English learning strategies of Vietnamese tertiary students
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(2) Declaration of originality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i.
(3) Statement of authority of access !"#$%&'()#*+,#-.,#/.0)%"#0&2+.3#.4#2+(#2+(5,5#()2,26(7#!"#$%&'()*+,"%"#(-.,+.*#%*&(/0( 1%*."+2*&*(3*,.%+,4(-.56*".&"#5&81,22(7#4.3#2+(#7(%3((#.4#9.:2.3#.4#;+,6.5.<+'"# 0%3((#2+02#2+,5#2+(5,5#10'#8(#107(#0@0,6086(#4.3#6.0)#0)7#6,1,2(7#:.<',)%#0)7# :.11&),:02,.)#,)#0::.370):(#?,2+#2+(#I.<'3,%+2#J:2#CKLD=# #. # !"#$%&'()*'+,*'-,.&"'. '. '. /.0%1'CD#E0)&03'#FGCH. ii.
(4) Statement of ethical conduct. *+(#3(5(03:+#055.:,02(7#?,2+#2+,5#2+(5,5#08,7(5#8'#2+(#,)2(3)02,.)06#0)7#J&52306,0)# :.7(5#.)#+&10)#0)7#0),106#(A<(3,1()202,.)"#05#0<<3.@(7#8'#2+(#/&10)#M(5(03:+# N2+,:5#I.11,22((#O*0510),0P#$(2?.3>#Q#R.:,06#R:,():("#N2+,:5#M(4(3():(#$.=# /CCHCS=#. # !"#$%&'()*'+,*'-,.&"'. '. '. /.0%1'CD#E0)&03'#FGCH. iii.
(5) Abstract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`#$(@(3a#2.#_]#`#J6?0'5#.3#J61.52#06?0'5aP=#J#2.206#.4#]L\# @06,76'#:.1<6(2(7#Y&(52,.))0,3(5#?(3(#:.66(:2(7#43.1#NVT#52&7()25#02#0#&),@(35,2'#,)# W,(2)01=#9(5:3,<2,@(#5202,52,:5#,):6&7,)%#1(7,0)5"#<(3:()20%(5"#0)7#43(Y&():,(5# ?(3(#&5(7#2.#0)06'5(#7(1.%30<+,:#7020#0)7#2+(#&5(#.4#.@(3066"#%3.&<#0)7#,)7,@,7&06# TTR5=#!)4(3()2,06#).)X<0301(23,:#5202,52,:5#5&:+#05#b0))Xc+,2)('"#d3&5>066#c066,5"# 0)7#R<(0310)#2(525#?(3(#&5(7#2.#,7()2,4'#<.55,86(#:.33(602,.)5#8(2?(()#2+(# 3(<.32(7#TTR#&5(#0)7#6(03)(3#@03,086(5=#*+(#5,%),4,:0):(#6(@(6#?05#5(2#02#<#`e#G=G]=# V.3#2+(#:.):&33()2#Y&06,202,@(#<+05("#5(1,X523&:2&3(7#,)2(3@,(?5#?(3(#(1<6.'(7# ?,2+#2()#NVT#52044#0)7#2()#NVT#52&7()25=#*+(#4.:&5#.4#2+(#,)2(3@,(?5#?05#.)#2+(,3# iv.
(6) <(3:(<2,.)5"#022,2&7(5#0)7#(A<(3,():(5#3(%037,)%#TTR5#0)7#2+(#:&33()2#NVT#2(0:+,)%# 0)7#6(03),)%#()@,3.)1()2=##*+(#Y&06,202,@(#,)2(3@,(?#7020#?(3(#0)06'5(7#&5,)%# 2+(102,:#0)06'5,5=# 9(5:3,<2,@(#0)06'5(5#.4#2+(#Y&0)2,202,@(#7020#3(@(06(7#2+02#2+(#501<6(7#52&7()25# &5(7#0#?,7(#30)%(#.4#52302(%,(5#02#0#1(7,&1#43(Y&():'#6(@(6#Ob(7,0)#`#HP=#CS#.&2#.4# \S#52302(%,(5#?(3(#3(<.32(7#2.#8(#+,%+6'#&5(7#Ob(7,0)#`#\P"#1.52#.4#?+,:+#?(3(# 5>,66X805(7=#*+(#3(5&625#.4#:.33(602,.)06#0)06'5(5#,)7,:02(7#2+02#2+(#&5(#.4#.@(3066"# %3.&<#0)7#,)7,@,7&06#TTR5#?05#055.:,02(7#?,2+#&),@(35,2'#'(03#%3.&<5"#0:07(1,:# 10U.35"#5(64X302(7#N)%6,5+#<3.4,:,():'"#0)7#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#8(6,(45=#f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v.
(7) Acknowledgements *+,5#3(5(03:+#U.&3)('#?.&67#)(@(3#+0@(#8(()#<.55,86(#?,2+.&2#2+(#,)@.6@(1()2#.4# 10)'#,)7,@,7&065#0)7#%3.&<5"#2.#?+.1#1'#%302(4&6#0:>).?6(7%(1()25#03(# (A2()7(7=## V,352#0)7#4.3(1.52"#!#?.&67#6,>(#2.#(A<3(55#1'#+(0324(62#%302,2&7(#2.#1'#5&<(3@,5.35"# 93#*+0.#Tg"#93#^&')+#Tg"#0)7#93#;0&6#*+3.55(66"#4.3#2+(,3#()2+&5,052,:#0)7# ,)5<,302,.)06#5&<(3@,5,.)=#!#01#7((<6'#,)7(82(7#2.#1'#5&<(3@,5.35#4.3#2+(,3# &):.)7,2,.)06#7(7,:02,.)#0)7#,)@06&086(#5&<<.32#2+3.&%+.&2#2+,5#:+066()%,)%#'(2# 3(?037,)%#3(5(03:+#U.&3)('=#*+(#?(062+#.4#>).?6(7%(#0)7#(A<(32,5(#.4#1'# 5&<(3@,5.35#+05#.<()(7#&<#1'#1,)7#2.#@052#+.3,h.)5#0)7#()76(55#<.55,8,6,2,(5=# c,2+.&2#2+(,3#,)2(66(:2&06#1()2.3,)%"#!#?.&67#)(@(3#+0@(#:.1<6(2(7#2+,5#2+(5,5#?,2+# <3,7(#0)7#502,540:2,.)=## !#01#%302(4&6#2.#2+(#b,),523'#.4#N7&:02,.)#0)7#*30,),)%#.4#W,(2)01#ObiN*P#4.3# %30)2,)%#1(#2+(#5:+.6035+,<#2.#<&35&(#1'#;+9#52&7'=#c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b'#(A2()7(7#401,6'#1(18(35#+0@(#()76(556'#5+.?(3(7#1(#?,2+#6.@(# 0)7#:03(#7(5<,2(#2+(#%(.%30<+,:06#7,520):(=#b'#7(036'#6.@(7#+&580)7#0)7#70&%+2(3#. vi.
(8) +0@(#06?0'5#8(()#2+(3(#4.3#1(#2+3.&%+#&<5#0)7#7.?)5=#*+(,3#<(35,52()2#6.@(#0)7# &)7(3520)7,)%#+0@(#%,@()#1(#2+(#523()%2+#0)7#1.2,@02,.)#2.#:.1<6(2(#2+,5#52&7'=##. vii.
(9) Table of Contents (.23%',4'5,&0%&06'7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'8***# 9*60',4':*"#;%6'7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'<***# 9*60',4'(.23%6'77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'<*8# =#. >8%;8*%?',4'0)%'60#@$'777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'=# C=C#. !)23.7&:2,.)#==================================================================================================#C#. C=F#. M(5(03:+#80:>%3.&)7#====================================================================================#C# C=F=C# *+(.3(2,:06#80:>%3.&)7#======================================================================================#C# C=F=C=C# R+,425#,)#6(03),)%#2+(.3'#0)7#<(70%.%'#==========================================================#F# C=F=C=F# ;3(1,5(5#&)7(3<,)),)%#TTR#3(5(03:+#=============================================================#\# C=F=F# I.)2(A2&06#80:>%3.&)7#=======================================================================================#S# C=F=F=C# N)%6,5+#05#0#4.3(,%)#60)%&0%(#,)#W,(2)01#=======================================================#S# C=F=F=F# !55&(5#.4#N)%6,5+#60)%&0%(#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#,)#W,(2)01#========================#K# C=F=H# M02,.)06(#4.3#2+(#52&7'#======================================================================================#CC# C=F=H=C# f6.806#3(5(03:+#%0<5#,)#2+(#4,(67#==================================================================#CC# C=F=H=F# R+.320%(#.4#TTR#3(5(03:+#,)#W,(2)01#============================================================#CF#. C=H#. M(5(03:+#0,15#0)7#.8U(:2,@(5#=====================================================================#CH#. C=\#. R,%),4,:0):(#.4#2+(#52&7'#=============================================================================#CL#. C=H=C# C=H=F#. M(5(03:+#0,15#===================================================================================================#CH# i8U(:2,@(5#0)7#3(5(03:+#Y&(52,.)5#===================================================================#C\#. C=]#. M(5(03:+#1(2+.7.6.%'#================================================================================#CK# C=]=C# M(5(03:+#7(5,%)#================================================================================================#CK# C=]=F# *+(#501<6(#========================================================================================================#FG# C=]=H# !)523&1()25#0)7#7020#0)06'5,5#==========================================================================#FC# C=]=H=C# ^&0)2,202,@(#520%(#========================================================================================#FF# C=]=H=F# ^&06,202,@(#520%(#==========================================================================================#FH#. A#. C=L#. N2+,:06#:.)5,7(302,.)5#=================================================================================#F\#. C=S#. T,1,202,.)5#.4#2+(#52&7'#===============================================================================#FL#. C=D#. R23&:2&3(#.4#2+(#2+(5,5#=================================================================================#FS#. C=K#. I.):6&5,.)#===================================================================================================#FD#. 9*0%;.0#;%'B%8*%?'77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'AC# F=C#. !)23.7&:2,.)#================================================================================================#FK#. F=F#. *+(.3(2,:06#&)7(3<,)),)%5#.4#TTR5#===============================================================#HG# F=F=C# TTR#:.):(<2&06,502,.)j#!)2(3<60'#.4#2+(.3(2,:06#<(35<(:2,@(5#============================#HC# F=F=F# I.3(#4(02&3(5#.4#TTR5#=========================================================================================#H]# F=F=F=C# ;&3<.5(4&6)(55#=============================================================================================#H]# F=F=F=F# I.)5:,.&5)(55#==============================================================================================#HL# viii.
(10) F=F=F=H# i85(3@08,6,2'#.3#).)X.85(3@08,6,2'#===============================================================#HL# F=F=H# TTR#:.):(<2&06#4301(?.3>#.4#2+(#52&7'#============================================================#HS# F=F=\# I02(%.3,502,.)#.4#TTR5#=======================================================================================#HS# F=F=\=C# TTR#:02(%.3,502,.)#5:+(1(5#.4#<3(@,.&5#3(5(03:+(35#===================================#HS# F=F=\=F# TTR#:02(%.3,502,.)#5:+(1(#.4#2+(#:&33()2#52&7'#==========================================#\L#. F=H#. R&::(554&6#60)%&0%(#6(03)(35#=======================================================================#\D#. F=\#. T(03)(3#@03,086(5#0)7#TTR5#==========================================================================#]F#. F=]#. T(03),)%#()@,3.)1()2#0)7#TTR5#==================================================================#LD#. F=L#. TTR#,)523&:2,.)#=============================================================================================#SG#. F=S#. f0<5#,)#2+(#4,(67#==========================================================================================#SL#. F=D#. V301(?.3>#.4#@03,086(5#,)#2+(#52&7'#===========================================================#SS#. F=K#. I.):6&5,.)#===================================================================================================#SD#. F=\=C# F=\=F# F=\=H# F=\=\# F=\=]# F=\=L#. D#. J)#.@(3@,(?#======================================================================================================#]F# f()7(3#==============================================================================================================#]L# ;3.4,:,():'k#J:+,(@(1()2#=================================================================================#]K# J:07(1,:#10U.35k#V,(675#.4#52&7'#=====================================================================#LC# $02,.)06,2'k#N2+),:,2'k#I&62&3(#==========================================================================#LH# -(6,(45k022,2&7(5#================================================================================================#L]#. B%6%.;E)'F%0),@,3,"$'77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'GC# H=C#. !)23.7&:2,.)#================================================================================================#SK#. H=F#. R2&7'#7(5,%)#================================================================================================#SK#. H=F=C# H=F=F# H=F=H#. ^&0)2,202,@(#@(35&5#Y&06,202,@(#0<<3.0:+(5#=====================================================#DG# b,A(7#1(2+.75#0<<3.0:+#=================================================================================#DC# M(5(03:+#7(5,%)#.4#2+(#:&33()2#52&7'#===============================================================#DH#. H=H#. 9020#:.66(:2,.)#============================================================================================#D\# H=H=C# ^&0)2,202,@(#7020#:.66(:2,.)#==============================================================================#D]# H=H=C=C# !)523&1()2j#^&(52,.))0,3(5#=========================================================================#D]# H=H=C=F# R01<6,)%#=======================================================================================================#DK# H=H=C=H# 9020#:.66(:2,.)#2(:+),Y&(5#0)7#<3.:(7&3(#==================================================#KC# H=H=C=\# *+(#501<6(#:+030:2(3,52,:5#===========================================================================#KF# H=H=F# ^&06,202,@(#7020#:.66(:2,.)#================================================================================#KH# H=H=F=C# !)523&1()2j#R(1,X523&:2&3(#,)2(3@,(?5#========================================================#KH# H=H=F=F# R01<6,)%#=======================================================================================================#K\# H=H=F=H# 9020#:.66(:2,.)#2(:+),Y&(5#0)7#<3.:(7&3(5#=================================================#K]#. H=\#. 9020#10)0%(1()2#0)7#0)06'5,5#==================================================================#KS# H=\=C# ^&0)2,202,@(#7020#10)0%(1()2#0)7#0)06'5,5#===================================================#KS# H=\=C=C# 9020#10)0%(1()2#=======================================================================================#KS# H=\=C=F# 9020#0)06'5,5#================================================================================================#KD# H=\=F# ^&06,202,@(#7020#10)0%(1()2#0)7#0)06'5,5#======================================================#KK# H=\=F=C# 9020#10)0%(1()2#=======================================================================================#KK# H=\=F=F# 9020#0)06'5,5#==============================================================================================#CGC#. H=]#. 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(13) S=L#. J:+,(@(1()2#.4#3(5(03:+#.8U(:2,@(#]#========================================================#FH\#. S=S#. I.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#F\G#. S=L=C# S=L=F# S=L=H#. O#. !1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#52&7()25#================================================================================#FH\# !1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#2(0:+(35#=================================================================================#FH]# !1<6,:02,.)5#4.3#(7&:02,.)06#071,),52302.35#0)7#<.6,:'#10>(35#=====================#FHD#. 5,&E3#6*,&'7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'AH=# D=C#. !)23.7&:2,.)#==============================================================================================#F\C#. D=F#. R,%),4,:0):(#.4#2+(#52&7'#===========================================================================#F\C# D=F=C# R,%),4,:0):(#4.3#3(5(03:+#,)#TTR5#======================================================================#F\C# D=F=C=C# b(2+.7.6.%,:06#,1<3.@(1()2#0)7#,)).@02,.)5#=========================================#F\C# D=F=C=F# d).?6(7%(#(A<0)5,.)#0)7#%()(302,.)#=======================================================#F\F# D=F=F# R,%),4,:0):(#4.3#<30:2,:(5#:.):(3),)%#TTR5#======================================================#F\\# D=F=F=C# R,%),4,:0):(#4.3#6(03),)%#<30:2,:(5#=============================================================#F\\# D=F=F=F# R,%),4,:0):(#4.3#2(0:+,)%#<30:2,:(5#=============================================================#F\]# D=F=H# R,%),4,:0):(#4.3#<.6,:'#:.):(3),)%#TTR5#===========================================================#F\L#. D=H#. ;(35.)06#1(0),)%5#055.:,02(7#?,2+#2+(#3(5(03:+#52&7'#============================#F\D#. D=\#. M(:.11()702,.)5#4.3#4&2&3(#3(5(03:+#=====================================================#F]H#. D=]#. I.):6&5,.)#=================================================================================================#F]L#. D=\=C# D=\=F# D=\=H#. R&%%(52,.)5#4.3#(A2()5,.)#.4#2+,5#3(5(03:+#=====================================================#F]H# R&%%(52,.)5#4.3#1(2+.7.6.%,:06#:.)5,7(302,.)5#=============================================#F]\# R&%%(52,.)5#2.#0773(55#2+(#>).?6(7%(X%0<#?,2+#3(5(03:+#=============================#F]\#. B%4%;%&E%6'7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'ALG# MPP%&@*<'=#. Q0)*E6'.PP;,8.3'77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'AGN#. MPP%&@*<'A#. R&0%;8*%?'S#%60*,&6'7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'AGC#. MPP%&@*<'D#. I#%60*,&&.*;%6'77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'AO=#. MPP%&@*<'H#. 5,@*&"'6.TP3%6'77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'AC=#. MPP%&@*<'L#. 5;,&2.E)U6'M3P).'6E,;%6',4'0)%'S#%60*,&&.*;%'*0%T6'777777777777777777777777'ACA#. MPP%&@*<'N# V,60W),E'F.&&WX)*0&%$'Y'0%606',&'*&@*8*@#.3'60;.0%"$'#6%'2$' #&*8%;6*0$'$%.;'";,#P'777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'ACN# MPP%&@*<'G# ZP%.;T.&U6'B.&['>;@%;'5,;;%3.0*,&'\;),]'0%606',&'*&@*8*@#.3' 60;.0%"$'#6%'2$'Q&"3*6)'3%.;&*&"'2%3*%46'777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'DKK# MPP%&@*<'O#. (.23%',4'.&&,0.0%@'2*23*,";.P)$'777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'DKL#. #. xii.
(14) List of Figures V,%&3(#F=Cj#I.):(<2&06#4301(?.3>#.4#TTR5#,)#2+(#:&33()2#52&7'#====================================#HS# 7%#5,*(898j#TTR#:6055,4,:02,.)#5:+(1(#.4#2+(#:&33()2#52&7'#============================================#\S# 7%#5,*(89:j#V301(?.3>#.4#6(03)(3#0)7#6(03),)%#()@,3.)1()2#@03,086(5#,)#2+(# 52&7'#=====================================================================================================================#SS# 7%#5,*(;9<j#V,)06#523&:2&3(#.4#2+(#N)%6,5+#T0)%&0%(#T(03),)%#R2302(%'# ^&(52,.))0,3(#ONTTR^P#========================================================================================#CHC# 7%#5,*(=9<j#$&18(35#.4#5&3@('#3(5<.)7()25#8'#%()7(3#===============================================#CH\# 7%#5,*(=98j#$&18(35#.4#5&3@('#3(5<.)7()25#8'#&),@(35,2'#'(03#%3.&<5#=======================#CH]# 7%#5,*(=9:j#;(3:()20%(#.4#5&3@('#<032,:,<0)25#8'#10U.3#==============================================#CHL# 7%#5,*(=9;j#M(5<.)7()25[#<3.4,:,():'#6(@(65#805(7#.)#5:.3(5#.4#,)2(3)02,.)06# 520)7037,5(7#2(525#===============================================================================================#CHS# 7%#5,*(>9<j#*+(102,:#523&:2&3(#.4#Y&06,202,@(#4,)7,)%5#=================================================#CSD# '. xiii.
(15) List of Tables *086(#C=Cj## -522+,4(/0(%"&.,52*".(+"6(6+.+(+"+$4&%&#==================================================#FF# *086(#F=Cj## ?*0%"%.%/"&(/0($*+,"%"#(&.,+.*#%*&#================================================================#HC# *086(#F=Fj## ?*0%"%.%/"&(/0($+"#5+#*($*+,"%"#(&.,+.*#%*&#================================================#H\# *086(#F=Hj## ?%00*,*".(&@'*2*&(/0(@$+&&%0%@+.%/"(0/,($+"#5+#*($*+,"%"#(&.,+.*#%*&#==========#HK# *086(#H=Cj## ?+.+(@/$$*@.%/"(A,/@*&&*&#============================================================================#D]# *086(#H=Fj#((B'+,+@.*,%&.%@&(/0(,*&A/"6*".&#====================================================================#KF# *086(#\=Cj## -522+,4(/0(.4A%@+$(C5*&.%/""+%,*&(/"())-&#===============================================#CCG# *086(#\=Fj## B,/"D+@'E&(F$A'+(&@/,*&(/0(.'*(!))-G(%.*2&#=============================================#CFG# *086(#\=Hj## B/,,*@.*6(H.*2I3/.+$(B/,,*$+.%/"&(0/,(%.*2&(%"(-@+$*(<IJ*#5$+.%"#( -.,+.*#%*&#==================================================================================================#CF]# *086(#\=\j## B/,,*@.*6(H.*2I3/.+$(B/,,*$+.%/"&(0/,(%.*2&(%"(-@+$*(8I7/,2ID+&*6( -.,+.*#%*&#==================================================================================================#CF]# *086(#\=]j## B/,,*@.*6(H.*2I3/.+$(B/,,*$+.%/"&(0/,(%.*2&(%"(-@+$*(:I-K%$$ID+&*6( -.,+.*#%*&#==================================================================================================#CFL# *086(#\=Lj#L%M+,%+.*(B/,,*$+.%/"&(D*.N**"(%.*2&(%"(-@+$*(<(+"6(.'*(&52(/0( -@+$*&(8O(:#==================================================================================================#CFS# *086(#\=Sj## L%M+,%+.*(B/,,*$+.%/"&(D*.N**"(%.*2&(%"(-@+$*(8(+"6(.'*(&52(/0( -@+$*&(<O(:#==================================================================================================#CFS# *086(#\=Dj## L%M+,%+.*(B/,,*$+.%/"&(D*.N**"(%.*2&(%"(-@+$*(:(+"6(.'*(&52(/0( -@+$*&(<O(8#==================================================================================================#CFD# *086(#\=Kj## -,@03,02(#I.33(602,.)5#8(2?(()#,2(15#,)#2+(#3(@,5(7#R:06(5#C"#F#0)7# H#=================================================================================================================#CFK# *086(#]=Cj## I6055,4,:02,.)#.4#0:07(1,:#10U.35#=============================================================#CHL# *086(#]=Fj## F6+A.*6(*C5%M+$*"@4(.+D$*(D*.N**"(3P!7)O(3P!7)(%L3O(H!)3-(+"6( 3P!HB(&@/,*&#==============================================================================================#CHS# *086(#]=Hj## Q52D*,&(/0(&5,M*4(,*&A/"6*".&(D4(.*&.ID+&*6(!"#$%&'(A,/0%@%*"@4#===========#CHS# *086(#]=\j## -*$0I,+.*6(A,/0%@%*"@4(%"(0/5,(2+@,/(&K%$$&#==================================================#CHD# *086(#]=]j## J*&A/"6*".&E(D*$%*0&(+"6(D*'+M%/5,&(%"(!"#$%&'($*+,"%"##==========================#CHK# xiv.
(16) *086(#]=Lj## 7,*C5*"@4(/0(/M*,+$$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(+"6(#,/5A(&.,+.*#4(5&*#========================#C\C# *086(#]=Sj## 7,*C5*"@4(/0(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(%"(.'*(J*#5$+.%"#(#,/5A#==================#C\F# *086(#]=Dj## 7,*C5*"@4(/0(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(%"(.'*(7/,2ID+&*6(#,/5A#=================#C\\# *086(#]=Kj## 7,*C5*"@4(/0(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(%"(.'*(-K%$$ID+&*6(#,/5A#===================#C\L# *086(#]=CGj#R+""IS'%."*4(.*&.&(/"(/M*,+$$(+"6(#,/5A(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(#*"6*,#==========#C]G# *086(#]=CCj#R+""IS'%."*4(.*&.&(/"(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(#*"6*,#=======================#C]G# *086(#]=CFj#T,5&K+$(S+$$%&(.*&.&(/"(/M*,+$$(+"6(#,/5A(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(5"%M*,&%.4( 4*+,(#,/5A#=================================================================================================#C]H# *086(#]=CHj#U/&.I'/@(R+""IS'%."*4(.*&.&(/"(/M*,+$$(+"6(#,/5A(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4( 5"%M*,&%.4(4*+,(#,/5A#=================================================================================#C]\# *086(#]=C\j#T,5&K+$(S+$$%&(.*&.&(/"(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(5"%M*,&%.4(4*+,( #,/5A#=========================================================================================================#C]]# *086(#]=C]j#R+""IS'%."*4(.*&.&(/"(/M*,+$$(+"6(#,/5A(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4( +@+6*2%@(2+V/,#=========================================================================================#C]K# *086(#]=CLj#R+""IS'%"*4(.*&.&(/"(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(+@+6*2%@(2+V/,#==========#CLG# *086(#]=CSj#-A*+,2+"E&(J+"K(P,6*,(B/,,*$+.%/"(.*&.&(/"#.M*,+$$(+"6(#,/5A( &.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(&*$0I,+.*6(!"#$%&'(A,/0%@%*"@4#===========================================#CLF# *086(#]=CDj#-A*+,2+"E&(J+"K(P,6*,(B/,,*$+.%/"(.*&.(/"(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*( N%.'%"(J*#5$+.%"#(#,/5A(D4(&*$0I,+.*6(!"#$%&'(A,/0%@%*"@4#========================#CL\# *086(#]=CKj#-A*+,2+"E&(J+"K(P,6*,(B/,,*$+.%/"(.*&.&(/"(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*( N%.'%"(7/,2ID+&*6(#,/5A(D4(&*$0I,+.*6(!"#$%&'(A,/0%@%*"@4#======================#CLL# *086(#]=FGj#-A*+,2+"E&(J+"K(P,6*,(B/,,*$+.%/"(.*&.&(/"(%"6%M%65+$(&.,+.*#4(5&*( N%.'%"(-K%$$ID+&*6(#,/5A(D4(&*$0I,+.*6(!"#$%&'(A,/0%@%*"@4#========================#CLS# *086(#]=FCj#-A*+,2+"E&(J+"K(P,6*,(B/,,*$+.%/"(.*&.&(/"(/M*,+$$(+"6(#,/5A( &.,+.*#4(5&*(D4(!"#$%&'($*+,"%"#(D*$%*0&#=====================================================#CSG# *086(#L=Cj#B'+,+@.*,%&.%@&(/0(&.56*".(%".*,M%*N(A+,.%@%A+".&#========================================#CSK#. xv.
(17) 1 Overview of the study 1.1 Introduction T0)%&0%(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#OTTR5P#+0@(#8(()#()2+&5,052,:066'#3(5(03:+(7#8'# <30:2,2,.)(35#0)7#5:+.6035#?.367?,7(#5,):(#2+(#(036'#CKSG5=#V0@.&3086(#3(5(03:+# (@,7():(#+05#8(()#(52086,5+(7#.)#TTR5#05#0)#(44(:2,@(#0)7#?.3>086(#:.1<.)()2#,)# 2+(#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#<3.:(55=#i)(#.4#2+(#1.52#%()(306#3(@(602,.)5#.)#TTR5#,5#2+02# 2+('#03(#0)#,)46&()2,06#40:2.3#,)#7(2(31,),)%#5&::(55#,)#5(:.)7k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esearch background 1.2.1 Theoretical background J#:3,2,:06#3(@,(?#.4#2+(#3(602(7#6,2(302&3(#,)7,:02(5#2+02#4(?#3(5(03:+#52&7,(5#+0@(#05# 10)'#2+(.3(2,:06#:.):(<25#&)7(3<,)),)%#,2#05#2+(#?.3>#.4#TTR5=#J#@052#30)%(#.4#03(05# +0@(#8(()#7.:&1()2(7#2.#5(3@(#05#2+(#2+(.3(2,:06#4.&)702,.)#4.3#2+(#7(@(6.<1()2# .4#TTR5"#?,2+#(7&:02,.)06"#:.%),2,@(#"#0)7#:3.55X:&62&306#<5':+.6.%,(5#8(,)%#2+(#1.52# :,2(7#4,(675#OI.+()"#FGG]P=#i2+(3#?,7(6'#3(<.32(7#4,(675#,):6&7(#,)4.3102,.)X <3.:(55,)%#2+(.3'"#5.:,.X:&62&306#2+(.3'"#5.:,06#:.)523&:2,@,52#2+(.3'"#60)%&0%(# 2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%"#0<<6,(7#6,)%&,52,:5"#5.:,.6,)%&,52,:5"#0)7#<5':+.6,)%&,52,:5# OI.+()"#FGG]P=#$&1(3.&5#2+(.3,(5#3..2(7#,)#2+(5(#4,(675#+0@(#8(()#&):(05,)%6'#. 1.
(18) :.)523&:2(7#0)7#3(:.)523&:2(7"#?+,:+#7,3(:26'#0)7#,)7,3(:26'#,)46&():(#2+(#<30:2,:(# .4#60)%&0%(#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#?.367?,7(=## 1.2.1.1 Shifts in learning theory and pedagogy b.52#,)46&()2,06#0)7#.@(303:+,)%#.4#066"#?+,:+#,5#<032,:&6036'#3(6(@0)2#2.#2+,5#52&7'#.)# 6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#.4#N)%6,5+#05#0#4.3(,%)#60)%&0%("#,5#2+(#<0307,%102,:#5+,42#,)# 6(03),)%#2+(.3'#43.1#-(+0@,.&3,51#2.#I.)523&:2,@,51=#-(+0@,.&3,51#.3#-(+0@,.&306# ;5':+.6.%'#,)23.7&:(7#0)7#7(@(6.<(7#8'#c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j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
(19) :.%),2,@(#5208,6,2'=#!)#2+,5#5()5("#>).?6(7%(#,5#2+(#.&2:.1(#.4#0)#()76(55#<3.:(55#.4# :.)523&:2,.)"#,)2(3)06,h02,.)#0)7#3(:.)523&:2,.)#.4#(A2(3)06#3(06,2'#8'#,)7,@,7&06# 6(03)(35=#-/@%+$(@/"&.,5@.%M%&2#+,%+6,%+25#2+(#5.:,06#:.)523&:2,.)#.4#>).?6(7%(# %3.&)7(7#.)#2+(#?.3>#.4#W'%.25>'#OCKLF"#CKSDP=#!2#,5#<.52&602(7#2+02#>).?6(7%(#,5# :.)523&:2(7#2+3.&%+#2+(#:.6608.302,@(#0)7#,)2(30:2,@(#<3.:(55(5#.4#5+03,)%"# 7,5:&55,.)#0)7#)(%.2,02,.)=##d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a"#8(,)%# 2+(#5.6(#230)51,22(3#.4#>).?6(7%(=#*+02#,10%(#+05#@(3'#1&:+#8(:.1(#0#2+,)%#.4#2+(# <052"#<032,:&6036'#,)#10)'#<0325#.4#2+(#c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b&3<+'"#CKKSP=#V,%&302,@(6'"#2(0:+(35#?,2+#0# :.)523&:2,@,52#0<<3.0:+#).#6.)%(3#_%,@(#2+(#4,5+a#2.#6(03)(35=#*+('#03(#7(2(31,)(7# 2.#%&,7(#6(03)(35#,)#4,5+,)%#4.3#2+(15(6@(5#?,2+#0#@,(?#2.#()5&3,)%#6,4(X6.)%#6(03),)%# ,)#0#:+0)%,)%#0)7#:+066()%,)%#?.367=###. 3.
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(21) 0:Y&,5,2,.)"#2+(#,55&(#.4#TTR5#+05#8(()#<3.7&:2,@(6'#3(5(03:+(7"#(5<(:,066'#,)#4.&3# 5&8X03(05j#60)%&0%(#52302(%'#7(4,),2,.)#0)7#:6055,4,:02,.)Z#5&::(554&6#60)%&0%(# 6(03)(35Z#40:2.35#044(:2,)%#60)%&0%(#6(03)(35[#52302(%'#:+.,:(5#0)7#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%# 52302(%'#,)523&:2,.)#O4.3#4&32+(3#7(20,65#3(%037,)%#2+(5(#5&8X03(05"#5((#:+0<2(3#FP=# W03,(7#05#2+('#03(#,)#0,15#0)7#<&3<.5(5"#2+(5(#52&7,(5#03(#066#805(7#.)#5(@(306# :.11.)#055&1<2,.)5#.3#<3(1,5(5#08.&2#TTR5#2+3.&%+#'(035#.4#,)2()5,@(#3(5(03:+# ,)@(52,%02,.)#,)#2+,5#4,(67=### 1.2.1.2.1 Language learning strategies enhance performance *+(#4,352#0)7#<3.8086'#2+(#1.52#5,%),4,:0)2#3(@(602,.)#08.&2#TTR5#,5#2+02#2+(#302,.)06# 10),<&602,.)#.4#TTR5#3(5&625#,)#,1<3.@(7#<3.4,:,():'#.3#0:+,(@(1()2"#8.2+#.@(3066# 0)7#,)#5<(:,4,:#5>,66#03(05=#J5#f3,44,2+5#0)7#;033#OFGGCP#<&2#,2"#.2+(3#@03,086(5#8(,)%# (Y&06"#2+(#7,44(3()2,06#5&::(55#302(#,5#<032,066'#0223,8&2086(#2.#2+(#@03',)%#52302(%,(5# ?+,:+#7,44(3()2#6(03)(35#(1<6.'#0)7#83,)%#2.#2+(#205>5=#*+(#805,:#302,.)06#8(+,)7# 2+,5#<3.<.5,2,.)#,5#2+(#:.)523&:2,@,52#2+(.3'"#?+(3(8'#6(03)(35#+0@(#2+(#:0<08,6,2'#.4# 20>,)%#:.)23.6#.4#2+(,3#6(03),)%#8'#:.)5:,.&56'#&5,)%#@03,.&5#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#2.# :.)523&:2#2+(,3#.?)#6,)%&,52,:#>).?6(7%(#0)7#5>,665#2+3.&%+#(A<(3,():(#0)7# ,)2(30:2,.)#Of3,44,2+5"#FGG\P=#E&52#05#:+.,:(5#.4#:&62,@02,)%#1(2+.75#:0)#<032,066'# ,)46&():(#2+(#:3.<#<3.7&:2,@,2'"#:+.,:(5#.4#TTR5#:0)#+0@(#0)#,1<0:2#.)#2+(#60)%&0%(# 6(03),)%#<(34.310):(#0)7#.&2:.1(5=#J::.37,)%6'"#6(03)(35#:0)#<.2()2,066'#,1<3.@(# 2+(#(44(:2,@()(55#0)7#(44,:,():'#.4#2+(,3#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#8'#:+..5,)%#2+(#1.52# 0<<3.<3,02(#52302(%,(5=#*+,5#8(6,(4#+05#8(()#<3.@()#0)7#3(,)4.3:(7#8'#)&1(3.&5# 3(5(03:+#52&7,(5"#5.1(#<032,:&6036'#,)46&()2,06#.)(5#8(,)%#2+.5(#.4##i[b066('#OCKDSP"# I+01.2#OFGGCP"#I.+()#OCKKDP"#iA4.37#OCKKG0P"#.3#c()7()#OCKKCP=#!)#077,2,.)"# 0).2+(3#+,%+6'#7.:&1()2(7#<.5,2,@(#,1<0:2#.4#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#,5#2+02#2+('#+(6<# 2.#()+0):(#6(03)(3#0&2.).1'"#,)7(<()7():(#0)7#5(64X3(%&602,.)"#?+,:+#&62,102(6'# (1<.?(35#6(03)(35#2.#20>(#3(5<.)5,8,6,2'#4.3#2+(,3#.?)#6(03),)%=#*+,5#,5#@,(?(7#2.#8(# (5<(:,066'#,1<.320)2#02#2+(#2(32,03'#6(@(6"#?+(3(#5(64X7,3(:2,.)#+05#8(:.1(# 10)702.3'#4.3#5&::(554&6#60)%&0%(#<(34.310):(=### 1.2.1.2.2 Language learning strategies are transferrable !)#@,(?#.4#2+(5(#<.2()2,066'#8()(4,:,06#(44(:25#.4#TTR5"#,2#,5#4&32+(3#5&%%(52(7#2+02# 6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#03(#230)54(3086("#?+,:+#1(0)5#2+('#:0)#8(#20&%+2#0)7#6(03)2=# 5.
(22) R.1(#6(03)(3#2'<(5#03(#1.3(#6,>(6'#2.#&5(#52302(%,(5#.3#&5(#2+(1#1.3(#5&::(554&66'# 2+0)#.2+(3#2'<(5=##J5#i[b066('#0)7#I+01.2##OCKKGP#5202(7"#?+()#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%# ,5#@,(?(7#05#0#:.%),2,@(#5>,66"#52302(%,(5#2+(15(6@(5#:0)#8(#6(03)(7#2.#,1<3.@(# 60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#08,6,2'=#*+,5#8(6,(4#+05#6(7#2.#2+(#5&%%(52,.)#2+02#,)5,%+25#,)2.#2+(# 52302(%,(5#&5(7#8'#5&::(554&6#6(03)(35#:.&67#+(6<#6(55#5&::(554&6#6(03)(35#,1<3.@(# 2+(,3#6(03),)%#08,6,2'"#60',)%#0#4,31#4.&)702,.)#4.3#60)%&0%(#52302(%'#,)523&:2,.)=# J62+.&%+#2+(#6(03)08,6,2'#0)7#2(0:+08,6,2'#.4#TTR5#03(#52,66#.<()#2.#Y&(52,.)#OM((5X b,66(3"#CKKHP"#52302(%'#,)523&:2,.)#+05#8(()#0#?(6:.1(7#<30:2,:(#05#,2#+05#()2,26(7# 2(0:+(35#2.#0).2+(3#066(%(76'#(44,:,()2#2..6#,)#+(6<,)%#2+(,3#52&7()25#8(:.1(#:6.5(3# 2.#2+(,3#7(5,3086(#%.06#.4#+,%+(3#60)%&0%(#<3.4,:,():'=#J62+.&%+#).#:.)5()5&5#+05# 8(()#3(0:+(7#08.&2#2+(#8(52#?0'#2.#:033'#.&2#60)%&0%(#52302(%'#230,),)%"#5.1(# :3&:,06#(6(1()25#03(#30,5,)%#52&7()25[#0?03()(55#.4#TTR5#OM&8,)#m#c()7()"#CKDSP"# <30:2,:(#OiA4.37#m#I3..>066"#CKDKP#.3#(A<6,:,2)(55#.4#,)523&:2,.)#Oc()7()"#CKKCP=# OV.3#4&32+(3#7(20,65#3(%037,)%#TTR#230,),)%"#5((#I+0<2(3#FP=#!2#,5"#+.?(@(3"#,1<.320)2# 2.#).2(#2+02#_52302(%,(5#?(3(#@06&(X)(&2306"#).2#,)#2+(15(6@(5#%..7#.3#807"#8&2# ?(3(#&5(7#(,2+(3#(44(:2,@(6'#.3#,)(44(:2,@(6'#8'#,)7,@,7&065#0)7#8'#%3.&<5a#Of3()4(66# m#N36(3"#FGGS"#<=#KCP=#*+&5"#2+(#10,)#0,1#.4#52302(%'#230,),)%#,5#2.#055,52#6(03)(35#,)# .3:+(52302,)%#@03,.&5#52302(%,(5#,)#2+(#1.52#(44(:2,@(#?0'"#?+,:+#03(#:.1<02,86(#2.# .2+(3#6(03)(3#0)7#6(03),)%#@03,086(5=## 1.2.1.2.3 Language learning strategies are contextually and culturally specific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h(5#,)7,@,7&06#:.1<(2,2,.)#OI+01.2"#FGG\P=#i)#0#51066(3#5:06("# %,@()#2+02#2+(#6(03),)%#:.)2(A25#03(#:.X:.)523&:2#8'#52&7()25#0)7#2(0:+(35# 2+(15(6@(5"#2+(#_:60553..1#:&62&3(a#:0)#8(#5(()#05#<,@.206#,)#7(2(31,),)%#2+(# 6.
(23) (44(:2,@()(55#.4#6(03),)%#52302(%'#07.<2,.)=#J::.37,)%#2.#f3()4(66#0)7#N36(3##OFGGSP"# 6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#+0@(#2+(#<.2()2,06#2.#6(07#2.#(44(:2,@(#6(03),)%"#?+,:+#,)@.6@(5# 055,520):(#.3#5:044.67(7#%&,70):(=#_V.3#6(03)(35#2.#<3.%3(55#2+('#)((7#055,520):(#,)# 2+(#6(03),)%#h.)(#8'#.8U(:25"#5'18.65"#<((35#0)7#2(0:+(35#O,=(="#2+3.&%+#1(7,02(7# 0:2,@,2,(5P=#*+(#:60553..1#:&62&3(#:0)#8(#7(5,%)(7#2.#1.@(#52&7()25#8('.)7# 2+.&%+24&6#:.)5&1<2,.)#2.#3(46(:2,@(#:.)523&:2,.)#.4#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5a# Of3()4(66#m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ontextual background 1.2.2.1 English as a foreign language in Vietnam R,):(#2+(#1.@(1()2#.4#_no,#bp,a#OM().@02,.)P#,)#CKDL#05#0#<3.%301#.4#3(4.315"# ?,2+#.<()#3(602,.)5#0)7#2+(#07.<2,.)#.4#0#103>(2X.3,()2(7#(:.).1'"#N)%6,5+# %307&066'#10),4(525#,25(64#0)#,)7,5<()5086(#0%()2#.4#:+0)%("#<3.<(66,)%#2+(#<3.:(55# .4#%6.806#,)2(%302,.)#,)#@03,.&5#>('#03(05#,)#W,(2)01#5&:+#05#8&5,)(55"#(7&:02,.)# 0)7#3(%,.)06#:..<(302,.)=#M,%.3.&56'#%3.?)#.&2#.4#,25#<3(@,.&5#,10%(#05#0#:.6.),06# ,1<.32"#N)%6,5+#+05#3(X(1(3%(7#05#2+(#1.52#7.1,)0)2#4.3(,%)#60)%&0%(#,)#2+,5# :.&)23'=#!25#<0:(#.4#(A<0)5,.)#,)#8.2+#Y&0)2,2'#0)7#Y&06,2'#,5#.85(3@086'#,):3(05,)%# .@(32,1("#6(0@,)%#,25#,1<3,)25#.)#061.52#(@(3'#5<+(3(#.4#6,4(#,)#2.70'[5#W,(2)01=## *+(#,1<0:2#.4#N)%6,5+#:0)#8(#1.52#7,52,):26'#5(()#,)#2+(#:&33()2#W,(2)01(5(# (7&:02,.)06#5'52(1"#5&:+#05#:&33,:&603#<.6,:'#0)7#2+(#2(0:+,)%k6(03),)%#0:2,@,2,(5=# M(:.%),h,)%#N)%6,5+#05#0#@,206#60)%&0%(#4.3#%6.806#,)2(%302,.)"#W,(2)01(5(# (7&:02,.)06#071,),52302.35#03(#:.11,22(7#2.#523()%2+(),)%#N)%6,5+# 7.
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(26) I.11&),:02,@(#60)%&0%(#2(0:+,)%#065.#,1<6,:,26'#066.?5#6(03)(35#2.#+0@(#%3(02(3# :.)23.6#0)7#3(5<.)5,8,6,2'#4.3#2+(,3#.?)#6(03),)%#OiA4.37#m#I3..>066"#CKDKP#8(:0&5(# 2+('#03(#43(Y&()26'#,)@.6@(7#,)#2+(#(A<(3,()2,06#0)7#,)2(30:2,.)06#6(03),)%#2+3.&%+# <(70%.%,:06#O,)#2+(#:60553..1P#05#?(66#05#203%(2#O8('.)7#2+(#:60553..1P#205>5# O$&)0)"#FGGHP=#/.?(@(3"#,2#<3(5()25#0#@(3'#:+066()%,)%#205>#2.#102(3,06,h(#2+,5# ,7(.6.%,:06#230)54(3#43.1#3+(2.3,:#2.#3(06,2'#,)#W,(2)01"#?+.5(#(7&:02,.)06#5'52(1#,5# 52,66#@(3'#1&:+#:+030:2(3,5(7#8'#8(,)%#(A01,)02,.)X.3,()2(7"#:&33,:&6&1X .@(36.07(7"#0)7#2(0:+(3X:()23(7=## *+(#80:>?05+#(44(:2#43.1#0)#(A01,)02,.)X.3,()2(7#5'52(1#0)7#0#2,%+26'X<0:>(7# :&33,:&6&1#O90)%#m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m#b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b0)'#2(32,03'#2(0:+(35#.4#N)%6,5+#2()7#2.#<60:(#1.3(# 10.
(27) 3(5<.)5,8,6,2'#0)7#:.)23.6#.)#52&7()25#?,2+.&2#(Y&,<<,)%#2+(1#?,2+#2+(#08,6,2'#2.# 3(%&602(#2+(,3#.?)#6(03),)%=#-(5,7(5"#N)%6,5+#52&7'#5>,665#.3#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#03(# 085()2#43.1#1.52#:&33,:&60[5#.4#:.66(%(5#0)7#&),@(35,2,(5=#N@()#?+()#2+('#03(# ,):6&7(7#05#0)#.<2,.)06#.3#10)702.3'#:.&35(#4.3#N)%6,5+#10U.3#52&7()25#02#0#4(?# ,)52,2&2,.)5"#2+('#03(#23(02(7#05#8(,)%#0#<(3,<+(306#.3#5(:.)703'#:.):(3)=#J5#0# 3(5&62"#W,(2)01(5(#2(32,03'#NVT#52&7()25"#?+.#03(#&5(7#2.#8(,)%#_5<..)X4(7a#0)7# :.)7,2,.)(7#2.#:.)4.31,2'#0)7#7,5:,<6,)(#2+3.&%+.&2#2+(,3#(036,(3#5:+..6#6,4("#5((1# 2.#60:>#2+(#08,6,2'#.4#6(03),)%#,)7(<()7()26'=#*+('#2()7#2.#4((6#1.3(#:.14.32086(# ?,2+#+0@,)%#3(Y&,3(7#>).?6(7%(#7,3(:26'#230)54(33(7#43.1#2+(,3#2(0:+(35#0)7#8(,)%# 2.67#(A0:26'#?+02#2.#7.=#*+(#:.):(<2#.4#5(64X7,3(:2(7#6(03),)%#.3#0&2.).1'#,5#4.3(,%)# 2.#10)'#52&7()25"#?+.#03(#).2#():.&30%(7#2.#7(@(6.<#2+(#52302(%,(5#2.#6(03)#8'# 2+(15(6@(5=##. 1.2.3 Rationale for the study 1.2.3.1 Global research gaps in the field J62+.&%+#,2#+05#8(()#03.&)7#H]#'(035#5,):(#2+(#4,352#3(5(03:+#(44.32#,)#TTR5#?05# :033,(7#.&2"#_TTR#3(5(03:+#,5#52,66#Y&,2(#0)#,1102&3(#4,(67a#Of3()4(66#m#N36(3"#FGGS"#<=# FDP=#i)(#<.55,86(#(A<60)02,.)#4.3#2+,5#05#5&%%(52(7#8'#f3()4(66#0)7#N36(3#,5#2+(# (A2()5,@(#5:.<(#.4#2+(#TTR#03(0"#?+,:+#,)@.6@(5#).2#.)6'#2+(#6(03)(3[5#6(03),)%# <3.:(55"#8&2#065.#2+(#3(602,.)5+,<#8(2?(()#2+(,3#6(03),)%#?,2+#2(0:+,)%#0)7#.2+(3# 6(03)(3k6(03),)%#@03,086(5=#c,2+#2+,5#().31.&5#05<,302,.)"#3(5(03:+(35#,)#2+(#4,(67# 03(#40:(7#?,2+#+&%(#:+066()%(5"#0)7#2+,5#4,(67#5((15#2.#8(#523&%%6,)%#2.#_7(4,)(#,25# <0301(2(35a#Of3()4(66#m#N36(3"#FGGS"#<=#FDP=# J#3(@,(?#.4#6,2(302&3(#,)#2+(#4,(67#+05#3(@(06(7#2+02#2+(3(#,5#0#)((7#4.3#1.3(#&<702(7# 2..65#2.#1(05&3(#2+(#30)%(#0)7#<022(3)5#.4#TTR#&5(#.4#60)%&0%(#6(03)(35=#N5<(:,066'# ,)#2+,5#0%(#.4#2(:+).6.%,:066'#055,52(7#60)%&0%(#6(03),)%"#)(?#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%# 1.7(5#03(#:.)520)26'#:3(02(7"#?+,:+#3(Y&,3(#6(03)(35#2.#070<2#2+(15(6@(5#,)#2(315# .4#6(03),)%#0<<3.0:+(5#0)7#52302(%,(5=#9,520):(#6(03),)%"#86()7(7#6(03),)%"#.)6,)(# 6(03),)%#.3#(X6(03),)%#+0@(#.<()(7#&<#)(?#6(03),)%#.<<.32&),2,(5#0)7# ()@,3.)1()25"#?+,:+#03(#2.2066'#7,44(3()2#43.1#2+(#2307,2,.)06#6(03),)%#()@,3.)1()2=# *(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#03(#).2#02#2+(#1(3:'#.4#2,1(#0)7#<60:(=#T(03),)%#3(5.&3:(5# 11.
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h(#3(5(03:+#.&2:.1(5=#R,):(# TTR5#03(#@(3'#:.1<6(A#?,2+#10)'#,)2(3X3(602(7#,55&(5"#,2#,5#+,%+6'#07@,5086(#2+02# 1.3(#1,A(7#1(2+.75#0<<3.0:+(5#8(#&5(7#,)#(A<6.3,)%#TTR5#01.)%#60)%&0%(# 52&7()25=## 1.2.3.2 Shortage of LLS research in Vietnam f,@()#2+(#%3.?,)%#3(5(03:+#0:2,@,2,(5#?.367?,7(#,)#2+(#03(0#.4#TTR5"#52&7,(5# :.)7&:2(7#,)#W,(2)01(5(#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#:.)2(A25#03(#5&3<3,5,)%6'#303(=# !1<.320)2#,55&(5#6,>(#TTR5#+0@(#5&:+#0)#.8@,.&5#5,%),4,:0):(#2+02#2+(,3#303,2'#10'# 5((1#.77=#!)#40:2"#W,(2)01(5(#:.)2(A2X5<(:,4,:#3(5(03:+#,)2.#7,44(3()2#05<(:25#.4# TTR5#,5#52,66#,)#,25#,)40):'#520%(#?,2+#.)6'#0#4(?#<&86,5+(7#52&7,(5#O(=%="#9&.)%#m# $%&'()#OFGGL8PZ#-&,#0)7#!)2030<305(32#OFGCFPZ#I0.#OFGGK0PP=#*+,5#60:>#.4#3(602(7# <&86,:02,.)5#,)7,:02(5#0#5+.320%(#.4#3(5(03:+X805(7#0:2,@,2,(5#.3#0#60:>#.4#:.):(3)# 08.&2#2+,5#,55&(#0)7#<3(5()25#0#8,%#%0<#.4#>).?6(7%(#2+02#)((75#2.#8(#4,66(7=#*+(# <.3230,2#.4#2+(#W,(2)01(5(#60)%&0%(#6(03)(3#,5#:.)5(Y&()26'#).#1.3(#2+0)#0#4(?# 7,52.32(7#5>(2:+(5"#1.52#.4#?+,:+#03(#805(7#.)#2+(#52(3(.2'<,:06#).2,.)#.4#qJ5,0)# 6(03)(35[#302+(3#2+0)#.)#5:,()2,4,:#<3(1,5(5=#c+()#5.:,06#0)7#:&62&306#80:>%3.&)75# :0)#<032,066'#7(2(31,)(#2+(#5(2#.4#52302(%,(5#52&7()25#:+..5(#2.#07.<2"#2+(# 12.
(29) %()(306,502,.)5#08.&2#_J5,0)#6(03)(35a#0<<03()26'#:0)).2#:.@(3#066#6(03)(35#,)#2+,5# ().31.&56'#7,@(35(#03(0=#!)#2+(#NVT#:.)2(A2#.4#W,(2#$01#?,2+#,25#.?)#7,52,):2,@(# 4(02&3(5"#2+(3(#03(#%3.&)75#2.#8(6,(@(#2+02#&5,)%#2+(#%()(306,h02,.)5#05#0#2+(.3(2,:06# 805,5#4.3#.&3#(7&:02,.)06#5'52(1#:0)#8(#@(3'#1,56(07,)%=## *+,5#60:>#.4#3(5(03:+#+05#3()7(3(7#0)'#022(1<25#2.#?(0@(#52302(%'#230,),)%#,)2.#2+(# :&33,:&6&1#<3(102&3(#0)7#&)5'52(102,:"#?+,:+#068(,2#?(66X1(0)2"#10'#<3.7&:(# :.&)2(3X<3.7&:2,@(#3(5&625=#*+(#3(05.)#4.3#2+,5#,5#:.):(,@086(=#c,2+.&2#<3.<(3# (A01,)02,.)#0)7#055(551()2#.4#2+(#TTR5#07.<2(7#8'#52&7()25"#2(0:+(35#:0)#+0376'# 0::.11.702(#2+(,3#2(0:+,)%#2.#1((2#2+(#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#0)7#)((75#.4#2+(,3# 52&7()25=#*+(#<.55,86(#1,5102:+#8(2?(()#2(0:+,)%#0)7#6(03),)%#52302(%,(5#2+&5#:0)# 8(#7(23,1()206#2.#2+(#6(03),)%#<3.:(55"#:0&5,)%#6(03),)%#40,6&3("#43&52302,.)#0)7#7(X 1.2,@02,.)#O;(0:.:>#m#/."#FGGHP=#!)#2+,5#3(%037"#,)#.37(3#2.#055,52#2+(#60)%&0%(# 6(03),)%#<3.:(55"#,2#,5#,1<(302,@(#2+02#2(0:+(35#,7()2,4'#0)7#:.1<3(+()7#TTR5#&5(7# 8'#6(03)(35"#<3.1.2(#0?03()(55#.4#2+(1"#0)7#4.52(3#2+(,3#0<<3.<3,02(#&5(=## f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esearch aims and objectives 1.3.1 Research aims *0>,)%#2+(#2+(.3(2,:06#0)7#:.)2(A2&06#80:>%3.&)75#,)2.#:.)5,7(302,.)"#2+(#,55&(#.4# TTR5#,5#.4#:3&:,06#5,%),4,:0):(#0)7#1.3(#(1<,3,:06#3(5(03:+#,5#&3%()26'#)((7(7#2.#4,66# ,)#2+(#>).?6(7%(#%0<#,)#:&33()2#NVT#:.)2(A2#.4#W,(2#$01=#-3.076'#5<(0>,)%"#2+,5# 2+(5,5#52&7'#?05#0,1(7#02#<3.1.2,)%#2+(#<0307,%102,:#5+,42#2.#52&7()2X 13.
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