A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
IN REDUCING
ADOLESCENT
SECONDA
A DISSERTATION SUBMI
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI,
OF REQUIREMENT FOR T
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
IN REDUCING PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA
GIRLS IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT
SECONDARY SCHOOLS AT THENI.
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNAD
UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
APRIL 2014
COIMBATORE
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GINGER TEA
PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG
GOVERNMENT HIGHER
TTED TO THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R.
FULFILMENT
HE DEGREE OF
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GINGER TEA
IN REDUCING PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG
ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT HIGHER
SECONDARY SCHOOLS AT THENI.
BY
RENUGADEVI.R
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R.
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GINGER TEA
IN REDUCING PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG
ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT HIGHER
SECONDARY SCHOOLS AT THENI.
APPROVED BY THE DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ON...
RESEARCH GUIDE... Prof.Dr.Mrs.R.ANNAPURANI,M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,DSP.,D.Sc,
PROFESSOR IN RESEARCH METHODS,
ANNAI MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF NURSING. COIMBATORE.
CLINICAL GUIDE... Mrs. C. SIVA PRIYA, M.Sc. (N)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, ANNAI MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF NURSING.
COIMBATORE.
MEDICAL EXPERT... Dr. LOBA SANKAR M.B.B.S.DGO.
CONSULTANT GYNECNOLOGIST UDHAYA NURSING HOME,
THENI.
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R.
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
APRIL2014
VIVA VOICECERTIFIED THAT THIS IS THE BONAFIDE WORK OF
MS. RENUGADEVI.R
ANNAI MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF NURSING,
COIMBATORE.
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING TO
THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,
CHENNAI.
COLLEGE SEAL:
PROF.MRS.M.MUMTAZ, M.Sc. (N)., PRINCIPAL,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Shuklaambara dharam vishnum shashi varnam chatyr bhujam
Prasanna vadanam dhyaayet sarva vighna upashaanthaye”
I thank GOD for bestowing the gift of life on me and also providing all the necessary help through his lovely creations in this Endeavour of mine.
I am eternally grateful to Mr. M. PADMANABAN, M.A., Correspondent of Annai Meenakshi College of Nursing for the educational opportunities he has provided me to study in this esteemed institution and discerning wisdom and frontline support in helping me to accomplish this exciting educational venture.
Excellent teacher is a complex matrix of builder, moulder, artist, leader and harvester. I would like to express my immense gratitude and whole hearted thanks to our
Principal Prof. Mrs. M. MUMTAZ M.Sc.(N) for her insisting support, constructive
suggestions and immense encouragement which enabled me to reach my object. I consider it as a great honor and privilege to have completed under her supervision
I am immensely grateful to my beloved teacher and guide Mrs. C.SIVAPRIYA.,
M.Sc. (N)., HOD of community health nursing for her valuable suggestions, guidance,
I am very much thankful to Prof. Dr. Mrs. R.ANNAPURANI, M.A., M.Phil.,
Ph.D., DSP., D.Sc,(GERMANY)., who has the wonderful gift of making her students
feel as though they each have something special to give back to the world of academics. I am so grateful to her for providing an open door to talk with me and discuss my needs as a student.
My grateful thanks to Dr. LOBA SANGAR M.B.B.S.,DGO., who was an exceptional mentor for sharing his brilliant thought and extraordinary command of words in helping me to shape my muddled thoughts into practical and coherent information. I am also grateful for his relentless efforts to help me do my best and for his support as I struggled.
With a deep sense of gratitude, I thank my most respectful class coordinator
Mrs. M. DHANALAKSHMI M.Sc.(N).,Associate Professor for her infinite knowledge,
personalized attention, constant inspiration, encouragement and strive towards excellence for being instrumental in molding me as a professional.
My sincere thanks to Dr. P.SALENDRAN, Ph.D., for extending their helping hands and valuable assistance in the course of analysis of the data collected and interpretation.
I wish to thank Head mistress of Lakshmipuram and Saruthuppatty Government higher secondary school for granting permission to conduct the research study in the school and also for the facilities provided.
My sincere thanks to Ms.R.THARANI, M.Phil., for her invaluable help in editing Tamil.
I also thank our librarian Mrs. M.C. SULOCHANA, M.Com.,B.L.I.Sc., for allowing me to search over every corners of the treasures in library.
My special thanks to all the experts who helped in validating my research instrument.
I pleasure to express my gratitude to Mrs. R. SUTHANTHIRA KUMARI
M.Sc.,(N), Asso. Professor MRS. S. BALAMANI. M.Sc.(N) Asso .Professor.
Mrs. SHONA JACOB M.Sc., (N), Lecturer MR.CHINNA SADAYAN M.Sc (N)
It is very different to express in words the gratitude towards my parents,
Mr.RAJAVEL and Mrs. SARASWATHY and my brothers MR BHUVI VENKAT
BRABHU,MR.THIRUPPATHI RAJA, MR .SEENIVASAN, MR KARTHIKRAJA,
AND MY BEST FRIEND MS.SWATHY without whom I would not be what I am
today for their love and constant encouragement. I am forever indebted to them.
They all are precious to me and I look forward to the time spending with them now that my thesis is complete, I thank my dear and dear most friends and colleagues for their timely help throughout my study.
I am so thankful to my absolutely fantastic school students who participated in this research for helping me make this study a success.
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Dysmenorrhoea is a common problem among girls in the reproductive age. Primary dysmenorrhoea refers to severe lower abdomen pain which is associated with nausea, vomiting, headache. It is a condition which every girls faces in their life and it can have many associated effects which may disrupt the quality of life.
Objectives:
To assess the level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental and control group.
To evaluate the effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental group.
To find out the association between the level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls with their selected demographic variables in experimental and control group.
Results
: The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean post-test score of experimental group was lesser than the mean post test score of control group. The calculated mean difference was 3.3. The obtained‘t’ value, 21.39 was significant at p< 0.05 level. It is inferred that ginger tea was effective in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls.
Conclusion:
The main conclusion drawn from this present study was after administration of ginger tea there was a significant decrease in the level of primary dysmenorrhoea. Hence it was concluded that ginger tea was effective in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls.TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO. CONTENTS
PAGE NO. I II III INTRODUCTION
Need for the Study Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Hypotheses
Operational Definitions Assumptions
Delimitations Projected Outcome
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• Studies Related to Prevalence and Incidence of primary dysmenorrhoea.
• Studies Related to Effectiveness of Ginger Tea.
• Studies Related to Effectiveness of ginger Tea in reducing the primary dysmenorrhoea.
CHAPTER
NO. CONTENTS
PAGE NO. IV V Research Design Variables
Setting of the Study Population
Sample Sample Size
Sampling Technique
Criteria for Sample Selection • Inclusion Criteria • Exclusion Criteria Description of the Tool
Scoring Procedure Ginger Tea Intervention Validity
Reliability Pilot study
Data Collection Procedure Plan for Data Analysis Protection of Human Rights
CHAPTER
NO. CONTENTS
PAGE NO. VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS Summary
Major Findings of the Study Conclusions
Implications of the Study • Nursing Practice • Nursing Education • Nursing Administration • Nursing Research Limitation
Recommendations
REFERENCES APPENDICES
65
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NO. TITLE
PAGE NO. 1 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Demographic Variables of Adolescent Girls in Experimental and Control Group.
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental Group. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Control Group. Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean Difference and ‘t’ Value of Pre-test and Post-test Scores of Level of PrimaryDysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental Group.
Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean Difference and ‘t’ Value of Pre-test and Post-Pre-test Scores of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent girls in Control Group.
Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean Difference and ‘t’ Value of Post-test Scores of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent girls in Experimental and Control Group.
Frequency, Percentage and χ2 Distribution of Post-test Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental Group with their Selected Demographic Variables.
Frequency, Percentage and χ2 Distribution of Post-test Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent girls in Control Group with their Selected Demographic Variables.
[image:14.595.106.541.98.758.2]LIST OF FIGURES
TABLE
NO. TITLE
PAGE NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Conceptual Framework Based On Modified Orland’s Nursing Process Model.
The Schematic Representation of Research Methodology.
Percentage Distribution on Pre Test Post Test Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental Group.
Percentage Distribution on Pre Test Post Test Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea Among Adolescent Girls in Control Group
Mean Values of Pre Test and Post Test Score of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in
Experimental Group.
Mean Values of Pre Test and Post Test Score level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Control Group.
Mean Values of Post Test Score of Level of Primary
Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental and Control Group
26
29
44
46
48
50
[image:15.595.102.548.117.702.2]LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
A B C
D E F
G
H I J K L M
N O
Letter Seeking Permission to Conduct Study. Letter Granting Permission to Conduct Study.
Letter Requesting Experts Opinion for Content Validity of the Tools and Intervention.
Certificate of Validation.
Name List of experts who Validated the Tool.
Letter Seeking Consent of Subjects for Participation in the Study. (English)
Letter Seeking Consent of Subjects for Participation in the Study. (Tamil)
Tool. (English) Tool. (Tamil)
Standardized Visual Analogue Scale in English Standardized Visual Analogue Scale in Tamil
Evaluation Criteria Rating Scale for Validation of Tool Intervention Module on Ginger Tea. (English)
Intervention Module on Green Tea. (Tamil)
Evaluation Rating Scale for Validation of Intervention on Ginger Tea
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
“Adolescents are tomorrow’s adult population and their well being is
crucial. -WHO (2005)
Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood during which major changes takes place and is characterized by a spurt in physical, endocrinal, emotional and mental growth, with a change from complete dependence to relative independence. Adolescence is divided into early Adolescence (12-13yrs) Middle Adolescence (14-16yrs), Late Adolescence (17-19yrs).
As the direct reproducers of future generations, the health of adolescent girls has an impact on the health of the future population. Almost a quarter of Indian’s population comprise of girls between 20 years.
2
Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium). It occurs on a regular basis in reproductive-age females of certain mammal species. Overt menstruation where there is bleeding from the uterus through the vagina is found primarily in humans.
Menstruation lasts for a few days usually 3 to 5 days, but anywhere from 2 to 7 days considered normal. The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 milliliters with 10-80 ml considered normal. Menstruation is the most visible phase of the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycles are counted from the first day of menstrual bleeding, because the onset of menstruation corresponds closely with the hormonal cycle.
Menstrual disorders are a common problem for all adolescents. 75% of girls experience problems like irregular menstruation, excessive bleeding, polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and dysmenorrhea which are associated with menstruation.
The term dysmenorrhoea is derived from the Greek word Dys(difficult, painful, or abnormal), meno (month) and rrohea (flow).It refers to severe painful cramping sensation ,in the lower abdomen often accompanied by biological symptoms like ,sweating ,tachycardia ,headache, nausea ,vomiting, diarrhea.
3
vasoconstriction. Elevated vasopressin levels have been reported in women with primary dysmenorrhoea.
Dysmenorrhoea is a common problem in adolescents. Dysmenorrhea is classified as primary dysmenorrhea and secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhoea refers to the presence of recurrent cramps, lower abdominal pain which occurs during menses and in the absence of demonstrable disease. In primary dysmenorrhoea pain may radiate to the back of the legs or the lower back and it usually develops within hours of the start of the menstruation and peaks as the flow becomes heaviest during the first day or second day of the cycle. Secondary dysmenorrhoea is associated with any pelvic diseases like endometriosis, adenomysis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical stenosis, uterine polyps intrauterine adhesions, congenital malformation, Allen master syndrome.
Primary Dysmenorrhoea is the most common gynecological disorder among female adolescent, with a prevalence of 60% to 93 %. The etiology of primary dysmenorrhoea is not precisely understood, but most symptoms can be explained by the action of uterine prostaglandins, particularly PGF2-Alfa (prostaglandin F2). The risk factors for primary dysmenorrhoea are age less than 20 years, null parity, heavy menstrual flow, smoking, upper socioeconomic status, attempts to lose weight, physical inactivity, disruption of social networks, depression and anxiety.
4
Ginger, botanically known ‘Zingier officinale’ and in Sanskrit as sringavera is used widely in food to make it tasty, to provide aroma and as a preservative etc. It is used as medicine in India from Vedic period and in Ayurveda. It is called Mahaaushad meaning great medicine.
Ginger improves the circulation in the tissues which remove the metabolic products from tissues more efficiently and provide relief from cramps and stiffness of the muscle. It also reduces the formation of prostaglandin and thrombin thus decreasing the clotting ability of the blood. A hot cup of ginger tea is said to be an excellent remedy for suppressed menstruation. It had agreeable warm feeling which is so grateful in primary dysmenorrhoea.
According to the University of Maryland Medical centre (2013) reports revealed that Ginger tea was used in the treatment of menstrual cramps. Many women claim that ginger tea helps and rid them of menstrual cramps. A piece of fresh ginger and boil with a cup of water and drink two or four times a day for three days. The anti cramping compounds in ginger effectively help to relieve primary dysmenorrhoea. In the absence of menstruation women in the reproductive age, this ginger also can help to induce menstruation.
Need for the study
"Natural Healing with Herbs for your Healthy life"
Primary dysmenorrhoea affects approximately 50% of menstruating women,
5
causes of losing time from school and work among women of childbearing age. This pain may precede menstruation by several days or may accompany it, and usually subside as menstruation tapers off. Dysmenorrhoea refers to menstrual pain severe enough to limit normal activities or required medication. It may co-exist with excessively heavy blood loss (menorrhagia)
World health organization (2010) reports reveal that there are 700 million adolescent girls in worldwide and 500 million in developing countries. Adolescents account for one fifth of the world’s population and have been on an increasing trend.
Govt of India, (2006) report reveals that adolescence account for 62.8% of the population. This implies that about 230 million Indians are adolescent girls in the age group of 10 to 19 years.
Government of Tamilnadu census (2011) report shows that 59.7% of the populations were in the age group of 10-20years.
Department of Women and Child Development (2010) report reveals that 89.4% of adolescent girls were suffering from primary dysmenorrhoea and 11.6% of adolescent girls were suffering from secondary dysmenorrhoea.
6
According to International Occupational Health Survey (2000) by WHO, primary dysmenorrhoea is the most common gynecological problem in menstruating women and the prevalence rate is up to 90% and is one of the most important causes of workplace absenteeism and decreasing quality of life among women .About one in ten women are unable to perform their normal routine for 1-3days of each menstrual cycle due to severe uterine cramping. Dysmenorrhoea accounts for an annual loss of 600 million work hours and US $2 billion dollars in productivity.
The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea is highest in adolescent, with estimates ranging from 20 to 90 percent. About 65 percent of adolescent girls report severe dysmenorrhoeaand it is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absenteeism in adolescent girls.
7
Shrotriya.R,(2004) conducted a prevalence study on dysmenorrhoea in two separate physical education classes at high school adolescent girls in Pune. Pre experimental design was used in this study and the 300 samples were enrolled by using convenient sampling technique. The data were collected by using 10 point Likert scale. The results showed that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea is high as 91% among adolescent girls.
George et.al.,(2000) conducted a cross sectional study on the burden and prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in a rural area of Nellore. Quasi experimental design was adopted in this study, 500 samples were selected by using simple random sampling methods. The data were collected by using Likert scale. The study findings revealed that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea was found as high as 70.8% among adolescent girls.
8
Keeping in view of the above findings in literature, dysmenorrhoea is most common problem, which adversely affects the day today activities of students as well as working women. In her personal experience, investigator felt that many adolescent girls suffered from dysmenorrhoea, which its leads to increase in school absenteeism and co curricular activities. After doing the extensive review of literature regarding ginger and primary dysmenorrhoea the investigator motivated to undertake the study on effect of ginger tea on reducing level of primary dysmenorrhoea.
Statement of the problem:
“A study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Ginger Tea in reducing Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Selected Government Higher Secondary Schools at Theni.”
Objectives of the study:
To assess the level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental and control group.
To evaluate the effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental group.
9
Hypotheses:
H1-There will be a significant difference between the mean pre and post test level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental group and control group.
H2-There will be a significant difference between the mean post test level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental and control group.
H3-There will be a significant association between the level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls with their selected demographic variables in experimental and control Group.
Operational Definitions:
Effectiveness:
Effectiveness denotes the capability or capacity of producing a desired result. In this study, it refers to the outcomes of ginger tea in terms of reducing the level of primary dysmenorrhoea as measured by visual analogue scale.
Ginger:
Ginger is an herb, which is said to have most potent in medicinal properties.
Ginger Tea
10
Primary Dysmenorrhoea
Primary dysmenorrhoea refers to severe painful cramping sensation in the lower abdomen that occurs during menstruation.
Adolescent girls
Adolescent girls in the age group of 12-18years.
Assumptions
Primary dysmenorrhoea is common among adolescent girls.
Ginger tea has an effect on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls.
Delimitations
The study was delimited to the adolescent girls between the age group of 12-18 years.
The study is delimited to selected government higher secondary schools at Theni.
Projected Outcome
The study will help the nurses to assess the level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls.
11
12
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is an important step in the development of any research project. It helps the investigator to analyze what is already known about the topic and do describe methods of inquiry used in earlier work including the success and short comings. This chapter deals with the collected information relevant to the present study through the published and unpublished materials. These publications were the foundation to carry out the research work.
According to Polit and hungler (2004) review of literature is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in context.
An extensive review of literature was done and it was organized under the following heading:
• Studies Related to Prevalence and Incidence of Primary Dysmenorrhoea. • Studies Related to Effectiveness of Ginger Tea.
13
Studies related to Prevalence of Primary Dysmenorrhoea.
Tasneem Sandoz et.al.,(2010) conducted a prospective cross sectional study on the prevalence ,severity and treatment of dysmenorrhea in medical and nursing students. True experimental design was adopted. Simple random sampling technique used to select the total of 401 and 304 students from SRM University at Chennai and 97 students from Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center at Bangalore. The samples were asked to complete a self assessment questionnaire related to menstruation. The study report revealed that in SRM University at Chennai out of 304 samples 76.30 % had dysmenorrhoea among them 57.1 % had severe dysmenorrhoea and 19.20% had mild dysmenorrhoea and in Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center at Bangalore 100% had dysmenorrhea and among them 73.19 % had severe dysmenorrhoea, 26.80 % had mild dysmenorrhoea.
14
Hanninen.T,et.al,(2005) conducted an explorative study to assess the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea and among adolescent girls in high school Mexican university at Gwalior. True experimental design was adopted and 100 high school students were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by using Likert scale. The study results concluded that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea was 79.67% and majority of them, 67.96%, were suffered regularly from primary dysmenorrhoea.
Dittakarn et.al,(2003) conducted a descriptive study on prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea in University of California among adolescent girls. Quasi experimental design was used in this study. Total 700 samples were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by using Visual analogue scale. The study findings revealed that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea were 88 % among adolescent girls in University of California.
15
Coria, et.al.,(2001) conducted a longitudinal study to assess the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in Switzerland. The study comprised 327 samples by using the purposive sampling technique. The data were collected by using Modified Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. The study results revealed that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea was as high as 78% in adolescent girls.
Martin et.al, (2001) conducted a longitudinal study on prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea and its severity among a group of adolescents in Turkey. True experimental design was used in this study and by using purposive sampling technique 207 Samples were selected. The data were collected by 95-item dysmenorrhoea questionnaires. The study results revealed that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea was found to be 96 % among a group of adolescents.
16
Banikarim et.al.,(2000) conducted a cross sectional study on prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among female adolescent girls in urban high school at Africa. True experimental design was adopted and total of 706 Hispanic female adolescent were enrolled by using convenient sampling technique. The data were collected by a 31-item self administered dysmenorrhoea questionnaire. 86% Primary Dysmenorrhoea was highly prevalent among Hispanic middle adolescents with regular menstrual cycle.
Studies Related to Effectiveness of Ginger Tea
Zick SM, et.al,,(2013) conducted a comparative study to assess the effectiveness of ginger tea on cyclooxygenase-1 and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in colonic mucosa of humans at normal and increased risk for colorectal cancer in California university. Quasi experimental design was adopted. 50 samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The data was collected by using sigmiodscopy biopsy.50ml of ginger tea was given for 28 days. The study findings revealed that the ginger tea was effective in reducing risk of colorectal cancer.
17
analyzer. The study result concluded that ginger tea act as a better natural and safer alternative therapy and reduces risk factors like hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
Niger et.al.,(2011) conducted a study on Anti-diabetic and Anti-oxidant effects of ginger on Alloxan-induced and Insulin-resistant Diabetic for male patients. True experimental design was adopted and 100 samples were selected by using simple random technique. 500ml of Ginger tea was administered orally for a period of 4 weeks. The result of the study clearly shows that 500 ml of ginger tea had hypoglycemic effect in Diabetic Mellitus patients and has high antioxidant activity.
Chuah SK et.al.,( 2009) conducted a randomized study to assess the Effect of Ginger tea on patients with functional dyspepsia in Mangalore.Randomized double blind true experimental design was adapted in this study. 9 patients with functional dyspepsia were studied. Simple random sampling technique was used in this study. 50ml of ginger tea was given. The study findings revealed that ginger tea accelerated gastric emptying and stimulated antral contractions in 89% of patients with functional dyspepsia.
18
reported 60% significantly greater improvement in nausea and vomiting than women in the placebo group.
Rouhi H, et.al, (2006) conducted a longitudinal study to assess the effectiveness of Ginger tea on the improvement of Asthma in Iran. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial design was used. 92 samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. The data were collected by using spirometry readings.150 ml of ginger tea was given to all selected samples. The result indicated that ginger tea was effective in reducing symptoms of asthma in 70 % of the samples.
Chaiyakunapruk N,et.al, (2006) department of Pharmacy Practice Conducted a longitudinal study on effects of ginger tea among post operative Hernia patients in Naresuan University at Thailand. The randomized controlled trial, true experimental design was adopted. A total 363 patients were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by using postoperative assessment questionnaires. 30 ml of ginger tea was given to all patients. The study findings revealed that 30ml of ginger tea was effective in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting among 80 % of hernia patients.
19
symptoms according to the Rhodes index .The study findings concluded that the use of ginger tea is more effective option comparable to vitamin B6.
Kim H.D et.al,(2002) conducted an experimental study on the effectiveness of ginger for Alzheimer’s disease among the elderly in Hong Kong . Quasi experimental design was adopted .200 samples were selected. The intervention was given at 6 times per day. The study concluded that ginger was an alternative method for symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease among elderly.
Koo.K.Let.al.,(2001) conducted a comparative study on Effect of Ginger tea and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation in medical university hospital USA. Quasi experimental with 100samples were enrolled by simple random sampling technique. These results provide a basis for the design of more potent 70% effective ginger tea compare to analogues, with similar potencies to aspirin.
20
Studies Related to Effectiveness of ginger Tea in reducing the Primary
Dysmenorrhoea.
Warda Naseem et.al, (2013) conducted an experimental study to assess the effectiveness of ginger tea on primary dysmenorrhoea and stress among adolescent girls in New Delhi. True experimental design was used. 194 samples were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by Modified Menstrual Distress Questionnaire and Numerical pain scale. 150 ml of Ginger tea has given at three times per day for three days. The study result revealed that 150ml ginger tea is one of the effective methods to relieve the primary dysmenorrhoea reduction of 88% had complete relief pain and 12% reported mild pain has emphasized.
Gumanga s.k. et.al.,(2010) conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate the effect of ginger tea on primary dysmenorrhoea among female students at a college in Iran. A randomized controlled pre and post test design was used. A total of 30 female students with primary dysmenorrhoea were selected by using simple random technique. The data was collected by using visual analogue scale to measure pain and to assess its effect.100ml of Ginger tea has given at four times per day for two days of menstruation. The study concluded that ginger tea 100ml can be an 85% effective nursing intervention for alleviating primary dysmenorrhoea and its effects lasts for 1hrs of intervention.
21
dysmenorrhoea among medical university girls at Pakistan . True experimental design was used in this study. 150 samples were selected by simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by verbal multidimensional scoring system.250ml of ginger tea given at five times per day for two days to 50samples, mefanamic 250 mg TID given to second 50samples, and ibuprofen 250mg BD given to third 50 samples. The study concluded that ginger tea was 85% effective in treating primary dysmenorrhoea compare to 7% mefanamic acid and 8% ibuprofen.
Shumaila et.al,(2008) conducted a randomized controlled clinical study on ginger tea to reduce primary dysmenorrhoea among college students in Bangalore. True experimental design was adapted and a total of 500 samples were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The data was collected by using Likert scale. 500ml of ginger tea has given at four times per day for two days. The study results concluded that 500ml of ginger tea was 90% effective for in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea.
22
Noor Jagan et.al,(2003) conducted an explorative study on effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among school girls in cochin. Quasi experimental design was used in this study. Total 209 samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. The data were collected by using visual analogue scale.250ml of Ginger tea has given at four times per day for three days. The study revealed that 250ml of ginger tea was 95.24% effective in relieving primary dysmenorrhoea.
Albertazzi et.al,(2001) conducted a comparative study to assess the effect of ginger tea Vs placebo in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea of different universities in Karachi. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design was used in this study. 104 samples were selected. The data were collected by using menstrual distress questionnaires (MMDQ). 400ml of Ginger tea has given at four times per day for three days. The study concluded that 400ml of ginger tea has 78% effective in primary dysmenorrhoea with less menstrual blood loss compared to placebo group.
23
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
MODIFIED ORLANDO’S NURSING PROCESS MODEL
Tabot (1995) stated that conceptual framework is a network of interrelated changes that provide a structure for organizing and describing the phenomenon of interest Research studies are based on the theoretical or conceptual framework that facilitate visualizing the problem and places the variables in a logical context.
The present study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing Primary Dysmenorrhoea. Conceptual Framework of the present study is based on Modified Orlando’s Nursing Process Model. (1950)
The nursing process is used to diagnose and treat human responses to health and illness (ANA 1980). The nursing process provide a creative, organized structure and framework for the delivery of nursing care, yet it is flexible enough to be used in all setting
Nursing Process Includes Five Steps:
24 ASSESSMENT;
The systematic collection ,verification ,analysis and communication of data about a client .The collected data are in descriptive concise and complete form .The nurse obtain two types of data ,subjective data and objective data .Subjective data are clients perception and about their health problem .Objective data are observation or measurement made by the data collector. The data are obtained from the client, family, significant others health care team members.
In this study the researcher collected subjective data by using Standardized Visual Analogue Scale and assessed the level of Primary Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls.
DIAGNOSIS
Nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems of life processes. It is a process of using the data gathered about a client to logically explain a clinical judgment in this case making a nursing diagnosis.
25 PLANNING:
Setting goals to improve the outcome is primary focuses of the nursing process. Goals provide direction for individualized nursing intervention and sets standard of determining the effects of the interventions.
The goal of the present study was to reduce the Level of Primary Dysmenorrhea. Here the researcher planned to provide Ginger Tea to Adolescent Girls with Primary Dysmenorrhoea during the period of menstruation.
IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation describes a category of nursing behaviors in which the action necessary for achieving the goals and expected outcomes of nursing care are initiated and completed .It is a continuous process and interaction with the other components of the nursing process. Intervention is any action taken by the nurse to help the client move from a present health state described in the expected outcome.
In this study the intervention refers to administration of 200ml of ginger tea was given at four times per day for 3 consecutive days.
EVALUATION
The evaluation step of the nursing process measures the clients’ response to nursing actions and the clients’ progress toward achieving goals. It is an ongoing process evaluation involves not only analyzing the success or failure of the current goals and intervention, but examines the need for adjustments and changes as well.
27
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is one of the vital section of a research. Since the success of any research is mostly dependent upon the methodological issues that are followed in the execution of the research work. The role of methodology consists of procedure and technique for conducting the study.
Crotty (1998) defined research methodology as the strategy, plan of action, process or design lying behind the choice and use of particular methods and linking the choice and use of methods to the desired outcomes.
The present chapter consists of research design, setting of the study, population of the study, sample, sampling technique and criteria for sample selection, development and description of the tool, scoring procedure, intervention, validity, reliability, pilot study, data collection and plan for data analysis and protection of human rights.
Research Approach
Cress well (2007) illustrating the research approach as an effective strategy to increase the validity of social research.
28
Research Design
Donald R. Cooper had defined research design as the blue print for collection, measurement and analysis of data. It aids the scientist in allocation of his limited resources by posing crucial choices.
A True-experimental pre and post-test with control group design was chosen for analyzing the effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in selected Govt Higher Secondary School at Theni.
Key:
O1 = Pre test assessment on level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls. X = Administration of 200ml of Ginger tea for four times per day for 3 consecutive days.
O2 = Post test assessment on level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls.
Group Pre-test Intervention Post- test
Experimental Group Control Group
O1 O1
X
-
29
Research approach
Quantitative Approach
No intervention
Pre-test assessment level of primary dysmenorrhea by using standardized
Visual Analogue scale
Data collection procedure
Standardized Visual Analogue scale
Experimental group -30 Control group-30 Simple Random Sampling Technique
Sampling technique Accessible population
Adolescent Girls in Selected Govt Higher Sec Schools at Theni. Adolescent Girls
Target Population
Pre-test assessment level of primary dysmenorrhea by using standardized Visual
Analogue scale
Intervention on administration of 200ml of ginger tea is divided as four equal amounts given at four times per day for three days.
Data analysis (descriptive and inferential statistics)
Criterion measures – Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea.
Post –test assessment level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea by using standardized Visual Analogue scale
True Experimental pre and post-test with Control Group Design
[image:45.595.98.546.31.824.2]Research design
30
Variable
Chin and Kramer stated that “variables are concepts at different level of abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation within study”.
Independent variable
It is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the research to create the effect on the dependent variable.
In this present study the independent variable is administration of ginger tea.
Dependent variable
It is the outcome or response due to the effect of the independent variable, which researcher wants to predict or explain.
In this study the dependent variable is level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls.
Setting of the study
Polit and Hungler, (2004) stated that the physical location and condition in which data collection has taken place in a study is the setting of the study.
31
Population of the Study
According to Polit and Hungler (2005) “A population is the entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested”.
Target Population
Target population of this study was adolescent girls. The accessible population of the study was adolescent girls in selected Government Higher Secondary Schools at Theni.
Sample
According to Polit and Hungler (2005) the sample consists of a sub set of population selected to participate in a research study.
A total number of 60 samples who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. Among those the 30 Adolescent girls were selected with primary dysmenorrhoea in Goverment Higher Secondary School at Lakshmipuram for experimental group and 30 adolescent girls were selected with primary dysmenorrhoea in Government Higher Secondary school at Saruthuppatty for control group.
Sampling Technique
32
The samples were selected for this study by adopting a simple random sampling technique. The investigator screened all the students from 6th to 12th standard by a screening checklist and identified the samples based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Criteria for Sample Selection
The sample were selected with the following inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Adolescent girls who are in the age group of 12-18years. Adolescent girls who have attained menarche.
Adolescent girls who had regular menstrual cycle.
Adolescent girls who are having primary dysmenorrhoea. Adolescent girls who are willing to participate
.
Exclusion criteria
• Adolescent girls who are under treatment for any pelvic disease. • Adolescent girls who are having allergy towards ginger.
Development of the Tool
33
Description of the Tool
The tool consisted of two parts.
Part I
: It consists of demographic variables that includes 2 sectionsa. Personal profile: It consists of demographic variables such as Age, Standard, Habitance, Type of family, Monthly income.
b. Menstrual variables: It includes Age at menarche, Duration of flow, Nature of flow, Measure to reduce dysmenorrhoea, Effects of dysmenorrhoea.
Part II:
Standardized visual analogue scale was used to assess the level of primary dysmenorrhoea. The score ranges from 0-10 and the scoring procedure are as per the following.
The primary dysmenorrhoea is classified as follows per visual analogue scale 0 No pain
2 Mild pain 4 Moderate pain 6 Severe pain 8 Very severe pain 10 Worst possible pain
Intervention
34
Validity and Reliability
Content Validity
According to Burns and Groove, (2005) “the validity of an instrument is the determination of the extent to which the instrument reflect the abstract constant that is being examined”.
The tool was evaluated by 9 experts including six nursing experts, one expert in gynecologist, one expert in medicine and one expert in dietician who validated the tool regarding adequacy of the content and the sequence in framing of questions. Based on their valid suggestions necessary modifications were made.
Reliability
Brink (1985) stated that reliability refers to the consistency, stability, and reliability of a data collection instrument.
Reliability was established through test-retest method. The tool was administered to 5 samples. According to the test-retest obtained the ‘r’ value is r = 0.93 which shows that the tool was reliable.
Pilot Study
Polit and Hungler (1999) denote that the pilot study is a small scale version or trial run done in preparation of main study.
35
School at Mathukarai. The pilot study findings revealed that the mean pre test score on level of primary dysmenorrhoea was 6.7 and the post test score on level of primary dysmenorrhoea was 4.3 .The calculated mean difference was 2.4 and obtained ‘t’ value for effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing primary dysmenorrhoea was 2.262* which was significant at p< 0.05 level. The pilot study results showed that the setting, samples and tool was feasible enough to conduct the main study.
Data Collection Procedure
A prior permission was obtained from the District Education Officer at Theni. Parents were informed about the purpose and the nature of the study and obtained consent from the parents of the samples. The study was conducted for period of 4 days. According to sample selection criteria 60 samples were selected among them 30 samples were selected for experimental group in Government higher secondary school at Lakshmipuram, and pre test on level of primary dysmenorrhoea was assessed by using standardized visual analogue scale. 200ml of Ginger tea was administered 4 times a day with an interval of 2hours for 3 consecutive days. After one hour of administration of ginger tea post test was done by using standardized visual analogue scale. Same procedure was done in control group but only the intervention was not given.
Plan for Data Analysis
36
dysmenorrhoea was analyzed by using inferential statistics (paired‘t’ test and independent‘t’ test). Association was analyzed using Chi-square test.
Protection of Human Rights
The study was conducted after the approval of research committee in the college. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to the teachers and parents of the samples. Written consent was obtained from the parents of all the study samples. Anonymity and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.
37
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the collected data from 60 adolescent girls to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger tea in reducing the level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls.
The purpose of analysis was to reduce the data to a manageable and interpretable from so that the research problem can be studied and tested. The analysis and interpretation of data of the study are based on data collected through structured interview questionnaire. The results were computed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Polit and Beck, (2003) has noted data analysis as the systematic organization, synthesis of research data and testing of research hypothesis by using those data.
38
The study findings are presented in section as follows:
Section I: Data on demographic variables of adolescent girls with primary Dysmenorrhoea
Section II: Data on level of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental and control group.
Section III: Data on effectiveness of ginger tea on level of Primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in experimental group.
39
SECTION I: DATA ON DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OF
ADOLESCENT GIRLS WITH PRIMARY
[image:55.595.103.540.176.755.2]DYSMENORRHOEA
Table: 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls with their selected Demographic Variables
N=60
S. NO
Demographic variables Experimental group
Control group Total
f % f % f %
1
2
3
4
5
A.PERSONAL PROFILE Age (years) a)12-14 b)15-18 Standard
a)6th -9th b)10th -12th
Habitance
a)Rural area b)Urban area
Type of family
a)Nuclear family b)Joint family c)Extended family Monthly income
40
S.N O
Demographic variables Experimental group f %
Control group
f %
Total
f %
6 7 8 9 10 B.MENSTRUAL VARIABLES Age at menarche(years)
a)Before 10 b)11-13years c)14-16years d)After 16years Duration of flow a)2-5 days b)6-10days
c)More than 10 days Nature of flow
a)Scanty b)Moderate c)Excess
Measures to reduce Primary Dysmenorrhoea
a)Taking rest b)Medicine c)Any other d)No measures Effect of Primay dysmenorrhoea a)Not taking bath b)Difficult to walk c)Cant able to sleep d) Any other.
41
Table 1: Revealed that with regard to age, in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 16(53%) comes under 12-14 years, 14(47%) comes under 15-18 years, and in control group, majority of adolescent girls 17(57%) comes under 12-14 years, 13(43%) comes under 15-18years.
Regarding standard in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 16(53%) were studying in 10th -12th standard, 14(47%) were studying in 6th -9th standard, and in control group, majority of adolescent girls 17(57%) were studying in 6th -9th standard, 13(43%) were studying in 10th -12th standard.
Regarding habitance in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 26(87%) were from urban area, 4(13.3%) were from rural area and in control group majority of adolescent girls 27(90%) were from urban area, 3(10%) were from rural area.
Regarding type of family in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 17(57%) were belongs to nuclear family, 10(33%) were belongs to joint family, 3(10%) were belongs to extended family and in the control group majority of adolescent girls 24(80%) were belongs to nuclear family,6(20%) were belongs to joint family.
42
control group, majority of adolescent girls 19(64%) had RS above 5000/-, 7(23%) had RS 2001-5000/- and 4(13%) had RS 2000/-.
Regarding age at menarche, in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 21(70%) attained menarche at 11-13 years, 6(20%) attained menarche at 14-16 years, 3(10%) attained menarche at before 10 years, whereas in the control group majority of adolescent girls 18(60%) attained menarche at 11-13 years, 12(40%) attained menarche at 14-16.
Regarding duration of flow, in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 20(67%) had 6-10 days of flow, 10(33%) had 2-5 days of flow and in the control group, majority of adolescent girls 18(60%) had 6-10 days of flow, 12(40%) had 2-5 days of flow.
Regarding nature of flow, in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 14(47%) had excess of flow, 13(43%) had moderate flow and 3(10%) had scanty of flow whereas in control group, majority of adolescent girls 17(57) had excess of flow, 9(30%) had moderate of flow, and 4(13%) had scanty of flow.
Regarding measures to reduce dysmenorrhoea in experimental group majority of adolescent girls 15(50%) have taking no measures, 8(27) have taking other measures, 3(10) have taking medicine,4(13%) have taking rest, whereas in control group majority of adolescent girls 17(56%) have taking no measures,8(27%)have taking other measures,5(17%)have taking rest.
43
[image:59.595.101.529.270.503.2]SECTION II: DATA ON LEVEL OFPRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA
AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS
Table: 2.1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Pre-Test and Post –Test Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental Group
N=30
S.No. Level of Primary dysmenorrhoea
Experimental Group Pre-test Post-test
f % f %
1. 2. 3. 4. Mild Moderate Severe Very severe 0 0 21 9 0 0 70 30 17 13 0 0 57 43 0 0
The table 2.1, reveals that in experimental group pre test level of primary dysmenorrhoea majority of adolescent girls 21 (70%) had severe dysmenorrhoea,9 (30%) had very severe dysmenorrhoea and post-test level of primary dysmenorrhoea, majority of adolescent girls 17 (57%) had mild dysmenorrhoea, 13(43%) had moderate dysmenorrhoea.
45 Table: 2.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Pre –Test and Post-Test Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Control Group
N=30
S.No. Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea
Control Group
Pre-test Post-test
f % f %
1. 2. 3. 4. Mild Moderate Severe Very severe 0 0 5 25 0 0 17 83 0 0 15 15 0 0 50 50
47
SECTION III: DATA ON EFFECTIVENESS OF GINGER TEA IN REDUCING PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS
Table: 3.1
Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean Difference and‘t’ Value of Pre-Test and Post-Test Scores of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental Group
N=30 S.NO Experimental Group Mean SD MD ‘t’ Value 1
2
Pre- test
Post –test
6.2
2.9
0.42
0.53
3.3 21.39*
*Significant at p<0.05 levels
[image:63.595.102.538.279.433.2]49
Table: 3.2
Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean Difference and‘t’ Value of Pre-Test and Post-Test Scores of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Control Group
N=30
S.NO Control Group Mean SD MD ‘t’ Value
1 2
Pre test Post test
6.6 6.7
0.62 0.78
0.1 32.22
*Significant at p<0.05 levels
Table 3.2reveals that in control group the mean pre-test score was 6.6 with standard deviation 0.62 and the mean post test score was 6.7with the standard deviation 0.78. The mean difference was 0.1. The obtained‘t’ value 32.22 was not significant at p < 0.05. Hence, the stated hypothesis (H1) is not accepted in control group.
Thus it is inferred that there is a no significant difference between the mean pre and post test level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in control group.
[image:65.595.103.541.240.422.2]51
Table: 3.3
Mean, Standard Deviation, Mean Difference and‘t’ Value of Post-Test Scores of Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental and
Control Group
N=60 S. No. Variables Mean SD MD ‘t’ Value 1
2
Experimental group
Control group
2.9
6.7
0.53
0.78
3.8 5.448*
*Significant at p<0.05 levels
[image:67.595.100.513.256.437.2]53
SECTION IV: DATA ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POST TEST
LEVEL OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG
ADOLESCENT GIRLS WITH THEIR SELECTED
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.
Table: 4.1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of post test level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Experimental group with their selected demographic variables.
N=30
S.No Demographic Variables
Level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea
X2 Value Mild pain Moderate pain
f % f %
1 2 3 4 5 A.PERSONAL PROFILE Age (years) a) 12-14 b) 15-18 Standard a) 6th -9th b) 10th -12th
Habitance
a) Rural area
b) Urban area
Type of family
a) Nuclear family b) Joint family c) Extended family
Monthly income
a) Less than RS2000/-
b) Rs2001-5000/-
c) Above 5001/-
54 S.No Demographic Variables
Levels of Primary Dysmenorrhoea
X2 Value Mild pain Moderate pain
f % f %
6 7 8 9 10 B.MESTRUAL VARIABLES
Age at menarche (years) a) Before 10
b) 11-13 years c) 14-16 years d) After 16 years
Duration of flow
a) 2-5 day
b) 6-10 days
c) More than 10 days
Nature of flow a) Scanty
b) Moderate
c) Excess
Measures to reduce Dysmenorrhoea
a) Taking rest
b) Medicine
c) Any other
d) No measures
Effect of dysmenorrhoea a) Not taking bath b) Difficult to walk c) Cant able to sleep d) Any other.
0 12 5 0 6 11 0 3 8 6 1 2 4 10 3 5 0 9 0 40 17 0 20 37 0 10 27 20 4 7 13 33 10 17 10 30 3 9 1 0 4 9 0 0 5 8 3 1 4 5 1 4 2 6 10 30 3.3 0 13 30 0 0 17 27 10 4 13 16 3 13 6 20 8.6* df=2 0NS df=1 2.9NS df=2 4.57 df=3 2.64NS df=3
55
Table 4.1 envisages the substantive summary of chi-square analysis, which was used to bring out the association between the levels of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls in the experimental group with their selected demographic variables.
Regard to association between age with level of primary dysmenorrhoea, the obtained χ2value was 0 and table value 3.84 at df (1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between standard with level of primary dysmenorrhoea, the obtained χ2 value was 0.53 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between habitance with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value was 1.15 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between type of family with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value was 0 and table value 5.99 at df(2) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
56
Regard to association between age menarche with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 8.6* and table value 5.99 at df(2) was significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between duration of flow with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 0 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between nature of flow with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 2.9 and table value 5.99 at df(2) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between measures to reduce dysmenorrhoea with level of primary dysemenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 4.57 ad table value 7.81 at df(3) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between effects to reduce dysmenorrhoea with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 2.64 and table value 7.81 at df(3 was not significant at p<0.05 level.
57
SECTION IV: DATA ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POST TESTS
LEVELS
OF
PRIMARY
DYSMENORRHOEA
AMONG
ADOLESCENT
GIRLS
WITH
THEIR
SELECTED
DEMOGRAPHICVARIABLES.
Table: 4.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of level of Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls in Control group with their selected Demographic Variables N=60
S. N O
Demographic Variables Levels of Primary Dysmenorrhoea
X 2 Value Severe Very severe
f % f %
1
2
3
4
5
A.PERSONAL PROFILE Age (years) a)12-14 b)15-18 Standard
a)6th -9th b)10th -12th
Habitance
a)Rural area b)Urban area
Type of family a)Nuclear family b)Joint family c)Extended family Monthly income
58 S.
N O
Demographic Variables Levels of Primary Dysmenorrhoea
X 2 Value Mild pain Moderate pain
f % f %
6 7 8 9 10 B.MENSTRUAL VARIABLES
Age at menarche(years) a)Before 10
b)11-13years c)14-16years d)After 16years Duration of flow a)2-5 days b)6-10days
c)More than 10 days Nature of flow
a)Scanty b)Moderate c)Excess Measures to reduce Dysmenorrhoea a)Taking rest b)Medicine c)Any other d)No measures Effect of dysmenorrhoea a)Not taking bath b)Difficult to walk c)Cant able to sleep d) Any other..
0 9 6 0 7 8 0 3 6 6 3 0 5 7 2 7 0 6 0 30 20 0 23 27 0 10 20 20 10 0 16 23 7 24 0 20 0 19 6 0 5 10 0 1 3 11 2 0 3 10 4 10 0 1 0 30 20 0 17 33 0 3 10 37 7 0 10 34 13 33 0 3 0NS df=1 0.54NS df=1 3.46NS df=2 1.22NS df=2 4.68NS df=2
59
Table 4.2 envisages the substantive summary of chi-square analysis, which was used to bring out the association between the levels of primary dysmenorrhoea in the control group with their selected demographic variables.
Regard to association between age with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value was 1.2 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between standard with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 0.5 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between habitance with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 0.34 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between type of family with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value was1.74 and table value 3.84 at df(2) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
60
Regard to association between age menarche with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 0 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between duration of flow with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 0.54 and table value 3.84 at df(1) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between nature of flow with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 3.46 and table value 5.99 at df(2) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
Regard to association between measures to reduce dysmenorrhoea with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 1.22 and table value 5.99 at df(2) shows no significance.
Regard to association between effects to reduce dysmenorrhoea with level of primary dysmenorrhoea the obtained χ2 value 4.68 and table value 5.99 at df(3) was not significant at p<0.05 level.
61
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Ginger tea in reducing level of primary dysmenorrhoea. The study was conducted by using a true-experimental pre test and post-test with control group design. The samples were selected from Government higher secondary school, in Saruthupatty and Lakshmipuram. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 60 samples, among which 30 samples were assigned in experimental group and remaining 30 samples were assigned to control group.
Visual analogue scale was used to assess the level of primary dysmenorrhoea. It is a 10 point scale ranging from 0 – 10. The score ‘0’ indicates the no pain and the score ‘10’ indicates the worst possible pain.
The responses were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (Mean, Standard, Deviation, Frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (paired’t’test, independent’t’ test and chi square). The findings were computed based on the objectives o
