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Space charge behaviour in epoxy laminates under high constant electric field

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City, University of London Institutional Repository

Citation

:

Holé, S., Dissado, L. A., Ajour, M. N. and Fothergill, J. (2005). Space charge

behaviour in epoxy laminates under high constant electric field. Journal of Physics D:

Applied Physics, 38(16), pp. 2890-2898. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/38/16/022

This is the unspecified version of the paper.

This version of the publication may differ from the final published

version.

Permanent repository link: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1395/

Link to published version

:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/16/022

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outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience.

Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright

holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and

linked to.

City Research Online:

http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/

[email protected]

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