r e c o r d s m a d e b y P o r t u g u e s e , Butch, E n g l i s h and

F r e n c h e x p e d i t i o n s to the E a s t e r n a r c h i p e l a g o d u r i n g the 16th and 1 7th

c e n t u r i e s .

A m o n g the m a j o r h i s t o r i c a l s t u d i e s of the e a rly S u l t a n a t e to hav e

b ee n u n d e r t a k e n this c e n t u r y are those b y D j a j a d i n i n g r a t [19111, L o m b a r d

[1967], and Ito [₁₉₈₄]. T h e y h a v e b e e n s u p p l e m e n t e d by a w e a l t h of

a r t i c l e s by o th e r s c h o l a r s f o c u s s i n g u p o n i n d i v i d u a l a spe c t s or f i g u r e s

of the e a r l y S u ltana t e.

Thi s c u r r e n t thesis is centr ed u p o n T a r j u m a n a l - M u s t a f i d , a r g u a b l y

the m o s t i m p o r t a n t si ng le w o r k of °Abd a l - R a ' u f b. CAli a l - J a w i

a l - F a n s u r i a l - S i n g k i l i [+_1 61 5-1693], on e of the m o s t emi n e n t r e l i g i o u s

s c h o l a r s to live d u r i n g the " G o l d e n Age" of the S u l t a n a t e . In o r d e r to

place the life and w o r k of °Abd a l - R a ' u f in pe rspe c t i v e , it is n e c e s s a r y

to e x a m i n e the w o r l d as he k n e w it, for we w i l l s u r e l y find t h e r e i n clues

for the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of the m a j o r c h a r a c t e r s and event s w h i c h sh a p e d

h i s life. The o u t l i n e of the p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s h i s t o r y c o n t a i n e d

in the f o l l o w i n g pa g e s has b e e n i n c l u d e d to h e l p us u n d e r s t a n d cAbd

a l - R a ' u f ' s p e r c e p t i o n of c o n t e m p o r a r y events. It is w i t h this p u r p o s e in

m i n d that the h i s t o r i c a l o u t l i n e has b e e n w r i t t e n "th r o u g h the eyes" of

1.1 A c e h ' s E a r l y R i s e to P o w e r 15 20- 1607

D u r i n g the ear l y y e a r s of the s i x t e e n t h century, A c e h was o n l y one

of m a n y m i n o r coa s t a l s e t t l e m e n t s of N o r t h Sumatra. Its e m e r g e n c e to

b e c o m e the m a j o r p o w e r in the r e g i o n was due to s evera l fa cto rs, c h i e f

a m ong the m b e i n g the p o l i t i c a l and trade u p h e a v a l c aused by the

P o r t u g u e s e c a p t u r e of M a l a c c a in 1511 [ L o m b a r d 1 9 67 :35 -6]. P r i o r to

this, M a l a c c a had b e e n the c h i e f s t a g i n g post for M u s l i m m e r c h a n t s from

A r a b i a and I n d i a in s e a r c h of p e p p e r and o t h e r spices. Its loss to

" i n f i d e l s " was to cause these trade r s to look elsewhere. As the v a r i o u s

N o r t h S u m a t r a n M u s l i m p o r t s w e r e i d e a l l y l o c a t e d on the t r a d i n g routes,

they w e r e b ou n d to com p e t e w i t h each o t h e r for the n e w f l o w of c o m m e r c i a l

f a v o u r s d i r e c t e d t h e i r way. S u c h c o m p e t i t i o n m a d e d i s p u t a t i o n

ine v ita b le , and the v a r i o u s ports e n g a g e d in a s t r u g g l e for r e g i o n a l

he g e m o n y .

D u r i n g the 1520's, the A c e h n e s e S u l t a n °Ali M u g h a y a t S hah (?-1530)

u n d e r t o o k s u c c e s s f u l m i l i t a r y e x p e d i t i o n s a g a i n s t the n e i g h b o u r i n g cit i e s

of Deli, Daya, P i d i r and Pasai, as w e l l as d e f e a t i n g a P o r t u g u e s e fleet

in a sea b a t t l e in 1521 [ L o m b a r d 196 7 :36 ] . The n e x t s i x t y y e a r s w e r e

c h a r a c t e r i s e d by the g r a d u a l e x p a n s i o n of the Sult anate, w i t h m a n y

S u m a t r a n s t a t e s b e i n g s u bj ug at ed . A t t a c k s w e r e also m a d e a g a i n s t the

P o r t u g u e s e at M a l a c c a in 1537, 1547, 1568, 1573 and 1575• T u r k i s h

a r c h i v e s record that S u l t a n °Ala a l - D i n Ri°ayat Sha h a l - Q a h h a r (1537-71)

sent a d e l e g a t i o n to I s t a n b u l in 973/1 563 to enlis t the aid of the

O t t o m a n E m p i r e in the o n g o i n g s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t the P o r t u g u e s e

[ j u y n b o l l & V o o r h o e v e 1 96 0:743].

The r e w as a s l o w d o w n in the rate of e x p a n s i o n d u r i n g the 1 5 8 0 ' s, and

the r u l e of S u l t a n C Ala a l - D i n R i Ca y at S ha h Sa yyi d a l - M u k a m m i l

(1 589 - 1 6 0 4 ) was n o t a b l e for his c o n s o l i d a t i o n of his own p o s i t i o n in the

face of p o w e r - s e e k i n g O r a n g K a y a s , ٦ as w e l l as his a t t e m p t s to seek a

r a p p r o c h m e n t w i t h the P o r t u g u e s e [ito 1 984 : 14] . T h e s e a t t e m p t s were set

of the P o r t u g u e s e . The v o l u m e and n a t u r e of c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n the

A c e h n e s e and these two n e w f o r e i g n i n t r u d e r s i n d i c a t e s that a loos e

a l l i a n c e in the face of the c o m m o n foe, P o r t u g a l , d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g these

y e a r s .^

Th e i m p e t u s for A c e h n e s e d e v e l o p m e n t d u r i n g the s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y

wa s p r i m a r i l y e xternal. By e s t a b l i s h i n g a s t r a n g l e h o l d on the p e p p e r

t r a d e in the region, the por t of A c e h f l o u r i s h e d . V a s s a l sta t e s such as

Pasai, P i d i r etc. w e re f orc e d to t r a n s p o r t the i r p r o d u c e to A ceh to sell

it there [ b o m b a r d 1 9 6 7 :83 ] . N a t u r a l l y a p ar t of the p r o c e e d s was paid to

the S u l t a n at e. This m o n o p o l y e ns u r e d a c o n s t a n t s u p p l y of income for the

S u l t a n a t e , b ut it also r e s u l t e d in s i m m e r i n g r e s e n t m e n t a m o n g s t these

v a s s a l states, and r evo l t w a s al w a y s a p o s s i b i l i t y . C o n s t a n t P o r t u g u e s e

i n t r i g u e s w i t h these st a t e s m e a n t that A c e h n e s e rule had to be r e a s s e r t e d

b y m i l i t a r y m e a n s from time to time.

S u c h was the s i t u a t i o n at the time of S u l t a n I s k a n d a r M u d a ' s

a c c e s s i o n to p o w e r in 1607. The s t r e n g t h and s u p r e m a c y of the A c e h n e s e

S u l t a n a t e w as s o m e w h a t tenuous, and there was c o n s i d e r a b l e roo m for

c o n s o l i d a t i o n of p o w e r and e x p a n s i o n t h r o u g h o u t the region.

1.2 A c e h n e s e P o l i t i c a l and R e l i g i o u s Life 1607- 29

I s k a n d a r M u d a ' s a s s u m p t i o n of the th r o n e m a r k s the b e g i n n i n g of w hat

is g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d as the " G o l d e n Age" of the A c e h n e s e Sul tan a t e . It

w a s the age into w h i c h °Abd a l - R a ' u f was born, and his e a r l i e s t m e m o r i e s

m u s t h a v e b e e n fi lled w i t h i m a g e s of f o r e i g n c o n q u e s t and g r e a t n e s s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the p e r s o n of h is ruler, S u l t a n I s k a n d a r Muda. It wa s a

p e r i o d of g r e a t p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s ac t i v i t y , w i t h these two d o m a i n s

p r o v i d i n g an imp et us and r a i s o n d' e t r e for e ac h other. In o r d e r to

u n d e r s t a n d h o w the p o l i t i c s and r e l i g i o u s life of the S u l t a n a t e of this

p e r i o d w e r e in t e r w o v e n , let us e x t r i c a t e one from the oth e r and i n i t i a l l y

d e a l w i t h them in isolation.

1.2.1 E x t e r n a l E x p a n s i o n to 1624

T h e first five y e a r s a f t e r I s k a n d a r M u d a ' s s u c c e s s i o n w e r e d ev o t e d

to c o n s o l i d a t i o n of his p o we r base. E x t e r n a l m i l i t a r y a d v e n t u r e s w e r e

p o s t p o n e d , as the n e w r u l e r had to e s t a b l i s h his own p o s i t i o n and

s t r e n g t h e n royal a u t h o r i t y [ito 1 984 : 15] .

How ev e r , the y e a r 1612 m a r k s the b e g i n n i n g of a pe riod of g r e a t

e x t e r n a l m i l i t a r y a c t i v i t y w i t h a v i e w to e x p a n d i n g the b o u n d a r i e s of the

A c e h n e s e E mpire. In that year, Deli and Aru to the east w e r e s u b j u g a t e d

o n c e again, and the f o l l o w i n g y e a r an A c e h n e s e m i l i t a r y e x p e d i t i o n

s u c c e s s f u l l y a t t a c k e d B a t u Sawar, the c a p i t a l of the K i n g d o m of Johore.

T h e S u l t a n of J o h o r e and his f a m i l y w e r e b r o u g h t b a c k to A c e h as

p ri s o n e r s , in a d d i t i o n to some two d o z e n D u t c h c a p tur ed in the f i g h t i n g

[ L o m b a r d 19 67:92].

In 1614, the A c e h n e s e i n f l i c t e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e de f e a t on the

P o r t u g u e s e at Baning, w i t h the l a t t e r s u f f e r i n g h e a v y l o s s e s

[ D j a j a d i n i n g r a t 1 91 1:179]. T h e r e was then a pau s e in e x t e r n a l m i l i t a r y

o p e r a t i o n s for s e v e r a l years, w h i c h a l l o w e d the A c e h n e s e time to r e g r o u p

to p r e p a r e for a c o n c e r t e d serie s of a t t a c k s on the stat e s of the M a l a y

p e n i n s u l a .

T h e p a u s e ended w i t h the s u c c e s s f u l a t t a c k on P a h a n g in 1617. In an

a p p a r e n t a t t e m p t to w i n "the h e a r t s and m i n d s " of the p o p u l a t i o n of

P a h a n g , I s k a n d a r M u d a b r o u g h t b a c k to A c e h R a j a Sulung, the s e v e n y e a r

old son of the S u l t a n of P ahang, and a d o p t e d h i m as his own son. He w a s

e v e n t u a l l y to su c c e e d I s k a n d a r M u d a to the A c e h n e s e thr one in 1636. T h i s

p o l i c y of s h o w i n g m e r c y to his e n e m i e s h a d also b e e n e v i d e n t in the

e a r l i e r a t t a c k on J o h o r e [ L o m b a r d 1 9 6 7 : 9 3 ] , and d e m o n s t r a t e d tha t

I s k a n d a r M u d a p o s s e s s e d d i p l o m a t i c s k i l l s to s u p p l e m e n t his u n d o u b t e d

a b i l i t i e s as a m i l i t a r y leader.

Two y e a r s later, the A c e h n e s e forc e s a t t a c k e d and d e f e a t e d Kedah,

b u t this time no such m e r c y w as shown. B e a u l i e u r e p o r t s that the c i t y

w a s d e s t r o y e d and 7 0 0 0 of its i n h a b i t a n t s w ere t r a n s p o r t e d b a c k to A c e h

as slaves. The r e a s o n for the h a r s h e r t r e a t m e n t a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n

w h i c h w o u l d be b e n e f i c i a l to Aceh, K e d a h was an i m p ortant p r o d u c e r of

pepper, and the d e s t r u c t i o n of K e d a h as a s o u r c e of s u p p l y of p e p p e r was

the m o s t a d v a n t a g e o u s p o l i c y for the A c e h n e s e to f o l l o w

[ L o m b a r d 1 96 7: 93 ]• The f o l l o w i n g year, a s eco n d e x p e d i t i o n was sent to

K e d a h to d e l i v e r the coup de grace.

A c a m p a i g n m e n t i o n e d in the B u s t a n a l - S a l a t i n but n e g l e c t e d by

E u r o p e a n s o u r c e s was that ag a i n s t the W e s t S u m a t r a n is land of N i a s in

1624 [ D j a j a d i n i n g r a t 1 91 1:180]. T h i s m a r k e d the b e g i n n i n g of yet a n o t h e r

p e r i o d of c o n s o l i d a t i o n d e s i g n e d to b u i l d up the A c e h n e s e s t r e n g t h in

p r e p a r a t i o n for the m a s s i v e as s a u l t on P o r t u g u e s e M a l a c c a in 1629•

1.2.2 T h e R e l i g i o u s D o c t r i n e s P r e v a i l i n g d u r i n g CAbd a l - R a ' u f ' s E a r l y

Y e a r s

R i n k e s [l9 0 9 :2 5- 6] p o s t u l a t e s that C Abd a l - R a ' u f mus t h ave b e e n b o r n

a r o u n d 1615• The m e t h o d of c a l c u l a t i n g this b i r t h d a t e is by w o r k i n g

b a c k w a r d s from an event to w h i c h a date can be put w i t h some d e g r e e of

c e r t a i n t y - namely, °Abd a l - R a ' u f ' s r e t u r n to Aceh from A r a b i a in 1661.

V o o r h o e v e casts do ub t on R i n k e s ' s c a l c u l a t i o n s w h e n he says:

Het l a a t s t e j aar w a a r i n we w e t e n dat A b d u r r a u f n og in l e v e n

w a s is dus 1693; z i j n g e b o o r t e zal wel iets lat er g e s t e l d t m o e t e n

w o r d e n d a n 1615• [ V o o r h o e v e 1 952:88]

H o w e v e r , if °Abd a l - R a ' u f w e r e b o r n in 1615, he w o u l d h a v e b e e n

s e v e n t y - e i g h t y e a r s old in 1693, h a r d l y an age w h i c h was b e y o n d the

r e a l m s of p o s s i b i l i t y in 17th c e n t u r y Aceh. If we a c c e p t R i n k e s ' s d a t e

of birth, it w o u l d m e a n that °Abd a l - R a ' u f w a s t w e n t y - s i x or t w e n t y - s e v e n

w h e n he d e p a r t e d for A r a b i a a round 1642. A l t h o u g h there is e v i d e n c e that

the g r e a t Jawi s c h o l a r of the 19th c entury, a l -Nawa wi, l ef t for A r a b i a

a r ound the age of 15 in 1828 [ c h a i d a r 19 78: 5 ], we ca nnot a ss u m e that all

the J a w i s d e s t i n e d for A r a b i a left at s u c h a t e n d e r age. P e r h a p s

a l - N a w a w i had f a m i l y ther e or at l e a s t c o n t a c t s who co uld act as

g u a r d i a n s . It is far m o r e li ke ly that the Jawi s c h o l a r s wou ld h a v e b e e n

and thus a d e p a r t u r e by C Abd a l - R a ' u f in hi s m i d - t w e n t i e s seem s

p l a u s ib l e. H e nce, the d at e of b i r t h c a l c u l a t e d by R i n k e s w i l l be

a c c e p t e d for the p u r p o s e s of this study.

CA b d a l - R a ' u f ' s e a r l y y e a r s c o i n c i d e d w i t h the y e a r s of g re a t

e x t e r n a l e x p a n s i o n of the Su l t a n a t e , as h as b e e n o u t l i n e d above.

V i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g is k n o w n a bo u t this per i o d of his life, t h o u g h l e g e n d s

c o n c e r n i n g his a n c e s t r y and c h i l d h o o d a b o u n d . ؟ R e p o r t s of s o c i a l and

r e l i g i o u s d e v e l o p m e n t s c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s w i t h this pe riod of his l ife are

pl e n t i f u l , and it is to such r e p o r t s that we m a y t u rn in our q u e s t to

i d e n t i f y h i s e a r l y in f l u e n c e s .

T h e s e w e r e y e a r s of p r o f o u n d so cial and r e l i g i o u s change. I s k a n d a r

M u d a p l a c e d gre at i m p o r t a n c e u p o n the s t r e n g t h e n i n g of the I s l a m i c fai t h

b o t h w i t h i n and w i t h o u t the t e r r i t o r y of A c e h proper. M a n y m o s q u e s w e r e

built, i n c l u d i n g the f a mou s Bayt a l - R a h m a n m o s q u e in Aceh, l a t e r to be

d e s t r o y e d by fire. T u r k i s h a r c h i v e s record the p r e s e n c e of A c e h n e s e

h a j i s in A r a b i a d u r i n g this time [dj a j a d i n i n g r a t 1911:178], and there is

no d o u b t that it h ad b e c o m e c o m m o n f or A c e h n e s e s c h o l a r s of I s l a m to

spend a pe ri o d of t h e i r l iv e s s t u d y i n g at v a r i o u s c e n t r e s of I s l a m i c

l e a r n i n g in the A r a b i a n p e n i n s u l a . H a m z a h F a nsu ri, the great S u m a t r a n

m y s t i c of the late 16th century, had b e e n i n i t i a t e d into the Q a d i r i y a h

O r d e r in A r a b i a [ a l - A t t a s 1 9 7 0 : 1 0 - 1 l], and in d o i n g so e s t a b l i s h e d a

t r a d i t i o n w h i c h c Abd a l - R a ' u f h i m s e l f was to f o l l o w some d e c a d e s later.

I s l a m i c t h e o s o p h i c a l d o c t r i n e s r e l a t i n g to the n a t u r e of God and

M a n ' s r e l a t i o n s h i p to the C r e a t o r w e r e a m a j o r focal po int of r e l i g i o u s

t e a c h i n g and w r i t i n g in A c e h d u r i n g this period. Sufi sch o o l s of t h o u g h t

w e r e f l o u r i s h i n g t h r o u g h o u t the M u s l i m world, and in I n d i a and A c e h

v a r i o u s c o m p e t i n g schools, some of w h i c h d e n o u n c e d the o t h e r s as

h e r e t i c a l , f l o u r i s h e d d u r i n g this period. The crux of S u f i b e l i e f was

that the g o a l c e n t r a l to r e l i g i o n was M a n ' s c o m m u n i t y w i t h Go d [ S n o u c k

H u r g r o n j e 1906:11, 10], and the e a r l y S u f is of A c e h based t h eir t e a c h i n g s

u p o n this goal. A c c o r d i n g to these t e a c hin g s, the d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n

the C r e a t o r and M a n was u l t i m a t e l y r e n d e r e d n o n - e x i s t e n t w h e n this quest

w a s f u l l y realised.

T h e s e n o t i o n s had b e en taugh t by H a m z a h Fan s u r i , who g i v e s a g l i m p s e

of his u n d e r s t a n d i n g of u n i t y w i t h G o d in the f o l l o w i n g v e r s e t a k e n from

h i s poetry:

H a m z a h m i s k i n ora ng Curyani,

S e p e r t i I s m a C il m e n j a d i qurbani;

B u k a n n y a cAja m i lagi cA r a b I

-S e n a n t i a s a wa s i l d e n g a n Y a n g Baqi.

[ a l - A t t a s 1 9 70 :1 0]

H a m z a h the p oor is disrob ed ,

L i k e I s m a C il he too is a sacri fi ce,

He is n e i t h e r P e r s i a n n o r Arab,

He is in p e r p e t u a l c o m m u n i o n w i t h the E v e r l a s t i n g .

H is m o n i s t i c n o t i o n s w e r e e n l a r g e d u p o n and formed the cent r a l core

of the t e a c h i n g and w r i t i n g of Shams a l - D i n b. °Abd A l la h a l - S a m a t r a n i

(d. ₁₆₃О), the Qadi M a l i k a l - CA d i l ^ d u r i n g the rule of I s k a n d a r Muda.

S h a m s a l - D i n r ec e i v e d the d i r e c t p a t r o n a g e of the S u l t a n and c o n t e m p o r a r y

E u r o p e a n r e p o r t s t e s t i f y to the c e n t r a l rol e w h i c h S h a m s a l - D i n had

o c c u p i e d in the p o w e r s t r u c t u r e of the S u l t a n a t e eve n b e f o r e I s k a n d a r

Mu d a ' s r e i g n [ L o m b a r d 196 7 : 1 6 2 ] . His m o s t i m p o r t a n t work, the M i r 1 at

a l - M u 'm i n i n , w h i c h c o n t a i n s the core of h i s m o n i s t i c t e a c h i n g s and in

w h i c h he e xp o u n d s u p o n a s y s t e m of s e v e n g r a d e s of being, was c o m p o s e d in

1601 d u r i n g the r ule of S u l t a n °Ala' a l - D i n R i Cayat S hah Say y i d

a l - M u k a m m i l [ d j a j a d i n i n g r a t 19 11 :182], so w h e n I s k a n d a r M u d a s u c c e e d e d to

the t h r o n e in 1607, the o f f i c i a l s t a n d i n g of Isl a m i c t h e o s o p h y in the

S u l t a n a t e w a s w e l l es t a b l i s h e d . I s k a n d a r M u d a ' s p a t r o n a g e of S h ams

a l - D i n and o f f i c i a l a p p r o v a l of the l a t t e r ' s d o c t r i n e s i n d i c a t e that C Abd

a l - R a ' u f ' s e a r l y s t u dy of I s l a m w a s p r o b a b l y o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s d o c t r i n e s

w h i c h w e r e lat e r to be c o n d e m n e d as h e r e t i c a l .

in A c e h was c l o s e l y tied to the d i r e c t i o n of c o n t e m p o r a r y d e v e l o p m e n t s in

M u s l i m India. The exact m a n n e r of i n f l u e n c e of the d e v e l o p m e n t s in I n d i a

u p o n those in A c e h is d i f f i c u l t to d e t e r m i n e . W h a t is c l e a r is that in

b o t h p l a c e s there was a r e l i g i o u s c o n t r o v e r s y in the period in w h i c h c Abd

a l - R a ' u f w a s g r o w i n g up c o n c e r n i n g w h a t was c o n s i d e r e d a u t h e n t i c and

n o n - a u t h e n t i c I sl a m i c teaching.

W h y did I s k a n d a r M u d a p a t r o n i z e s u c h a p a r t i c u l a r t h e o s o p h y ? The

a n s w e r to this q u e s t i o n m a y lie in p a rt in the S u l t a n ' s own v i e w of

h i m s e l f and his role. Th ere are clea r i n d i c a t i o n s that I s k a n d a r M u d a w as

o f the o p i n i o n that the sta m p of d e s t i n y was u p o n him, in the fo r m of

g r e a t n e s s and renown. This is r e f l e c t e d in his c h o i c e of na m e s onc e he

a s c e n d e d the throne. L o m b a r d [ 1 9 6 7 : 1 6 9 —70] a r g u e s c o n v i n c i n g l y that the

S u l t a n a s s u m e d the n a m e I s k a n d a r M u d a d u r i n g his lifetime, p o s s i b l y e v e n

on the da y of his a s s u m p t i o n of power. A t t e m p t s to com p a r e I s k a n d a r M u d a

to A l e x a n d e r the Gre a t are co n t a i n e d in the H i k a y a t A ceh and A da t A c e h

[ L o m b a r d 1967:170-17 1 ]٠ no d o u b t i n c l u d e d to e a r n the p l e a s u r e of the

Sultan. Hi s o t h e r names, P e r k a s a A l a m J o h a n and M a k u t a Alam, also s u g g e s t

a cen t r a l fi g u r e on the w o r l d st a ge and g ive us a c le a r i nsi g h t into the

A c e h n e s e idea of k i n g s h i p and the role of the king. I s k a n d a r M u d a

c l e a r l y s a w h i m s e l f as a n o t h e r a l l - c o n q u e r i n g hero, and this no d o u b t

p a r t i a l l y a c c o u n t s for his e x ter n al p o l i c y of e xpansion.

S u c h a s e l f ima g e m a y w e l l h a v e b e e n b o o s t e d by the S u fi d o c t r i n e s

he espo u se d . For if God w e r e p re s e n t in all c r e a t u r e s and things, and

M a n w er e m e r e l y a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of God, is it not p o s s i b l e that a g r e a t

s o v e r e i g n be ele v a t e d to s e m i - d i v i n e h e i g h t s in the eyes of his s u b j e c t s ?

It is n ot d i f f i c u l t to i m a g i n e the d e g r e e of awe in w h i c h I s k a n d a r M u d a

m u s t h a v e b e e n h e ld by his s u b j e c t s a f t e r the first perio d of g r e a t

v i c t o r i e s . He i nd ee d m us t h a v e b e e n li k e n e d to A l e x a n d e r the G reat, the

a l l - c o n q u e r i n g hero. T hi s is h o w the y o u n g cAbd a l - R a ' u f wou l d h a v e

r e g a r d e d h i s so ve re i g n . °Abd a l - R a ' u f was, in all p r o b abili ty, a p r o u d

p a t r i o t of the A c e h n e s e S u l t a n a t e . B e i n g A c e h n e s e u n d o u b t e d l y c o m m a n d e d

respect, and it cou ld h a v e g i v e n h i m a sense of s e l f - e s t e e m w h i c h

1.2.3 S om e S o c i a l E f f e c t s of the P o l i c y of E x p a n s i o n

O n e need not do ub t that the p o l i c y of e x t e r n a l e x p a n s i o n p u r s u e d by

I s k a n d a r M u d a had p r o f o u n d ef f e c t s w i t h i n the s o c i e t i e s of A ceh and its

v a s s a l states. The n u m e r o u s c a m p a i g n s d u r i n g the y e a r s 1 6 1 2 - 1 6 2 4 c l e a r l y

caused a d r a i n on A c e h n e s e m a n p o w e r r e s our c es, and lo s s e s d u r i n g this

time m u s t h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e . A l t h o u g h no s t a n d i n g a r m y was

ma i n t a i n e d , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 , 0 0 0 s o l d i e r s f r o m A ceh p r o p e r c o uld be

raised at short n o t i c e for cam p a i g n s , w i t h o u t c o u n t i n g those from the

v a s s a l s ta t e s [it o 1984: 52 ], of w h i c h CAbd a l - R a ' u f 1s h o m e town, Singkel,

was one. The troops had to c l o t h e and feed t h e m s e l v e s for the first

thre e m o n t h s of c a m p a i g n i n g [ito 1 9 8 4: 5 2], so the b u r d e n u p o n the

a f f e c t e d f a m i l i e s wa s great. As is u s u a l w i t h war, as long as the

c a m p a i g n s w e r e s u c ce ss fu l, the A c e h n e s e s o c i e t y a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n

p r e p a r e d to bea r the burden.

M a n p o w e r s h o r t a g e s and s oc ia l d i s l o c a t i o n are r ef l e c t e d in the need

to b r i n g b a c k to Aceh p r i s o n e r s of w a r to act as forced labo urers :

...in 1618 a b o u t 11000 p e o p l e w e r e b r o u g h t from P a h a n g as

p r i s o n e r s of w a r and a g a i n in 1635 a b o u t 2700; in 1619, 4 0 0 0 from

K ed a h ; in 1620, 5 0 00 f r o m Per a k . A c c o r d i n g to Be a u l i e u , I s k a n d a r

M u d a had about 2 2 0 0 0 p eo p l e t ak e n a w a y f r o m Johor, Deli, P ahang,

K e d a h and P e r a k . . . [ i t o 1982:55, n o t e 20]

1.3 The D e f e a t at M a l a c c a (1629) and its E f f e c t s

T h e y e a r s 162 4 - 2 9 a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n d e v o t e d to p r e p a r a t i o n s for an

al l - o u t a t t a c k on M a l ac ca . W h e n it came in 1629, it w as c arr ied out by a

m a s s i v e A c e h n e s e e x p e d i t i o n a r y force, w h i c h laid s i e g e to M a l a c c a for

five m on t h s . The siege was l i f t e d by a P o r t u g u e s e fleet from Goa, and in

the e n s u i n g battle, the A c e h n e s e w e r e routed, s u f f e r i n g e n o r m o u s los ses

in m e n and e q u i p m e n t . ^

Ito [ 1 9 8 4 : 1 6 ] q u i t e a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e s this d e f e a t as ".. . t h e

d e c l i n e . " . It w o u l d s u r e l y h a v e s h a k e n the v e r y f o u n d a t i o n s of A c e h n e s e

soc iety, and CAbd al - R a ' u f , b y this time a p p r o x i m a t e l y 14 y e a r s old, was

no d o u b t a c u t e l y a w a r e of the tr a u m a r e s u l t i n g from this di s a s t e r . This

eve n t w o u l d h a v e d e s t r o y e d a n y b e l i e f in A c e h n e s e i n v i n c i b i l i t y w h i c h had

d e v e l o p e d as a res u lt of a long p e r i o d of e x p a n s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y

s u c c e s s f u l e x t e r n a l m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s . T h i s def e a t h e r a l d e d a

s u b s e q u e n t shift in f o r e i g n policy, and it is not b e y o n d the real m s of

p o s s i b i l i t y that it w a s also a d e c i s i v e f a c t o r in u n l e a s h i n g the

r e l i g i o u s t ur m o i l and w i t c h - h u n t of h e r e t i c s w h i c h e ru p t e d d u r i n g the

l a t t e r part of the 1630s.

T h i s d i s a s t e r w o u l d h a v e m a d e the A c e h n e s e p o p u l a c e a w a r e of a sense

of w a r - w e a r i n e s s . By 1629, I s k a n d a r M u d a had r ul e d for 22 years, a

p e r i o d c h a r a c t e r i s e d by war, e x p a n s i o n , m a n p o w e r los s e s and a c o n s t a n t

d r a i n on i n d i v i d u a l r e s o u r c e s to s u p p o r t the w a r effort. M a n y A c e h n e s e

m u s t h a v e r e g a r d e d this d e f e a t as a s y m b o l r e p r e s e n t i n g the f o ll y of

p r e v i o u s po licies. O l d e r m e m b e r s of s o c i e t y w o uld h a v e r e m e m b e r e d los s e s

and c o n s t a n t c a m p a i g n i n g g o i n g b a c k to the r e i g n of Ala' a l - D i n Ri°ayat

S h a h a l - Q a h h a r , the grea t c a m p a i g n e r of the m i d - 1 6 t h century. Is it a n y

w o n d e r that p r o f o u n d social, p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s c h a n g e s w e r e to

f o l l o w this n a t i o n a l d i s a s t e r ? T h e s u b s e q u e n t c h a n g e s r e f l e c t the

d i s c r e d i t i n g of p r e v i o u s p o l i c i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an "old order". W i t h i n

ten years, there w a s to be an a b o u t - f a c e in p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s

a t t i t u d e s .

S h a m s al-Din, the g r e at S u f i p r o t e g e of I s k a n d a r Muda, died on

24 . 2 . 1 6 3 0 . B a r e l y six m o n t h s later, a n o t h e r l e a d i n g Ca l i m , S h a y k h

I b r a h i m b. CAbd A l l a h al -S ha mi , d i e d on 2 1 . 8 . 1 6 3 0 [ D j a j a d i n i n g r a t

1 9 1 1 : 1 8 2 ] . The d e p a r t u r e of Shams a l - D i n r e m oved from cen tre stage the

m a j o r p r o p o n e n t of the type of S u f i t e a c h i n g v ie w e d by s om e as h e r e t i c a l .

This a l l o w e d for a r e a d j u s t m e n t in the r e l i g i o u s life of the S u lt ana te,

t h o u g h we h a v e no e v i d e n c e of a d r a m a t i c c h a n g e in d i r e c t i o n p r i o r to the

d e a t h of I s k a n d a r M u d a in 1636.

A f r e q u e n t c o n s e q u e n c e of g r e a t d i s a s t e r s is a h u n t for scape g o a t s .

b l a m e h i m s e lf. We find a clue to the i d e n t i t y of s c a p e g o a t s in the

repor t in the B u s t a n a l - S a l a t i n r e l a t i n g that the defea t at M a l a c c a w a s

due to d i s s e n s i o n b e t w e e n the two l e a d e r s of the expedit ion, Sri M a h a r a j a

and L a k s a m a n a [ L o m b a r d 1967:97, n o t e ₂]. I s k a n d a r M u d a a p p e a r s to ha v e

s he l ve d p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b y b l a m i n g these two figures. It is also

p o s s i b l e that o t h e r s c a p e g o a t s w er e sought as well, and the Qadi M a l i k

a l - cX d i l . Sha ms al-Din, p e r h a p s fell foul of a r u l e r s e e k i n g to shift

p u b l i c r e c r i m i n a t i o n a w a y from h i mself. It is t e m p t i n g to s p e c u l a t e that

the d e a t h s of the two g r e a t A c e h n e s e Culama' so soon af t e r the def eat at

M a l a c c a m a y h a v e b e e n o r c h e s t r a t e d , b u t e v i d e n c e to s upp o r t such a t h e o r y

is not, n o r w i l l it p r o b a b l y e v e r be, a v a i l a b l e . B e a u l i e u paints

I s k a n d a r M u d a as a cru el and c a l l o u s f igu r e [ D j a j a d i n i n g r a t 1 9 1 1 : 1 8 1 ] ٠

We also k n o w that I s k a n d a r M u d a did not h e s i t a t e to send those close to

h i m to t h e i r d e a t h s - two w e e k s b e f o r e his own death, the S u l t a n had his

only son k i l l e d r e p o r t e d l y to a v o i d a b l o o d b a t h c o n c e r n i n g the

s u c c e s s i o n . [ D j a j a d i n i n g r a t 1 9 1 1 : 1 8 ؟]

N e v e r t h e l e s s , a m o m e n t o u s n a t i o n a l d i s a s t e r such as that at M a l a c c a

m u s t h a v e c au se d a se n s e of d i s i l l u s i o n m e n t w i t h p r e v i o u s p o l i c i e s

a m o n g s t c e r t a i n s e c t i o n s of A c e h n e s e society, and the M a l a c c a a d v e n t u r e

m a y w e l l h a v e b e e n ce n t r a l to a l a t e r c h a n g e in the c h a r a c t e r of a c c e p t e d

r e l i g i o u s d o c t r i n e in Aceh.

1.4 R e l i g i o u s T u r m o i l in A c e h ( 1 6 3 7 - 4 4 ) and cAbd a l - R a ' u f 1 s•

D e p a r t u r e for A r a b i a

I s k a n d a r M u d a d ie d in 1636. He wa s s u c c e e d e d b y I s k a n d a r ThanI, who

had b e e n b r o u g h t b a c k from P a h a n g aged 7 in 1617 and ad o p t e d by I s k a n d a r

Muda, r e p o r t e d l y b e c a u s e the S u l t a n saw in the face of the child that the

l a t t e r w a s a d e s c e n d a n t of D h u ' 1 - Q a r n a y n , or A l e x a n d e r the G r e a t

[ D j a j a d i n i n g r a t 1 91 1:183].

T h i s c h a n g e set the seal on an a b o u t - f a c e in the r e l i g i o u s d o c t r i n a l

o r i e n t a t i o n of the S u l t a n a t e . S h o r t l y a f t e r I s k a n d a r T h a n i ' s s u c c e s s i o n

s c h o l ar o r i g i n a t i n g fr o m G u j e r a t in India, a r r i v e d in A c e h [ w i n s t e d t

1 9 2 3 : 3 1 7] . He rose to p r o m i n e n c e u n d e r the p a t r o n a g e of the n e w Sultan,

and d u r i n g the next s e v e n years, he d e v o t e d his e n erg ies to w r i t i n g w o rks

aim e d at r e f u t i n g w h a t he c o n s i d e r e d to be the h e r e t i c a l t e a c h i n g s of

H a m z a h and S h a m s al-Din, in a d d i t i o n to e n c o u r a g i n g a pe ri o d of w i d e s c a l e

p e r s e c u t i o n of the f o l l o w e r s of t h e s e l a t t e r two scholars. D u r i n g this

per iod , m a n y f o l l o w e r s of the two S uf i s w e r e m u r d e r e d and b o oks w r i t t e n

b y b o t h H a m z a h and Sha m s a l - D i n w e r e b u r n e d [S n o u c k H u r g r o n j e 1 9 0 6 ؛II,

1؟].

a l - R a n i r i ' s m o n u m e n t a l work, B u s t a n a l - S a l a t i n , was p a r t i a l l y

w r i t t e n d u r i n g this period, and is an i n v a l u a b l e record of the h i s t o r y of

A c e h up to that time. The i m p o r t a n c e of a l - R a n l r i in the h i s t o r y of the

S u l t a n a t e s h ou l d not be u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , a l t h o u g h he a p p e a r s to h a v e spent

b a r e l y s e v e n y e a r s there. But he set the s p ar k to a d o c t r i n a l d i s p u t e

w h i c h w as to ca u s e t u r m o i l in A c e h n e s e r e l i g i o u s c i r c l e s f or m a n y

d e c a d e s .

T hus, w h e n c Abd a l - R a ' u f left f o r A r a b i a a r o u n d 1642, he left beh ind

a s o c i e t y s c a n d a l i z e d b y the v i c i o u s n e s s of r e l i g i o u s qua r r e l s .

a l - R a n i r i w a s to lea v e A c e h in d i s g r a c e in 1644, d r i v e n out by a g r o u p i n g

of the f o l l o w e r s of Sham s a l - D i n who w e r e c h a m p i o n i n g the cause of a n e w

M i n a n g k a b a u C a l i m n a m e d S a y f a l - R i j a l [ito 1 9 7 8 : 4 9 1 ] , tut the e f f e c t s of

this tu r m o i l w er e still in e v i d e n c e w h e n °Abd a l - R a ' u f r e t u r n e d some

s e v e n t e e n y e a r s later.

1.5 CA b d a l - R a ' u f ' s S o j o u r n in A r a b i a (1642-1 661 )

O ur k n o w l e d g e of °Abd a l - R a ' u f ' s life p r i o r to his d e p a r t u r e for

A r a b i a is bas ed on R i n k e s ' s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t the s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e s

w i t h his A r a b i a n sojourn. His w o r k 0U m d a t a l - M u h t a j i n c o n t a i n s a

codi c il , a p p a r e n t l y c o m p o s e d by the a u t h o r h i mse lf, w h i c h is g e n e r o u s l y

p r o v i d e d w i t h d e t a i l s of h is y e a r s of s t udy at v a r i o u s ce n t r e s of Isl a m i c

l e a r n i n g in the A r a b i a n P e n i n s u l a . ٤ In this codicil, °Abd a l - R a ' u f m a k e s

a list of some f i f t e e n t e a c h e r s w i t h w h o m he studied, in a d d i t i o n to

l i s t i n g o t he r s c h o l a r s and s t u d e n t s w i t h w h o m he had v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of

c o n t a c t in cen t r e s such as Mecca, Jedda h , Bayt al-Fa qlh , Zabid, M e d i n a

etc. d u r i n g his n i n e t e e n y e a r stay there. The m o s t i m p o r t a n t of his

con t a c t s w e r e c l e a r l y Ahm a d a l - Q u s h a s h i of Medina, the s p i r i t u a l f a t h e r

of m a n y 17t h c e n t u r y I n d i a n m y s t i c s , and hi s s u c c e s s o r I b r a h i m a l - K urani ,

w ho gave °Abd a l - R a ' u f p e r m i s s i o n to e s t a b l i s h a s ch o o l of m y s t i c i s m in

Aceh. T his scho ol was to c o n t r i b u t e g r e a t l y to the spr e a d of the

S h a t t a r i y a h O r d e r t h r o u g h o u t the a r c h i p e l a g o [ T r i m i n g h a m 19 7 1 : 1 3 0 ] ,

t h o u g h this o r d e r w a s n ot to s u r v i v e in the A r a b i a n p en i n s u l a .

[ S n o u c k H u r g r o n j e 1906 : 11 18]

Th e i m p o r t a n c e of this cod i c i l in the CU m d a t is that it p r o v i d e s us

w i t h a s p i r i t u a l g e n e a l o g i c a l tree for the m y s t i c a l o r d e r w h i c h °Abd

a l - R a ' u f did so m u c h to e s t a b l i s h in the M a l a y world. J o hn s [ 1 9 7 5 : 4 6 ]

p o i n t s out that °Abd a l - R a ' u f is the fi rst of the grea t M a l a y I s l a m i c

s c h o l a r s for w h o m a line of t r a n s m i s s i o n is tracea ble . It is p e r h a p s to

this fact that m u c h of his s u b s e q u e n t r e p u t a t i o n can be a t t r i b u t e d , as

the i m p o r t a n c e of l in e s of t r a n s m i s s i o n to M u s l i m t h i n k i n g is w e l l

d o c u m e n t e d .

The r e seems lit t l e d o u b t that °Abd a l - R a ' u f w o uld h a v e s o u g h t

a n s w e r s to the i s s u e s a r i s i n g f rom the v i o l e n t pol e m i c w h i c h fi lled

centre stage in Ace h p r io r to his d e p a r t u r e in 1642. That n ew s of this

pol e m i c had r eached A r a b i a is r e c o r d e d in the pre f a c e to I b r a h i m

a l - K u r a n i ' s I t h a f a l - d h a k i b i - s h a r h a l - t u h f a a l - m u r s a l a ila a l - n a b i ,

w h e r e the a u t h o r states:

We h a v e had r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n from a c o m p a n y of J a w i , that

there h a v e s pr ea d a m o n g the i n h a b i t a n t s of the la nds o f 'Java'

s o m e b o o k s on R e a l i t i e s , and e s o t e r i c t e a c h i n g s by m e n a t t r i b u t e d

w i t h k n o w l e d g e b e c a u s e of thei r s t ud y and the t e a c h i n g of others,

but who l ack a n y u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the L a w of [Muha m m a d ] the

Chosen, the E l e c t [ of God], and eve n less of an a w a r e n e s s of the

k n o w l e d g e of R e a l i t i e s b e s t o w e d u p o n those who f o l l o w G o d ' s path,

m a y He be exalted; this has led m a n y of them to d e v i a t e from the

r i gh t path, and g i v e n rise to f a u l t y be l i e f , in fact they h a v e

b e e n a t t r a c t e d to c amp in the v a l l e y s of u n b e l i e f and