• No results found

Resolution targets as a measure of detail in reproduction of engineering drawings

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2019

Share "Resolution targets as a measure of detail in reproduction of engineering drawings"

Copied!
59
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

Rochester Institute of Technology

RIT Scholar Works

Theses

Thesis/Dissertation Collections

6-1-1974

Resolution targets as a measure of detail in

reproduction of engineering drawings

Thomas Pratuch

Follow this and additional works at:

http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion

in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact

ritscholarworks@rit.edu

.

Recommended Citation

(2)

IN

REPRODUCTION

OF

ENGINEERING

DRAWINGS

by

Thomas

G.

Pratuch

A

thesis

submitted

in

partial

fulfillment

of

the

requirements

for

the

degree

of

Bachelor

of

Science

in

the

School

of

Photographic

Arts

and

Science

in

the

College

of

Graphic

Arts

and

Photography

of

the

Rochester

Institute

of

Technology

June,

1974

(3)

o

r.yo>-3

oy~

ABSTRACT

The

purpose

of

the

experimentation

was

to

abstract

the

problem

of

reading

an

engineering

.

drawing

so

untrained

observers

could

be

used,

and

in

so

doing,

find

the

minimum

detail

of

drafted

materials

.

Once

the

minimum

detail

condition

v/as

est

ablished,

testing

was

to

continue

to

find

the

procedures

necessary

to

test

for

correlation

between

resolution

targets

and

the

minimum

detail.

The

final

goal

was

to

reach

a

set

of

recommen

dations

for

further

work

and

reduce

the

amount

of

unnecessary

work

for

later

experimenters.

In

short

this

paper

was

to

help bring

the

testing

of

resolution

and

drafted

materials

to

the

same

point

as

has

be

cm

done

between

resolution

tar

(4)

Several

different

reasons

can

be

given

on

why

an

acknowledgement

section

is

necessary,

but

the

primary

reason

is

that

it

is

always

necessary for

the

researcher

to

obtain

in

formation

and

help

in

areas

outside

of

his

education.

Therefore

I

would

like

to

thank

the

following

people

for

their help:

Professor

M.

Abuelata-

for

obtaining

the

necessary

resolution

targets.

Mr.

Chester

Crell-for

the

military

specifications

used

in

engineering

drawings

and

in

microfilm

work.

Captain

Douglas W

Robb-for

discussing

the

'field'

problems

of

using

engineer

ing

drawings

o

Dr0

G.W.Schumann-for

much

of

the

discussion

and

direction

on

past

work

on

the

subject.

Professor H.N

-Todd-as

advisor

and

counselor

0

Special

thanks

go

to

my

observers,

without

whose

tired

and

strained

oculars

no

data

would

have

been

generated:

Peter

Vredenburg,

Bill

Jamie

son,

Jo

?:irchenaer

,

and

Bob

Bayley0

(5)

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1

EXPERIMENTAL

PROCEDURE

4

The

EDS

Array

4

Final

EDS

Construction

7

Target Use

9

Data Analysis

Techniques

11

OBSERVATIONS

AND CONCLUSIONS

15

RECOrSENDATIONS

16

REFERENCES

18

*

STANDARDS

20

FURTHER

READINGS

21

APPENDICES

APPENDIX

A: Graphs

of

Viewer

Distance

vsc

Resolving

Power

Values

From

Similiar

Prints

22

APPENDIX

3:

Graphs

for

the

RIT

and

USAF

Targets

Where

the

Resolving

Power

v/as

evaluated

by

the

use

of

an

Agfa

Loupe

29

APPENDIX

C:

Computer

Program

For

Correlation

and

Linear

Regression

Data

32

APPENDIX

D:

Computer

Program

Results

for

Graphs

in

Appen

dices

A &

B

38

APPENDIX

E:

Testing

and

Stat

Procedures

for

Testing

Tar

gets

for

Equal

Recognizability

47

(6)

GRAPHS

t

AND TABLES

1

Crosshair

vs

Diosy

Psi

Target

2

Crosshair

vs

NBS

target

3

Crosshair

vs

RIT

Alphanumeric

4

Crosshair

vs

USAF

Tri-bar

5

Crosshair

vs

DIN

6

Crosshair

vs

Lowe

target

23

24

25

26

27

28

7

Crosshair

vs

RIT

Alphanumeric

(Agfa

Loupe

used)

30

8

Crosshair

vs

USAF

Tri-bar

(Agfa

Loupe

used)

31

TABLES

:

1

Correlation Between

Resolution

Targets

And

Crosshair

target

of

EDS

Array

Computer

Results

2

3

4

5

6

7

Computer

Results

Computer

Results

Computer

Results

Computer

Results

,

Computer

Results

8

Computer

Results

9

Computer

Results

Lowe

Target

Diosy

Target

NBS

Target

USAF

Target

DIN

Target

RIT

Target

RIT

(I/iagnif)

USAF

(Magnif)

10

Significance

Values

for

Two

-Tailed

Paired

Comparison

Tests

15

39

40

41

42

43

AA

45

46

50

(7)

TABLE

OF

FIGURES

1

Targets

used

in

the

EDS

Array

2

Target

Orientations

6b

(8)

"It

is

important

to

note

that

resolving

power

does

not

directly

indicate

the

capability

of

a

system

for'

making

an

isolated

detail

distinguishable

.

"

The

ability

of

film

to

record

fine

detail

has

been known

and

utilized

in

various

photographic

applications.

The

use

of

resolving

power

targets

to

measure

this

capability

has

been

v/ith

photographers

almost

the

same

length

of

time.

It

v/ould

seem

logical

that

there

v/ould

be

some

reason

to

expect

the

resolving

power

targets

to

show

some

correlation

with

the

minimum

detail

in

a

photograph

of

objects.

But

a

survey

of

the

articles

dealing

v/ith

resolution

values

for

specific

tasks

yields

but

one

conclusion;

that

minimum

requirements

of

the

photographic

system

necessary

for

task

v/ere

found

by

trial

and

then

the

resolution

capabilities

were

measured

on

whatever

target

the

experimenter

preferred.

(Ref

eaences

5,6,7,

19.)

The

resolving

power

targets

were

not

being

tested

to

see

if

the?/

correlated

with

the

response

of

the

film

to

minimum

detail

0

Values

v/ere

being

obtained

simply

to

attach

a

number

to

the

photographic

system.

llees

,C ,E .K.

and

T

,H.James

,

The

Theory

of

the

Photographic

(9)

In

the

literature

search

prior

to

deciding

on

a

research

topic

(in

the

area

of

resolving

power

studies)

one

comment

by

Perrin

and

Altman

decided

the

route

to

be

used:

"...details

in

photographs

almost

always

have

extension

in

at

least

one

direction."

The

most

obvious

area

where

this

is

true

is

in

line

copy

situations

of

v/hich,

engineering

drawings

are

a

sub-category.

In

the

microfilming

of

engineering

drawings

differring

targets

are

used

to

evaluate

the

photo-system,

depending

on

the

agency

doing

the

microfilming.

But

the

basic

idea

of

co-ordina

ting

the

resolving

power

value

v/ith

the

minimum

detail

is

still

ignored.

Part

of

the

problem

lay

v/ith

the

fact

that

what

constitu

ted

minimum

detail

had

not

been

clearly

established.

The

advan

tage

of

using

engineering

drawings

v/as

due

to

the

existence

of

set

standards

for

drawing

practices.

By

exeercising

control

over

the

drawings

one

establishes

.control

over

the

minimum

detail

So.

the

first

part

of

the

work

was

to

determine

what

features

of

an

engineering

drawing

did

the

user

look

for.

Then

to

test

each

feature

to

see

what

factors

affected

it

and

which

one

v/as

the

minimum

condition.

In

discussions

to

determine

the

requirements

of

readability

for

an

engineering

drawing

it

v/as

found

that

the

user

had

to:^

p

Perrin

,F .H .

and

J

.H.

Altman,

"Studies

in

the

Resolving

Power

of

Photographic

Emulsions"

,

JOSA

,

Spto53,p780.

(10)

2)

detect

any breaks

in

the

line

3)be

able

to

distinguish

between

two

or

more

lines

4)read

any

notes,

measurements

or

any

other

alphanumeric

data

It

was

realized

that

in

doing

the

research

v/ork

that these

prob

lems

v/ould

have

to

be

abstracted

for

the

reader

so

untrained

ob

(11)

EXPERIMENTAL

PROCEDURE

The

Engineering:

Drawing

Simulator

(EDS)

Arrays

The

first

task

was

to

abstract

the

reading

problems

of

an

engineering

drawing

so

untrained

observers

could

be

used

in

the

later

stages

of

the

experiments.

It

has

been

commented

on

in

past

work

that

in

working

with

untrained

observers

it

is

necessary

to

have

an

example

of

what

the

observer

is

for.

This

gave

the

idea

of

the

EDS

array

since

the

example

case

could

also

be

used

as

the

problem.

What

the

observer

had

to

find

in

a

drawing

were

the

lines,

any

breaks

in

the

lines,

etc.

An

example

of

what

a

line

is

can

not

be

considered

a

necessary

item

in

dealing

with

college

stu

dents.

But

the

idea

of

the

removed

example

is

basically

no

dif

ferent

than

the

line

in

the

actual

drawing

for

purposes

of

analy

sis.

As

a

source

of

information

the

only

difference

is

that

one

can

readily

determine

whether

or

not

the

observer

is

finding

all

of

the

lines

given

with

far

less

confusion

oFrom

these

ideas

it

was

decided

to

have

an

array

of

'examples'

where

the

observer

v/ould

be

asked

to

determine

what

v/as

included

in

the

array.

The

next

step

was

to

decide

what

sort

of

'examples1

were

to

be

presented

in

the

array,

and

how

v/as

the

array

to

physically

appear.

Since

part

of

the

observer

task

in

deciding

on

whether

(12)

was

decided

to

use

a

'locating

format

in

the

array

oEach

observer

task

v/as

to

be

found inside

of

a

thick-line

circle.

The

circle

would

be

detectable

even

v/hen

the

observer

task

v/as

not

performable.

The

circular

format

also

allowed

the

array

to

be

set

to

different

orientations

without

the

locating

device

af

fecting

orientation

determination.

To

facilitate

the

changing

of

and

target-type

arrangement

v/ith

in the

array

the

individual

targets

were

mounted

on

wooden

discs.

^This

allowed

the

placement

of

tar^e ts

to

be

changed,

with

a

minimum

of

effort,

v/ithin

the

camera

field.

There

were

four

different

targets

to

include

the

following

observer

tasks

in

the

arrays

1)

Identify

how many lines

are

present.

2)Identify

the

line

orientations.

3)Identify

and

locate

any breaks

in

the

lines.

The

problem

in

designing

the

targets

v/as

that

the

observer

had

to

be

faced

v/ith

equally

recognizable

targets.

If

any

one

task

had

a

diff

erring

degree

of

perfo

ratability

,

then

the

observer

v/ould

be

(for

example)

able

to

tell

which

target had

a

multi

ple

line

target

even

when

he

was

unable

to

distinguish

the

in

dividual

lines

from

one

another.

In

order

to

illustrate

this

better,

the

four

final

targets

will

be

shown

and

the

reasons

for

their

use

explained.

(13)

The

first

target

(Fig. IA)

is

the

single

line

target.

It

consists

of

a

single

line

extending

across

one

diameter

of

the

circle

and

having

a

width

of

.o2o".

The

reason

for

this

v/idth

is

because

it

is

considered

the

the

average

line

width

of

a

No.

2H

pencil

typically

used

In

drawing.

The

second,

drawing (Fig0 IB)

is

the

crosshair

target.

It

has

a

gap

so

one

radius

does

not

touch

the

center.

This

gap

spacing

v/as

chosen

because

it

is

between

the

1/116

inch

and

l/32

inch

gaps

recommended

in

the

ANSI

Drafting

Manual

,

depending

on

the

type

of

line

the

gap

v/as

included

(center line,

hidden

line,

etc.)

in.

This

target

contained

its

own

decision

forcing

con

dition

since

the

observer

had

to

decide

what

radii

contained

the

gap.

The

crosshair

target

was

also

the

alternate

decision

case

for

the

single

line

target.

(See

Appandix

E

for

decision

tests).

The

third

target

contained

two

parallel

lines

spaced

apart.

This

spacing

distance

v/as

used

because

it

is

the

one

recommended

in

DIN"

6774

(

Te

chni

s

ch e

Z

e

i

ch

nunge

n

)

and

specified

in

MIL-STD-100A.

In

this

target,

as

in

all

of

the

others,

the

lines

were

in

width.

(Sea

Fig.

IC)

,

The

last

target

had

to

be

specially

designed

to

give

an

equally

recognizable

target

to

the

two

parallel

line

target.

It

consisted

of

short

bars

having

a

length

equal

to

the

total

v/idth

of

the

two

lines

and

the

space

of

the

parallel

line

target.

The

bar

v/idth

v/as

and

the

spacing

v/as

,o4o".

(See Fig

ID).

This

alternate

case

v/as

adopted

from

a

printing

industry

test,?

Nelson

,Carl ,

Microfilm

Technology,

pl73

7

(14)

Figure

1.

--Targets

Used

In EDS

Array

l.A

Single

Line

1.3

Double

Line

l.C

Multi-line

I.D

[image:14.565.54.442.150.674.2]
(15)

after

testing

against

the

parallel

line

target

(see

Appendix

E)

-Final

EDS

Target

Constructions

The

final

targets

had

to

be

constructed

in

three

steps.

The

first

step

was

to

draw

an

enlarged

master

target

in

ink.

The

master

target

v/as

photographically

reduced

in

size

on

to

an

ortho

film.

Finally

the

ortho

film

was

contact

printed

onto

photographic

paper,

which

v/as

processad

for

the

desired

contrast.

The

original

master

target

was

drawn

at

five

times

the

final

target

size

of

one

and

one-half

inches.

The

reason

for

the

factor

of

five

as

the

necessary

reduction

v/as

a

matter

of

convenience

in

the

mathematics.

The

enlarged

master

size

allowed

easier

drafting

of

the

target,

reducing

measurement

error

effect

in

the

final

array

.

The

master

target

was

drafted

in

pencil

,

then

inked

over

the

outlines

with

a

number

2

Rapid-o-graph

pen.

Lastly,

the

enlarged

lineswere

filled

in

using

a

black

felt

pen.

The

inked

outlines

aided

construction

by

allowing

use

of

the

coarser

point

felt

pen

close

to

the

edges.

The

master

target

of

each

type

v/as

ph

to graphically

reduced

onto

Kodalith

Ortho

film,

Type

3,

using

a

Polaroid

MP-3

Camera.

The

film

was

processed

according

to

manufacturers

instructions.

The

only

modification

in

processing

was

to

skip

the

stop bath

and

use

only

a

water

rinse

of

30

seconds

at

that

point.

This

(16)

amount

of

spotting

with

opaque

This

v/as

especially

important

since

there

was

little

clearance

between

lines

in

the

reduced

copies.

Included

in

the

photograph

was

a

clear

patch

of

film

pro

duced

by having

a

section

of

black

cardboard

in

the

camera

field.

This

patch

was

used

as

a

printing

control

and

will

be

explained

later

.

Before

printing

the

final

target,

it

was

necpssary

to

deter

mine

the

contrast

of

engineering

drawings.

It

was

decided

to

use

the

pencil

copy

drawings

since

this

situation

v/as

the

'worst*

case

(i.e.

It

is

harder

to

copy

than

an

ink

drafting.).

o

It

has

been

reported,

in

the

literature

that

the

contrast

ratio;

of

engineering

drawings

Is

2:1

where

the

ratio

is

calcula

ted

by

the

expressions

percent

reflected

transmission

of

the

background

percent

reflected

from

the

pencil

line

Drafting

pencils

of

various

hardnesses

and

types

v/ere

drawn

across

the

surfaces

of

several

different

drafting

vellums.

These

papers

were

then

placed

in

an

Ansco

Microdensitometer

(set-up

in

reflec

tance

reading mode)

and

traces

made

of

the

reflectance

densities

measured.

The

reflectance

value

calculated

from

these

results

was

1.5:1.

Since

this

is

the

same

reflectance

for

the

R.I.T.

alpha

numeric

pencil

contrast

target,

it

v/as

decided

to

print

for

a

1.5:1

contrast

in

the

EDS

targets.

Since

the

final

target

line

densities

could

not

be

checked

(17)

with

the

reflection

densitometers

in

the

processing

darkrooms,

the

clear

patch

from

the

cardboard

was

used

to

measure

the

re

sulting line

densities.

The

Ortho

negatives

were

contact

printed

on

to

Polycontrast

paper,

Type

F,

using

an

exposure

of

.81

meter-candle/sec

at

the

film

layer.

The

paper

was

processed

in

Dektol

,

diluted

1:2,

for

ninety

seconds.

Since

only

twelve

targets

v/ere

to

be

in

the

final

array

(three

of

each

target

type)

targets

having

an

incorrect

con-trast

ratio

were

eliminated

and

another

made.

The

paper

targets

v/ere

cut

out

using

an

Exacto

knife

and

plastic

circle

template.

The

targets

v/ere

then

mounted

on

wooden

discs

c

The

only

glue

found

to

work

satisfactorily

was

Best-Test

Paper

Cement

(White

Rubber)

made

by

Union

Rubber

and

Asbestos

Co.

Other

glues

either

caused

wrinkling

of

the

paper

surface,

stained

the

peper

after

drying

or

reacted

with

something

in

the

paper.

Target

Use:

In

the

final

EDS

array

there

are

twelve

targets

consisting

of

three

replicates

of

each

target

type.

In

the

experimentation

performed

a

sheet

of

drafting

paper

was

placed

in

the

camera

field

v/ith

twelve

positions

marked

on

its'

surface.

The

side

away

from

the

experimenter

was

assigned

the

"1"

(one)

orientation,

(See

Figo

2)

.

Orientations

were

noted

in

the

laboratory

notebook

by

writing

the

target

type

as

a

letter

(A

for

single

line,

3

for

double

line,

C

for

multi-line

and

D for

crosshair)

and

its

orient

(18)

FIGURE

2

Target

Orientations

;'ote:

Orientations

5-8

belong

only

to

the

crosshair

target

since

the

other

three

targets

appear

to

duplicate

positions

1-4

when

rotation

is

continued.

On

the

Crosshair

target

the

[image:18.565.45.517.77.613.2]
(19)

10

Preliminary

testing

of

the

array

was

carried

to

to

find

a

technique

for

comparison

of

the

array

to

resolution

targets.

From

this

point

on,

the

work

v/as

of

a

preperatory

nature

since

time

constraints

made

it

difficult

to

assess

all

possible

techni

ques

for

testing

resolution

targets

vs.

the

EDS

array.

The

interested investigator

v/ill

find

more

information in

the

Conclusions

and

Recommendations

section

of

this

paper

concerning

approaches

to

this

work.

The

data

gathered

to

date

gives

indications

of

areas

of

problems

and

is

presented

as

an

outline

of

work

to

be

done

rather

than

as

finally

conclusive

results.

The

EDS

array

and

resolution

targets

v/ere

photographed

with

a

Recordak

MRD-2

using

microscope

slides

sprayed

v/ith

clear

acrylic

to

reduce

the

resolving

capabilities

of

the

camera.

This

constituted

an

imposed

external

'grain'

on

the

images

since

slides

v/ith

varying

amounts

of

acrylic

v/ere

placed

in

the

optical

path.

A

35mm

camera

v/as

loaded

v/ith

Tri-X

film

and.

used

to

photograph

the

array

and

resolving

power

targets

thus

giving

a

different

internal

grain

(i.e-

film

grain)

from

the

microfilm.

The

Tri-X

film

v/as

processed

following

the

manufacturer's

recommendations.

The

Recordak

AKU

Microfilm

was

specially

processed

since

Kodak

does

not

have

facilities

for

handling

unperforated

35mm

film

in

the

Rochester

area

and

R.I.T,

(because

of

financial

prob

lems)

did

not

have

Prostar

chemistry

available.

The

microfilm

was

processed

by

winding

it,

emulsion

side

out,

around

a

Kodak

Drum

(20)

D-19

5

min

Stop

Bath

50

sec

Fixer

5

min

Hypo

Clear

3

min

Wash

20min

The

drum

could

hold

up

to

nine

feet

of

film,

without

any

loading

difficulty

in

the

dark.

Fifteen

feet

of

film

was

the

maximum

load

and

extreme

care

v/as

necessary

to

place

that

much

film

on

.

the

drum.

Simultaneous

prints

were

made

of

resolution

targets

and

the

EDS

array

from

negatives

made

at

the

same

magnification.

The

print

magnif

ication

and

contrast

(PC

paper

was

used)

were

varied

to

produce

different

prints.

The

observer

was

asked

to

read

the

resolving

power

target

prints

from

a

fixed

distance

of

12"

and

then

again

using

an

Agfa

Loupe.

The

EDS

prints

were

mounted

on

a

wall

and

the

observer

was

asked

to

approach

the

prints

until

target

recognition

and

orientation

could

be

performed

<>

The

ap;.;roach

of

the

observer

was

controlled

by

placing

markers

from

the

prints

at

sixth

root

of

two

increments

to

achieve

the

same

'stepping'

as

found

in

the

resolution

targets.

The

reason

for

using

the

observer

approach

technique

v/as

that

the

readability

of

an

object

is

related

to

the

observer

capability

for

angular

separation

of

images.

Data

Analysis

Techniques:

The

data

was

plotted

resolving

power

target

values

on

the

Y

axis

and

viewer

distance

on

the

X

axis.

The

viewer

distance

was

divided

by

4.96

feet

in

order

to

allow

a

convienent

scale

(21)

12

targets

were

read

from

a

fixed

distance

(12").

Apaendix

B

has

the

data

for

the

RIT

Alphanumeric

test

target

and

the

USAF

Tri-Bar

target

were

an

Agfa Loupe

was

used

to

evaluate

the

prints.

As

was

typical

for

all

of

the

targets,

a

lower

correlation

value

v/as

ob

tained

where

the

loupe

v/as

used.

The

original

data

(where

the

observer

distances

v/ere

not

divided

by

4.96

feet)

v/as

used

to

calculate

an

R

value

for

cor

relation

using

the

computer

program

in

Appendix

C.

Appendix

D

(22)

OBSERVATIONS

AND CONCLUSIONS

The

first

observation

to

be

noted

was

the

fact

that

the

minimum

detail

v/as

the

break

in

the

line0

This

target

required

the

observer

to

come

the

closest

to

achieve

a

positive

identi

fication.

This

indicates

that

the

standards

do

not

give

equally

readable

features

to

the

drawings.

Several

problems

occurred

v/ith

the

resolution

targets.

Lowe's

target

proved

to

be

memorizable

by

the

observers.

This

trait

v/as

shown

when

the

observer

read

the

level he

said

was

the

smallest

he

could

read.

Then

v/hen

he

was

told

to

read

lower

levels

recognition

of

some

of

the

letters

v/ould

trigger

recognition

of

the

group

letters

t

even

though he

could

not

originally

read

the

group letters

0

The

DIN,

Diosy

and

Lowe

targets

exhibited

fill-in

of

spaces

occurring between

lines.

This

may have

some

effect

on

the

cor

relation

with

the

crosshair

target

since,

with

the

small

size

of

the

gap,

any.

occurrence

of

fill-in

on

the

crosshair

prevents

recognition

of

the

gap.

The

fill-in

on

the

Diosy

target

gave

a

special

problem.

The

portion

of

the

Psi

letter

that

filled

v/as

between

the

arc

and

circle.

This

gave

the

observer

sufficient

information

to

determine

orientation

even

when

the

center

line

v/as

not

detec-taole.

It

is

the

fact

that

the

center

line

is

no

longer

detect

(23)

14

important.

The

observers

reported

being

able

to

detect

the

filled

area

as

a

bulge

which

gave

sufficient

information to

'guess'

the

orientation.

But

a

loss

of

line

detection

in

the

EBS

array

meant

that

the

targets

could

not

possibly

be

detected.

The

exact

relationship

of

these

problems

to

the

correlation

with

line

drawings

will

require

carefull

investigation

in

later

vork.

In

observing the

graphical

results

in

comparison

to

the

computer

results,

it

can

be

seen

that

all

of

the

resolution

targets

respond

to

large

changes

in

the

system

as

do

the

EDS

targets.

Thus

all

of

the

resolution

targets,

except

Diosy

's,

have

large

values

for R

(correlation

value)

.

It

is

the

equivalent

sensitivity

between

resolution

and

EDS

targets

that

affects

the

correlation

value.

It

is

the

difference

in

reaction

to

system

changes,

between

EDS

and

resolution

targets,

that

affects

the

standard

error

-in

the

correlation

v/hich

in

turn

affects

the

significance

of

the

R

value.

In

the

section

--

Recommendations--

the

ways

to

investigate

the

significance

of

R

will

be

explained.

Part

of

the

problem

v/ith

the

data

v/as

the

tendency

to

get

replicates.

Since

this

replicate

condition

v/as

not

intended,

the

result

was

the

loss

of

data

for

determining

correlation.

On

the

next

page

Is

a

table

of

the

preliminary

investigation

results

for

correlation

between

each

resolution

target

and

the

EDS

array.

The

USAF

Tri-bar

c^nil

the

RIT

pencil

contrast

Alpha

numeric

give

initially

promising

results-

But

the

large

confidence

(24)
[image:24.565.70.524.132.362.2]

defi-nite

conclusion.

TABLE 1

-CORRELATION

BETWEEN

RESOLUTION

TARGETS

AND

CROSSHAIR

TARGET

OF

EDS

ARRAY.

Target

R

value

Sample

size

Confidence

limits

on

R

value

Lowe

(letter)

.906

7

'46/.

98

Diosy

(Psi)

.565

9

-o20/.85

NBS

(Multi-line)

.902

10

- .58/.

97

USAF

(3

bar)

.937

10

.68/.

98

DIN

(ISO)

.790

10

.32/.

90

RIT

(Alpha-num)

.886

10

.60/.

93

The

purpose

of

looking

for

the

correlation

is

that

the

best

situation

for

relating

resolution

to

minimum

detail

would

be

a

linear

situation.

It

is

conceivable

that

the

relationship

between

the

minimum

detail

and

the

resolution

tar^p

ts

can

be

explained

in

terms

of

an

equation

involving

non-linear

polynomials.

But

more

investigation

will,

be

needed

to.

run

regression

analysis

since

data

in

the

extreme

ranges

are

needed.

The

reason

for

only

performing

thecorrelation

with

the

cross

hair

target

is

because

it

(the

crosshair)

constitutes

the

minimum

(25)

16

RECOMMENDATIONS

V/hile

the

observer

angular

resolution

approach

gave

adequate

response

for

the

early

work,

it

is

not

recommended

that

this

ap

proach

be

continued

in

later

work.

What

is

suggested

is

a

special

array,

cons

is

ting

of

the

crosshair

target,

v/hich

has

the

sixth

root

of

two

incrementation

of

the

resolution

targets.

The

effect

is

that

one

is

creating

another

resolution

target.

But

this

should

be

con

sidered

as

only

a

temporary

feature

since

the

goal

is

to

find

what

existing

targets

will

work

instead.

The

new

EDS

array

v/ould

be

photographed

along

with

each

res

olution

target

and

then

both

would

be

evaluated

either

by

fixed

distance

reading

or

by

agfa

loupe

(since

both

v/ould

be

evaluated

the

same

way)

.

The

photographic

procedure

should

subject

the

images

to

a

variety

of

degradation

procedures.

A

few

are

presented

below:

l)External

'grain'

-placing

glass

sprayed

va

th

varying

amounts

of

clear

acrylic

in

the

optical

path.

2)

Internal

grain-

photograph

the

targets

v/ith

a

variety

of

films

to

observe

what

affects

the

film

characteristics

have

on

the

images.

3)Focus

variation

4)F

Stop

variation

The

reason

for

these

variations

is

that

one

must

be

certain

that

one

is

not

encountering

a

unique

s

limited

situation.

Once

the

negatives

are

processed,

the

next

step

v/ould

be

to

print

them

under

a

variety

of

conditions.

jn

the

(26)

performed

for

this

paper,

the

variation

of

contrast

of

the

print

was

not

found

to

give

significant

variation

to

the

prints

.

Variation

of

the

print

magnification

did

give

enough

variation.

Some

experimenters

may

wish

to

investigate

the

correlation

by

using

the

original

microfilm

images.

It

is

felt

that

it

is

more

valid

to

investigate

the

correlation

v/ith

prints

since

it

is

the

final

copy

that

will

be

used.

Besides,

if

the

final

print

is

legible

then

the

film

obviously

the

film

is

legible.

But

the

(27)

18

REFERENCES

1)

Barnard,

Thomas

W.

,

"Image

Evaluation

by

Means

of

Target

Recog

nition",

Photographic

Science

and

Engineering, Vol.16,

No.

2,

March-April

1972,

ppl

44-150.

2)

Barrows,

Robert

S.,

"Factors

Affecting

the

Recognition

of

Small,

Low-Contrast

Photographic

Images",

Photographic

Science

and

Engineering,

Vol

.1 ,No~.l

,

July

1957

,ppl5-22.

3)

Diosy,

Thomas E.

,

Design,

Construction

and

Evaluation

of

a

Resolu

tion

Target

of

Micro-photography

Applications

,

Bachelor

*s

Degree

Thesis

Work,Sch.

Photo.

Arts

Sci.,Roch.

Inst,

of

Tech.,

June

1973.

*

4)

Donaldson,

Keith

C,

and

Harry

0.

Gough,

The

Determination

of

a

Set

of

Alphanumeric

Characters

of

Eoual

Recognizability

,

Thesis

work,Sch.

Photo.

Arts

Sci.,Roch.

Inst,

of

Tech.,

June

1968.

5) Franz,

Carl,

'Large

Scale

Resolution

Targets",

Industrial

Photo

graphy

,

February

1973

pp

34,35,40,41,52-54.

6)

~~

,

A

Method

and

Data

Reduction

Tables

for

Determining

the

Resolution

of

Camera

Systems

Under

Typical

Field

Con

ditions

,

Naval

Ordanance

Laboratory,

White

Oak,

Maryland,

17

January

1972.

7)

,

High

Acuity

Experimentation II

,

(Draft

of

Final

Re>

ort),

Naval

0rdo

Lab.,

White

Oak,

Md.

,

10

November

1972.

8)

Fromm,

H.J.,

"Factors

Influencing

Microimage

Quality",

J.

of

Photographic

Science,

Vol.

10,

1962,ppl47-154.

9)

Glavich

,

Bruno,

and

Richard

To

Johnson,

Design

and

Costruction

of

a

Standard

Planetary Microfilming

Camera

Target

Array

,

Senior

Thesis,

Sch.

Photo.

Arts

Sci.,

Roch.

Inst,

of

Tech.,

June

1972.

10)Leistner,

Karl

,

"Experiments

Concerning

the

Interrelationship

of

Resolving

Power

and

Recognition",

Jo

of

the

Optical

Society

of

America

,Vol .46 ,No

.9

,September

1956,

pp

686-90.

ll)Lowe,

Gary

E.,The

Construction

of

a

Readability

Target

and

Its

Correlation

with

Resolving

Power,

Senior

Thesis

work,

(28)

12)Mees,C.E.

Kenneth,

and

T.H.James,

The

Theory

of

the

Photographic

Process

,5rd

Edition,

MacMillian

Co.,

hew

York,

19oo.

13) Nelson,

Carl

E.

,

Microfilm

Techno

logy

{Engineering

and

Related.

Fields,

McGraw-Hill,

New

York,

1965.

14)Perrin,Fred

H.

and

J.H.

Altman,

"Studies

in

the

Resolving

Power

of

Photographic

Emulsions

"J.

of

the

Optical

Society

of

America,

Vol.

43,

No

.9

,Seotmeber

1953,

pp7

80-790

*

'

15)Robb,

Douglas

V/.f

Captain, U.S.Army

Corps

of

Engineers,

per-sonnal

communication.

l6)Schumann, G.W., Doctor,

Roch.

Inst,

of

Tech.,

Photo.

Sci.

Dept.,

personnel

communication.

17

)

Simonds

,

J

.L

.,

"Reproduction

of

Fine

Structure

in

Photographic

Printing

"

,Pho

togranhic

Science

and

Engineering, Vol.8,

No.

3,

May-

June

1964

,

ppl72-176.

l8)Sturge,

John

M.

,

"Detection

and

Recognition

of

Low

Contrast'

Images"

,

Photographic

Science

and

Engineering,

Vol.

6,

No

.3

,

May-June

1962

,ppl56-15

8.

1

9

)

Unde

rh

ill

,

Mark

A

.

,

Evaluation

of

an

Alphanumeric

Target

as

a

Means

of

Determining

"Resolution"

of

a

Photographic

Reconnaisance

System,

Master

Thesis

work,

Sch.

Photo.

Arts

Sci.,

RochV

Inst,

of

Tech.,

23

May

1968.

(29)

20

STANDARDS

ANSI

PH2.

33-1969,

American

National

Standard Method

for

Determin

ing

the

Resolving

Power

of

Photographic

Materials

-ANSI

Y14.

2-1957,

Section

2,

American

Standards

Drafting

Manual:

Line

Conventions,

Sectioning

and

Lettering

.

DIN

6774,

Technische

Z-eichnungen,

August

1967.

ISO

Recommandation

R435,

ISO

Conventional

Typographical

Charac

ter

for

Legibility

Tests,

Switzerland,

April

1965

"

ISO

Recommendation

R

446

,

Microcopies

,

Legibility

Tests;

Switzer

land,

September

1965.

MIL-M-9868D

yMicrof

ilmin

of

Engineering

Documents

,55mm

,

Require

ments

for

,1

October

1970.

MIL-STD-100A,

Military.

Standard

Engineering Drawing Practices,

(30)

FURTHER

READING

1)

Goldman,

S.,

I

nf

o

rma

ti

o n

Th

e

ory

,

Prentice-Hall

,N.Y . ,1953

2)McCamy,

C

.S .

:

"On

the

Information

in

a

Microphotograph

"

,

Ao-plied

Optics

,

Vol

.4

,

No

.4

,

April

1965

,

pp405-4ll

.

3)

Manual

on

Sensory Testing

Methods,

ASTM

Special

Technical

publication

434,

American

Society

For

Testing

and

Materials,

(31)

22

APPENDIX A:

GRAPHS

OF

VIEWER

DISTANCE

VS

RESOLVING

POWER

VALUES

FROM

SIMILIAR

PRINTS.

Note:

1)Y

axis

is resolving

power

value

in

cycles/mm.

(32)

X

-L:L :-1

Jr.J.'l'

r-A

::':.

.J

':

JJ-.J-Jr

rr'.

I..

~ r-;-i'-'

L

gaLK

i4--4---

:-\

OT

j

w

7%.

-Vr

-K-"o<"

v

It

13

lK

1ST

.v>.

M^_

~^~

_ ~~

^

V

tj}

c

o

-^

-*9

^*J->

0

y

^>-

-3->

>s-

5:

-r

>

X

It

Lei

J3

(33)

24

*

y.

u

...j

Q

-1... .

j

i . . ; .'."".:

y7-'+y'jj^'7r

2\j f

'

-;.'::i; -;:

i

L

-

-i

_--7f

'.-.

L

:

!

:i

j^\:fJJfjy\"

; ai:

'.

'7'

WL-LLJ

^LzjMM

hiHt

If-

MfLLL.L

'

f

-'_

jff

Z\

W-A-'

~,\

'

A

7A

-ii^trr-r..---

'.

', - -.-

-:,T. t .- . . ....:

ll

!:

"Lf--v-iM

i

---'.a-!.

i

!f^-Mf-:"i-f

L

L:-

L--LLvaiaarkj

"

L

LLLLLL

y::--\

:-

'',

'-\

':

LL"fL^L --lll

-.-.-. :::.

i

^

.-:-J-_-r

rr.-'r

t

. ll ;

'

r.'A-fj

LLL

--"-:.;-"--

2

O

:wll^

..7;:.v

L

-.:,-:r- .;:;.: :. _l..

L

*

7

7:.yyy-:

LLLL-'LLL"

-:fci5

--;-. .

:::3j::t: l:: ::l.:.;

-rrrr:r

AJrA

.:. :

r .-.

!

.:...

\.

LU

0;

i

^

rr::rr

AAJJJ

'J-:JAJr:

r

JJJJ

J

-:

"-,

tu

T

72\

<2>

^7

AJ'J.r

rr-rrrr

:---_;:::_-JJJAJA

aaat-fc

,._/a

u

o^:

;..,;,

:l^!lMlv

AJJA

:-.:-4-'.-.

JJJJ-'.

rrrrr: t-4...: L"-L:!":

""rrrr.r.

<*

/

rrr

v.;

AJJAJJ

:

:~::""

JJArrA LLrLfLLLv

Cl?::

w

*tf

!

:"S.

a

jffjj

rr r. 'AAJA-: -.f.L.

. ' ! 4 ;'"' .ar.

yy

-.r.-l- rrr

-. --.Lv-::::rirr:.

'.:;;}::::

LLiLL-'-'

CO

;3

v';..l::-.:i:-..:

, ,

---j

---;

:-j

v.

-Arr

^f?

LLLa:a

a

i

.._.. ...,.-.,...

.:..

-:]-..:"

-B

-::rr.rr . :.-.: rr 7

r.:r.r

;L"-L-r;L

r'AJA

LELJELL

L.L.LL-L

:

-2

>.

LlL

Mg-

: .

--.' : :'i;

-*-

--^

:.-:--i - :

-Jr.JJ: ...Jr. -Lah^

~1~Z~;A-A.

LLTTlIpTLVL"

LLLL-aa

<*

JJA

Jr.

.

"r-::-L-'

LLL

L-:.

: ::f:-.:-:tr.:v -:

^

:

-.--:

:.

-.::']:-.::.;.

ig7L

0

-.:-.-2-rrjyj

-JJr'j'Jr :;l::l"

r

-^^^fy-AAA

.-A}

L:L:i:v-r

r-L:xr

v

LLLLiM

LLLrpL;

V*-.

-X. -!.:,:,-! rrrrrr. ~:r..ir.:

.

r:>'.:::pt^

::_.: .

'AAJA

-}.

.

:

.rrr.

;yai::L

LLLLTL ; i. ^_

-|

:.' '

r

-;:..:.

W

..:.:-!..

-t i

-- -

-i : :

['..''''""

J'r.JJJ

: Lj".ri.-"" a

-Jr:AA-J-\j-A:.\JA{JJ

rrrr.J -

--"I. -.:..::., :::::. "'": --v..--,.-.

-: :

rrrrr-aL:;

-Af:y-A:-\

'72L-"L '.J.L- LL.

/^

k

----'.--.-J 1....i

C

i

-;.-.'_[:. : :__..:

i

...

-Arr

JJJJ.

vl l :..

I

.:.:::.

|

-:LaLl:L-L:

yy

"LLL_"g L,~L_L.

Liat-'LL

:LL:L::r|LLL:::LL|

.

Ar

^LlLiaiLLLL-L-..

a-|

. . -..

L'ahM

hllIlvM-

jyjA.-.

y.\.-....:-.

^y'f7A:yr-jj\-:-'Zy:\Ajy2jAA

-;.;-7:.ll:

ArrpAJ

r-LrrlLl-LL

- a-".j-- -...v -..

:

J

J

J'J. jyjj-.

J'--7'-" .:..( : -:

-L-:-iL-r_L:

::J

JJr\.r::r.

rlr.

f

rA::\

::tj:\

-rr.f

JA'

J-Ar.J':'..

rrrrr: l

_

-.

I.-llv

.-:..

y

\

-r :

a

l

1

---:-ll- v-H-LLvL

A^AJfAAAjf'. Z.rfZ--AZA:

~A-.~y~

....\..A.ZT.A".AJ

-::]:"::

JrJiJJJ

.-:--.:-";-:.

-.:.-.:... vL :: _

--y

jj- ! . :.:::L":7'

::-L

:-.':

: .7:

L

J

\

' J"

r^^-fr:-:::^:.-. ::.:._:

;;

-;-:LL

LLaLLL7:iaL;L^LJ-LLLLaL

AJZAJ

4

.-..;-...

:

^ :

:

L:

r :

a LvLvta

A

J.

rrrrr rr rr.rJJr.-rr.r

,-.:-."]..:;::;- rrr :

:-_.-.;--:t

A-:ijy.

--..rrrrr

Arrrr.r

mm

-:--_.-.:)

.

-.--.:-j

.:-..-.:[.-.-. .:

|

-.~

ArJjJAr.

L-ra-.L[..-:-n-:-- rrrrrr:

- -.::!.-:

- ; .- - .

-yJ]7-Ar:

JLvaLg.

-:-.:.

1

-.. -:

:::LiL-a--'J~::JyJrJ7rA

.J\J-_JJJ

AAr

'JJ aLvLL^ih

; : -J--. ::-.-:[.-.

L- --':.'....--rrrjrrr

-.Jrrr.--;

yA-:\yy

.. ....-...__....,[... ; .. ... -,.--..-.--rrrr.::rr -;

-_|

:..;.-.. rrrr

y

rr::\r

y

I

l

jjj

aa

Lf'LLla1-;-:

-iagaa

AAA

fjAAZ^AJJ:

:

..

A

f.A

A

\

---LLii

":j~y..

:L:L-L:

J:.

-;

'.',J

--.--.. .jj.

-rrr:]. . rfr,r\

...

"'. v:

|v

vl: . ; r: -....4...

i

: :..-.

-

L.aLap7-a

- !- . i -, i

-....-, ...i ;

-:

j

f':"

-

-I ...'- -

:ah:;L|:aL:;L

Maj-hh

^lLU'Mm-rrrrr.

-:

ai- ;

-\j--7a

-l

II--

l

:";_-j

\

. .:::.r:rs.

-j

A

: .:

-:f rr r.

\

^

\

rrr rr -..

rJjy:r

r:\rrA-::

-:.4l.

-.-,

j.!::

-!

.::: -:.

<y

:.-j:..

:.-|

.:..:! ..:

\

. rr.

-. ! .-!

-; :

-|

-.:->.

!

. -. -.-LL-a.

a.-:::-.:

!

l a

-:--4

-; : .|

.

^

: .: :::::v:vj:.--;

-_.:|

-..-.:-\-:.rr

-AAAyyjLyyyfA

-Ln-:;

L:-L

'

'''':

'

V"^'

!'

y\

/^

'

-!

- -:-" "

-."!-"L:LL.-L-! -L-.L-:

LLILL-L

lllfll-l--.vl

ivv:-;

.. .

LLa-LLiL..

..-.

L

1-.

;

L

f

V

^-.p-j

.; .. j.:

;-.-.:...,

-.... .:. hhhla- ";-:

:f

:

!

-:

!

"

G

!

:.

zfl'-jy

'

;L"!

--1

-;h

:!

w

L

a'

f.a.j~ - - 1

-AJ'AJAA

-ri. .

aaa;;Ll

t;h:

l

;

l

[..

::-;

^

j.-.

.

hi

. . .

it;:

llLllLl! jja

72

aj\a-72

i _._. -:;:-.

|

-:-.\rr:

\

''"J"~\" '--'

\J.J. 1 "":

' i -j -- : -

j

:

.'.

-

j--:

. . ...

i-_.

: ;

.

-j

:::.

i

:

.} : :. : --- :

!

'-:;. '

l

; ;-." rr '.::

L

-: :

L

i

LLahL

-L

:.:.-:}.::

\

.:

'

|

y-fA:

f

..

yZ;

^

:

...

1

7-2.77:7

1

'

;

;

: :!;-'-':

.--.:.

1

. .: 'J .

:;.-.! .--..

1

: -"' -[..:_-.

i

. . '

a

a

:

LLL

'|

--L..l: ;:;::.

;

.

:..

:::.:;:..-..::;:

-j

.--; .j...rrrr, rrr:

\r.

...

-j

. .:

1

!

'

t

V r - '.

-:" ;-[.:! .-:

r'Ar

f-

JJr

LL

j

!

|

I

-a|,:L:L -'-'

\

-;

r\Ar.

-,.. _l

v

L

;...,-.:

j--; : : .... 1 - ;..;., ... -- '

.. -,..,._i ,....; ,.:... 1. , ,,.1,,.:, ... ,1

l .:

--i :: L

1

. -..

-- '

1

" ' "

1

1

X

>

fn

^

(34)

-t^

5

I

>

_a

5

-^

x-V

<^

_5l

---J5r-

S--

-i-^

^

-nj-

LIJ

^

"^

-

->-I*>

^

;;.-:-I

&->f

""

o

_M

-/^M-o

Xf

s

(35)

26

_&.

\Z

~

<

-p-

-14-a

^

tr

CO

-H-3

>

ii:

1

/--Uu

X

-u3-3

J^L

->:-^

ll"

X

rCO

-e^

o

L^J

C^

:'

-

:--!

ie-

-/TTLV-o

ii

LDL

lo.

Oo

-o

^

*9

(36)

o

o

A

n

^

^0

x

/I

I*

*

o

X

*)

-w

>

e

o

}

.._..

i

1

1

{

I

r-

vs

Vo

>-

^

(37)

v^

y

3

o

N

k

A

<V

Vi)

Vi)

Q

X

^3

o

\a

I

-u

o

5

in

H

-n

o

-^

O

0

o

I

'./->

\o

>-I

(38)

-APPENDIX

Bs

GRAPHS

FOR

THE

RIT AND USAF

TRI-BAR

TARGETS

WHERE

THE

RESOLVING POWER

WAS

EV

Figure

Figure 1. --Targets Used In EDS Array
FIGURE 2 Target Orientations
TABLE 1-CORRELATIONBETWEEN
TABLE'"40
+6

References

Related documents

However, with respect to the simulated climate change signals, the projected temperature increase is similar over West Asia in the regional and global simulations, indicating that

Critical thinking cannot be significantly cultivated in American schools when the majority of teachers themselves lack an explicit conception critical thinking, and when they have

The console panel on the Groundtherm unit has a digital thermostat which controls the space heating return water temperature from the heat pump.. This is adjustable, up to

– Where the court has issued an order of forfeiture of the monetary instrument or property subject of a money laundering offense defined under Section 4, and said order cannot

Our multivariate analysis aimed to identify brain regions representing roughness intensity information according to the stimulus modality: Visual observations (viewing video clips

Two orthogonal methods are attribute-enhanced sparse coding and attribute-embedded inverted indexing [5] which can effectively retrieve index with more than one million face

To understand the complexity and growing extent of prostitution, the trafficking of women and girls and the criminal networks that play such a large role in the neo-liberal

Tell children you will never be angry with them for refusing to talk to strangers and that you want to know if a stranger talks to them.. TO