Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge and attitude towards drinking and alcoholism among students at selected colleges in Coimbatore

EFFECTIVENES S OF S ENS ITIZATION PROGRAMME ON

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS DRINKING AND

ALCOHOLIS M AMONG S TUDENTS AT S ELECTED

COLLEGES

IN COIMBATORE.

By

ANTRO BERRIN .W.A

A dissertation submitted to

The Tamil Nadu Dr. M G R Me dical Unive rsity,

Chennai, in partial fulfillment of requirement of the degree of

Maste r of Scie nce in Nursing

Branch V Psychiatric Nursing

Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge and

attitude towards drinking and alcoholism among students at

selected

colleges in Coimbatore .

Proposal presentation on: 13/11/2014

Approved by Dissertation Committee on: 11/12/2015

SUBJEC T GUIDE

PRO F. ESTHER DAISY JO EL, M.sc (N),

Head of the department,

Mental health nursing department,

PSG College of nursing,

Coimbatore.

RESEARC H GUIDE

Dr. MALARVIZHI. G. M.Sc (N), Ph.D,

Professor and Vice-principal,

Head of the department,

Department of child health nursing,

PSG College of nursing,

C ERTIFIC ATE

Certified that "Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge

and attitude towards drinking and alcoholism among students at

selected

colleges

LQ&RLPEDWRUH´

is the bonafide work of ANTRO BERRIN

W .A, PSG College of Nursing, Coimbatore, submitted in partial fulfillment of

requirement for the degree of Master of Sciences in Nursing to The Tamil Nadu

Dr. M G R Me dical University, Chennai.

Dr. ELIZABETH JEAN ABRAHAM, M.Sc (N), Ph.D

Principal,

PSG College of Nursing,

Peelamedu,

Coimbatore-641004

College Seal

PSG C O LLEGE O F NURSING

C O IMBATO RE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

³)RUWKLV2/25',ZLOOSUDLVH\RXDPRQJWKHQDWLRQV

,ZLOOVLQJSUDLVHVWR<RXUQDPH´3VDOP

I would like to thank and praise my Heavenly Father, for enabling me to

complete this thesis which seemed like a mountain and leading me preciously every step

of the way.

Though only my name appears on the cover of this dissertation, a great many

people have contributed to its completion. I owe my gratitude to all those people who

have made this dissertation possible and because of whom my Post-graduate experience

has been one that I will cherish forever.

I owe a deep sense of gratitude to the Managing Trustee for giving an

opportunity to undergo my Post-graduate nursing.

I express my profound respect and deep gratitude to our beloved Principal

Dr. Elizabeth Jean Abraham, M.Sc (N), Ph.D, PSG College of Nursing. The words of

appreciation and encouraging support that our principal had showed on me, kindled my

spirit and enthusiasm to go ahead and to accomplish this study successfully.

I extend my heartfelt thanks with sincere gratitude and respect to my research

guide Dr. Malarvizhi. G., M.Sc (N), Ph.D, HOD of Child Health Nursing, Vice

Principal, PSG College of Nursing, for her insightful comments and constructive

criticisms at different stages of my research that were thought-provoking and they helped

me focus on my ideas. I am grateful to her for holding me to a high research standard and

thus teaching me how to do research.

My deepest gratitude is to my guide, Prof. Esther Daisy Joel, M.Sc (N). I have

been amazingly fortunate to have an advisor who gave me the freedom to explore on my

own and at the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered. Mam taught

me how to question thoughts and express ideas. Her patience and support helped me

overcome many situations and finish this dissertation.

I have an immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude to Prof. Meera

motivation, encouragement and practical advice. I am also thankful to them for reading

my reports; commenting on my views and helping me understand and enrich my ideas

I am grateful to Mrs. Maheswari. T and Mrs. Jyothi Sunandha, Asst.

Professors for their support in completing my study. I am also thankful to them for their

encouragement and practical advice and for carefully reading my study

.

I have immense pleasure to thank Dr. Rajendran, Principal of PSG Arts and

Science College and Prof. Thangapaandian, Prof. Mahendran, Dr. Nagarajan, and

Prof. Anbazhagan for accepting and helping me to conduct the study in their college.

My special thanks to Statisticians Dr. Subramanian, Dr. Anil C Mathew and

Mr. Karthikeyan, for they have been always there to listen and give advice. I would

like to acknowledge The Entire Faculty and Staff of PSG College of Nursing for their

valuable feedback and motivation throughout the study.

I extend my gratefulness to The Ethical Committee of PSG institution for

approving the study to be conducted. I express my sincere thanks to all Library Staffs

for rendering all the facilities and support during the time of this study.

³A family is a circle of strength, founded on faith, joined in love and kept by

God´,DPEOHVVHGZLWKDIDPLO\ ZKLFKLQFOXGHVmy dad, Rev. K. R. William, my mom,

Mrs. Amala Bel. C and my dear brother, Noble Berrin. W. A, for their encouragement

through thick and thin. Words cannot express my gratitude. Your prayers and blessings

have brought me till here and I am deeply grateful for everything.

A special mention to Dr. Jacinth Babu and Mrs. Siji Jacinth, for their support

and encouragement during hard times and for being a blessing in my life.

I express my heartfelt thanks to all My Friends, especially to my batch mates

who have been a source of encouragement and support throughout this study. A special

mention to my friend Ms. Nancy.S, my senior Ms. Shanmugapriya, my junior friends

Ashok, Kapil, Masthan and many more for their help throughout this study. I would like

to extend my gratitude to all friends in my congregation for their constant Prayers and

encouragement. No words can express my appreciation and indebtness to many of them

whose names have not been mentioned here but have contributed unselfishly and most

CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE.NO.

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Need for the Study 3

1.3 Statement of the Problem 4

1.4 Objectives 4

1.5 Assumptions 4

1.6 Hypotheses 5

1.7 Operational Definitions 5

1.8 Projected Outcome 5

1.9 Modified general system model 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature regarding effects of education modules in

improving the knowledge regarding alcoholism among

college students

8

2.2 Literature regarding use of alcohol among students 10

2.3 Literature regarding motivating factors for alcohol

consumption 11

2.4 Literature regarding ill effects of alcoholism 11

CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research approach and design 13

3.2 Variables of the study ₁₄

3.3 Setting of the study ₁₄

3.4 Population and sampling ₁₄

3.5 Instruments and Tools for Data Collection ₁₅

3.6 Ethical approval ₁₇

3.7 Report of the pilot study 17

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPATION

4.1 Frequency and percentage distribution of students

according to their demographic data 20

4.2 Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and

post-test level of knowledge regarding alcoholism 24

4.3 Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and

post-test level of attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism

25

4.4 Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge

regarding alcoholism among college students 26

4.5 Area wise mean and standard deviation of pre-test and

post-test scores of knowledge regarding alcoholism to

find the effectiveness of sensitization programme in all

the areas

27

4.6 Effectiveness of sensitization programme on attitude

towards drinking and alcoholism among college

students

28

4.7 Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of attitude

towards drinking and alcoholism. 29

4.8 Relation between knowledge and attitude level of the

students in pre and post test 32

4.9 Association between pre-test level of knowledge

regarding alcoholism with selected demographic

variables

33

CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Demographic variables of students

36

5.2 Assessment of pre-test knowledge level regarding

drinking and alcoholism 36

5.3 Assessment of effectiveness of sensitization programme

by comparing the pre-test an post-test level of

knowledge regarding drinking and alcoholism

5.4 Correlation between knowledge and attitude among

college students 37

5.5 Association between pre-test levels of knowledge with

selected demographic variables

37

CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Major findings of the study ₃₉

6.2 Conclusion ₄₀

6.3 Nursing implications ₄₀

6.4 Limitations ₄₁

6.5 Recommendations ₄₁

BIBLIOGRAPHY

42

ANNEXURE

LIS T OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

NO

4.1 Frequency and percentage distribution of students according to

their demographic data

20

4.2

Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test

level of knowledge regarding alcoholism 24

4.3

Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test

level of attitude towards drinking and alcoholism 25

4.4 Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge

regarding alcoholism among college students 26

4.5

Area wise mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test

scores of knowledge regarding alcoholism to find the

effectiveness of sensitization programme in all the areas

27

4.6 Effectiveness of sensitization programme on attitude towards

drinking and alcoholism among college students 28

4.7

Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of attitude towards

drinking and alcoholism. 29

4.8

Relation between knowledge and attitude level of the students in

pre and post test 32

4.9

Association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding

LIS T OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Conceptual framework: modified general system model

7

4.1 Bar diagram for frequency distribution of students according

to their age 23

4.2 Bar diagram for frequency distribution of family history of

alcoholism

24

4.3 Bar diagram on comparison of factor wise pre-test and

LIS T OF ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE TITLE PAGE.NO.

I Permission Letter 46

II Institutional Human Ethics Committee Letter 47

III Informed consent 49

IV Tool 52

V Intervention 59

LIS T OF ABBREVATIONS

S l. No

Abbreviations

1

2

3

4

5

development of India

6 DTGD : Drinking to get drunk

7 RR : Risk Rate

ABS TRACT

³(ffectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge and attitude towards drinking

and alcoholism among students at selected colleges in Coimbatore´

Background of the study: Drinking at college has become a ritual that students often see it

as an integral part of their higher education experience. Some students come to college w ith

established drinking habits and the college environment can exacerbate the problem but in

many students the journey with alcohol starts there. So it is necessary to improve the

VWXGHQWV¶ NQRZOHGJH DQG DWWLWXGH UHJDUGLQJ DOFRKROLVP ZKLFK ZLOO FKDQJH WKHLU EHKDYLRXU

and would also help them lead a quality and fruitful life.

Objective of the Study: To assess the effectiveness of sensitization programme on

knowledge and attitude towards drinking and alcoholism among students

Research Methodology: The study was conducted in PSG College of Arts and S ciences,

Coimbatore and the research design adopted was Quasi-experimental One group pre-test

post-test design. Based on the inclusion criteria, 174 samples were selected. The pre-test

score of knowledge and attitude level were assessed by a structured questionnaire and

standardized attitude scale respectively. Sensitization program on alcoholism and its effects

was given after the pre-test and the post-test assessment was done 7 days after the programme

by using the same tool.

Major Findings of the Study: The study finding displayed an increase in the knowledge

level following the sensitization programme (t value=26.9 at p<0.05). In this study, the

statistical analysis showed that there was an association between demographic variables like

gender and monthly income with pre-test knowledge level at p<0.05.

Conclusion: This study results show that the sensitization programme has helped the students

gain knowledge regarding drinking and alcoholism.

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

³

Alcohol: Temporary fun with permanent consequences

´

1.1 Background of the study

Drinking at college has become a ritual that students often see it as an integral part of

their higher education experience. Some students come to college with established drinking

habits and the college environment can exacerbate the problem but in many students the

journey with alcohol starts there. Virtually all college students experience the effects of

college drinking - whether they drink or not.

Worldwide, there were about 3.3 million deaths from alcohol consumption in 2012,

according to the WHO, which averages to about one death per 10 seconds. According to the

WHO, 32% of men and fewer than 11% of women in India, over the age of 15, imbibe

alcohol. For the total population of India, about 28.7% consume liquor. About 7% of the

alcohol consumed is in the form of beer, less than 1% is wine and 93% is in the form of

spirits. (WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol 2014)

Awareness of alcohol use and misuse on college campuses is not new. Available

research indicates that approximately 60% of college student s drink and that half of college

student drinkers engage in heavy episodic drinking. Excessive alcohol intake among college

students is associated with a variety of adverse consequences like fatal and nonfatal injuries,

alcohol poisoning, blackouts, academic failure, violence including rape and assault,

unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, property damage

and vocational and criminal consequences that could jeopardize future job prospects.

Students who engage in excessive drinking have an impact not only on just themselves but

also people around them. (Vishal Koshla et.al, 2011)

Fellow students experience second hand consequences ranging from disrupted study

and sleep to physical and sexual assault. Furthermore, the institutions they attend; expend

valuable resources to deal with institutional and personal consequences of their behavior.

(Weshler, 2015)

Drinking among college students is often associated with impulsivity/sensation

seeking or the regulation of negative emotional states which includes depression and anxiety.

Many students are heavily influenced by social factors. (Gayle M. Boyd and Vivian Faden,

2

Although the majority of students coming to college already have some beforehand

experience with alcohol, certain aspects of college life, such as unstructured time, widespread

availability of alcohol, inconsistent enforcement of underage drinking laws and limited

interactions with parents and other adults intensify the problem. In fact, college students hav e

higher binge-drinking rates and a higher incidence of driving under the influence of alcohol

than their non-college going peers.

The first 6 weeks of freshman year is a vulnerable time for heavy drinking and

alcohol-related consequences because of student expectations and social pressure at the start

of the academic year.

An often-overlooked preventive factor involves the continuing influence by the

parents. Research shows that students who choose not to drink often do so because their

parents discussed alcohol use and its adverse consequences with them. (National Institute

on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2014)

The transition from high school to college is a significant milestone in a young

SHUVRQ¶V OLIH WKDW LV PDUNHG E\ HQWLUHO\ QHZ VRFLDO HQYLURQPHQWV and the adoption of adult

roles as students become independent of their parents. Although about half of all college

binge drinkers engage in binge drinking before their arrival on campus, an equal number pick

up binge drinking behavior in college. In another study, researcher examined alcohol use

among college students and found that males were less likely to have positive attitudes

toward seeking alcoholism treatment compared with female students . (Tomeshwari, 2014)

Long-term alcohol abuse can cause a number of physical symptoms including

cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart

disease, nutritional deficiencies, peptic ulcers, sexual dysfunction and can eventually be fatal.

Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences including

child abuse, domestic violence, rape, burglary and assault. Alcoholism is associated with loss

of employment also. (J Arasumani, 2013)

³ 'Uink has drained more blood, hung more crepe, sold more house, plunged more

people bankruptcy, armed more villains, slain more children, snapped more wedding rings,

defiled more innocence, blind more eyes, twisted more limbs, dethroned more reason,

wrecked more manhood, dishonored more womanhood, broken more hearts, blasted more

lives, driven more to suicide and dug more graves than only other poisoned scourge that ever

swept its death dealing waves across the world´

Thus the problem of alcohol is so severe DQGLVGUDLQLQJSHRSOHV¶KHDOWKSRVVHVVLRQ

3

1.2 Need for the study

There has been a rapid change in patterns and trends of alcohol use in India. Chief

among them is people are beginning to drink at ever-younger ages. The percentage of the

drinking population aged less than 21 years has increased from 2% to more than 14% in the

past 15 years, according to studies in the southern state of Kerala, alarmingly; the study found

WKDW WKH ³ DYHUDJH DJH RI LQLWLDWLRQ´ KDG GURSSHG IURP \HDUV WR years in the past two

decades. (Alcohol and Drugs Information Centre India, a non-governmental

organization (NGO), 2014)

The survey under ASSOCHAM'S Social Development Foundation indicated that

alcohol intake in youth between the age group 19 to 26 in host els has registered a 60 percent

increase over the years. The vast majority of college students are under the legal drinking age

of 21. Alcohol remains the clear drug of choice and the one that contributes to a wide range

of problems. Indian alcohol policy alliance in their article, Alcohol Related Harm in India ± a

fact sheet states that sale of alcohol has been growing steadily at the rate of 6% and is

estimated to grow at the rate of 8% per year. Also it state that people drink at an earlier age

now than before. The mean age of initiation of alcohol use has decreased from 23.36 years in

1950 - 1960 to 19.45 years in 1980 - 1990. (ASSOCHAM, 2012)

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in USA states that, drinking

affects college students, their families, and college communities at large. Consequences

include death, injury, assault, sexual abuse, unsafe sex, academic problems, alcohol abuse

and dependence, drunk driving and other consequences include suicide attempts, health

problems, vandalism, property damage, and involvement with the police.

Student Choice and Alcohol Matters, an article about college drinking says that the

participants reported a variety of motives that underpinned their use of alcohol. Some aspects

related to personal and internal factors, others reflected more inter-personal reasons. The

various sub-themes are social factors, drinking to relax, drinking to get drunk and finance. So

it is important for them to have awareness regarding the effects of alcohol to them, their

families and the college environment. (Gillian N Penny & Sarah Armstrong-Hallam, July

2010)

College students encounter problems when others drink too much which include, 60.5

% had study or sleep interrupted, 53.6 % had to take care of a drunken student, 29.3% had

been insulted or humiliated, 20.1 % experienced an unwanted sexual advance (women), 18.6

4

hit, or assaulted, 1.3 % had been a victim of sexual assault or date rape (women). (Wechsler,

H et.al, 2005)

Each year an estimated 1,825 college students from US, between the ages of 18 and

24 die from alcohol related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes.

When looking at all this statistics it is necessary to LPSURYHVWXGHQWV¶NQRZOHGJHDQG

attitude regarding alcoholism and its ill effects, to make them understand the consequences

by those ill effects on body, their behaviour and to the society by helping them lead a quality

and fruitful life.

Hence the researcher was motivated to undergo this study among the college students.

1.3 Statement of the problem

Effectiveness of Sensitization programme on knowledge and attitude towards

drinking and alcoholism among students at selected colleges in Coimbatore.

1.4 Objectives

1. To assess the knowledge regarding alcoholism among college students.

2. To assess the attitude of college students towards drinking and alcoholism.

3. To assess the effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge and attitude

towards drinking and alcoholism among college students.

4. To find the correlation between knowledge and attitude among college students.

5. To find out the association between pre-test level of knowledge with selected

demographic variables.

1.5 Assumptions

It is assumed that:

1. College students may abuse alcohol because they lack knowledge or awareness of

health risks associated with alcohol.

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5

1.6 Hypothesis

H1: There will be a significant difference in the pre and post -test level of knowledge towards

drinking and alcoholism.

H2: There will be a significant difference in the pre and post -test level of attitude towards

drinking and alcoholism.

H3: There will be a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude regarding

alcoholism among college students.

H4: There will be a significant association between the selected demographic variables and

the pre-test levels of knowledge regarding alcoholism.

1.7 Operational definitions

1. Effectiveness: In this study it refers to the extent to which the Sensitization

programme on alcoholism brings desired change in the knowledge and attitude scores

measured by structured questionnaire and 'HEDVLVK %DVX¶V TXHVWLRQQDLUH RQattitude

towards drinking and alcoholism respectively.

2. Sensitization programme: In this study it is creating awareness among college

students regarding alcoholism and its ill effects which in turn will bring change in

their knowledge and attitude towards alcoholism.

3. Knowledge: In this study it refers to the students understanding about alcohol and its

mechanism in the body which produce ill effects physically, psychologically and

socially measured by a structured questionnaire.

4. Attitude: ,Q WKLV VWXG\ LW UHIHUV WR WKH VWXGHQW¶Vway of thinking and understanding

about alcoholism measured by 'HEDVLVK %DVX¶V TXHVWLRQQDLUH RQ attitude towards

drinking and alcoholism.

5. Alcoholism: In this study it refers to the prolonged period of frequently consuming

alcohol containing substances and becomes unable to live a normal and healthy life.

1.8 Projected outcome

Sensitization programme could help to improve knowledge and attitude among first year

6

1.9 Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework for this study was derived from general system model

(Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, 1968). It is regarded as a universal grand theory because of its

unique relevancy and applicability. It is composed of both structural and functional

components that interact within a boundary that filters the type and rate of exchange with the

environment. Living system terms are open because there is an ongoing exchange of matter,

energy, and information. Through the process of selecting the system which regulates the

type and the amount of input through self-regulation to maintain the system equilibrium or

homeostasis. Some types of input are used immediately in their original state where as the

other complex transformations are continuously processed through the system and released as

output. The following components in the modified general system model are as follows:

Input: Input is the information needed by the system. It includes demographic variables, an

data assessing the knowledge and attitude, before providing the sensitization programme

using structured knowledge questionnaire and 'HEDVLVK %DVX¶V TXHVWLRQQDLUH RQ attitude

towards drinking and alcoholism.

Through put: Through put is the activity phase. It is a process that allows input to change. It

includes the provision of a sensitization program with the help of computer aided tools for the

students.

Output: The information are continuously processed through the system and released as

output in an altered VWDWH ,W LQFOXGHV HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH VWXGHQWV¶ NQRZOHGJH DQG DWWLWXGH

towards drinking and alcoholism.

Feedback: It is the response of the environment to the system. Feedback may be positive or

negative or neutral. It is necessary to strengthen the input and throughput and modify them as

desired when the results show any inadequate knowledge or favourable attitude towards

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is a description and analysis of the literature relevant to a

particular field or topic. It gives the idea about the authors of the articles, the key authors and

the persons who had contributed to the study. It also gives idea about the setting at which it is

done, the population, appropriate research design and the key questions and suggestions

given in the study.

The review of literature in this study was divided into four parts

¾ Literature regarding effects of education modules in improving the knowledge

regarding alcoholism among college students

¾ Literature regarding use of alcohol among students

¾ Literature regarding motivating factor for alcohol consumption

¾ Literature regarding ill effects of alcoholism

2.1 Literature regarding effects of education modules in improving the knowledge

regarding alcoholism among college students

An exploratory survey was conducted at Durg to assess the knowledge and attitude of

engineering students towards alcoholism, to find out the correlation between knowledge and

attitude of engineering students towards alcoholism, to find out the association between

knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables. Sample of 100 engineering

students with age group of 17-25 years were selected by random sampling technique. A

modified standardized tool for knowledge (Student Alcohol Questionnaire) and standardized

tool for attitude (Understanding of Alcoholism Scale) were used to collect data. The study

revealed that 56% of engineering students had good knowledge and 44% had average

knowledge. It was found that majority 89% of engineering students had neutral attitude and

11% had positive attitude towards alcoholism. There was negative correlation between the

knowledge and attitude. Age, education, occupation of father, type of family were having

significant association with knowledge and age, education were having significant

association with attitude. Students tend to adopt negative attitude towards alcoholism only

after they have good knowledge regarding alcoholism. On the basis of the results of the

and consequences of alcohol consumption so that they may adopt the negative attitude

towards alcoholism and plan their future life accordingly. (Tomeshwari Pandit, 2014)

A study was conducted on knowledge and attitude among late adolescents towards

alcoholism in Bangalore using convenient sampling method. The tool used for the study was

a structured interview schedule. The data was analyzed and interpreted by using simple

descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that among 60 adolescents, 61 percent

were having moderately adequate knowledge, 31.7 percent were having inadequate

knowledge and only 6.7 percent were having adequate knowledge. Out of 60 adolescents,

majority of the adolescents 60 percent were having favorable attitude, 25 percent were having

most favorable attitude and only 15 percent were having unfavorable attitude. Credible,

evidence based educational campaigns in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol

abuse have been recommended to prevent alcohol abuse amongst adolescents. (J Arasumani,

2013)

A 30-campus randomized controlled trial in US investigated the effects of Alcoholedu

for College on the frequency of past-30-day alcohol use and heavy drinking among 1102

freshers. Alcoholedu is an online alcohol misuse prevention and harm reduction course for

college students that typically take 2±3 hours to complete. The results of this randomized

controlled trial suggest that Alcoholedu for College demonstrates promise as a means to

prevent or reduce alcohol-related problems among freshmen during the post test that

immediately follows course implementation which had a fall in mean from 5.5 to 3.3.

(Paschall et. al, 2011)

Clinical prevention trials (approaches to educating and counseling) of adolescents

(teens and young adults ages 12 to 25 years old) about risks related to alcohol use indicate

that reduction in adolescent alcohol use is possible with non-physicians as interventionists

and physicians as interventionists supported by patient counseling guides and resources.

Physicians might also be more effective if they are aware of emerging alcohol problems

among youth, systems-level resources for counseling adolescents about prevention and

appropriate guidance for parents (Boekeloo, 2011).

A meta-analysis was conducted in Greece on 62 randomized controlled studies of

individual-level interventions to reduce college student drinking between 1985 and 2007 with

13,750 participants and 98 intervention conditions. At short -term follow up (4-13 weeks post

intervention), intervention participants reduced their quantity and frequency of heavy

drinking and alcohol-related problems. At intermediate follow up (14-26 weeks post

drinking. At long-term follow up (27-195 weeks post intervention), frequency of drinking

days and alcohol-related problems were reduced. The authors concluded that their findings

demonstrate that individually oriented alcohol risk reduction interventions of various forms

can reduce quantity and frequency of drinking as well as alcohol-related problems reported

by college drinkers. (Carey et al. 2007)

2.2 Literature regarding use of alcohol among students

A prospective study examined 100 cases of alcohol in taking students (males only). It

was found that the most common age group of starting alcohol intake was 21-30 years age

group (60%) where the second most was between 11-20 years (17%). The urban population

was mainly affected (57%). The most commonly used beverage was whisky (41%) followed

by beer (20%). The most common reason for starting alcohol intake was found to be curiosity

(67%). (D.S. Bhullar et al, 2013)

A survey study conducted to find the prevalence, pattern and predictors of alcohol

consumption among college students in Ludhiana district of Punjab. Nine colleges were

randomly selected for the study. Of the total 610 students the response rate was 87.9 per cent.

The questionnaire was developed by the authors and pre-tested on a few college students in

Ludhiana. The one time users of alcohol ranged 60%. The overall prevalence of ever alcohol

use was 31.9 %. The mean age of initiation of alcohol consumption was 18.7 year for males

and 19.2 year for females. Three-fourth of the respondents tried their first use with friends.

Among males the reasons for trying the first drink were encouragement from friends (38.8%),

curiosity (25.0%), for fun (20.0%), for celebrations (10.6%) and during depressed mood

(5.6%). Among females the main reasons for trying the first drink were curiosity (54.5%),

celebrations (27.3%), for fun (9.1%) and encouragement by friends (9.1%). Current use of

alcohol was reported only by male students. Prevalence of current use among males was 31.1

per cent. The most preferred places of drinking were hostel (44%), bar (39%) and frieQG¶V

place (17%). Among the current users, most of them (91.1%) drank with their friends and the

remaining 8.9 per cent with their family members. (Vishal Khosla et al., 2011)

A Cross- Sectional study during January-March 2005 among 226 adolescent student

aged of 15 to 18 years belonging to two senior secondary schools in Tadong area of East

Sikkim. Simple Random Sampling Technique was applied by lottery method. It was found

that 85% of respondents were willing to encourage others to stop alcohol consumptio n.

wanted to give up the habit. Among the regular consumers of alcohol, there were 70.3% of

them were males and 29.7% of them females. (Ankur Barua, 2006)

2.3 Literature regarding motivating factor for alcohol consumption

In another survey study which examined 307 incoming freshmen from selected

colleges in England regarding Drinking to get drunk (DTGD). T he majority 76.9%)

self-reported DTGD, in which 64.83% self-reported that they drank by participating in a drinking

game. (Boekeloo, 2011)

2.4 Literature regarding ill effects of alcoholism

In a study about alcohol and cognitive impairment in which they explains that as

alcohol related brain damage previously labeled as alcohol mania and alcohol dementia.

They describe a spectrum of alcohol related cognitive impairment ranging from less severe

through alcohol amnestic syndrome to more severe and widespread impairment. They also

state that alcohol dependent individuals have decreased brain weight related to reductions in

white matter (Harper 2005).Clark (2005) describes that effect of heavy alcohol consumption

on the adolescent brain have shown evidence of white matter and subtle neurocognitive

abnormalities .The heavy use of alcohol at this stage in development may affect structures

involved in behavioral, emotional, and cognitive regulation predisposing these individuals to

further use. (Sameer Jauhar E, 2015)

A meta-analysis study that was carried out in Mexico on the effect of alcohol

consumption and the risk of incident HIV infection which was done by reviewing ten studies

shows that, Alcohol consumers were at 77% higher risk of developing (RR 1.77, 95% CI).

Those consuming alcohol prior to, or at the time of, sexual rel ations were at an 87% increased

risk (RR 1.87, 95% CI). For binge drinkers, the risk was double that of non -binge drinkers

(RR 2.20, 95% CI 1.29-3.74). (Baliunas. D, 2010)

In another retrospective review in Mexico which was done on all the suicide cases

referred in New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, the results show that 26% of the

suicides were under the influence of alcohol. (Singh et.al, 2008)

Moderators precede attending college and identify which students are at risk for

associated with drinking in first-year students sensation seeking, gender, religiosity,

precollege alcohol use, and parental influences. (Kraemer et al., 2001)

A number of studies have demonstrated that students increase their alcohol

consumption during the first year of college given by Bishop, Weisgram, Holleque, Lund &

Wheeler-Anderson, 2005, Capone, Wood, Borsari, & Laird, 2011; Grekin & Sher, 2006;

Hartzler & Fromme, 2003; Leibsohn, 1994; McCabe et al., 2005; Weitzman, Nelson, &

Wechsler, 2003; White et al., 2006.

Chapter summary:

This chapter has the literatures about the effectiveness of education modules in

improving the knowledge, literatures about the prevalence of alcoholism am ong college

students, the motivating factors and regarding ill effects of alcoholism. These literatures had

helped the researcher to select the setting, the research design, the population, the sampling

technique and these had been also used in the discussion chapter to relate the present study

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The present study was designed to determine the effectiveness of sensitization

programme on knowledge and attitude towards drinking and alcoholism. This chapter

includes the research approach and design, the variables in the study, setting of the study,

population and sampling, instruments and tools for data collection, validity and reliability,

techniques of data collection, data collection procedure, ethical approval, report of the pilot

study, changes brought after the pilot study and data analysis plan.

3.1 Research Approach and design

This study was done as a quantitative experimental approach and had used one group

pretest posttest design. This is a type of quasi experimental design where effectiveness of

interventions had to be studied on a particular population. Since the present study is done to

find the effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge and attitude towards

drinking and alcoholism among college students this type of design will be helpful. In this

present study first the knowledge and attitude towards drinking and alcoholism was checked

which was followed by the sensitization programme regarding alcoholism. After giving the

sensitization programme the knowledge and attitude level was checked once again to find the

difference between the pretest and the posttest.

One group pretest posttest design.

0

1

0

2

O1: Pre assessment of Knowledge and Attitude towards drinking and alcoholism

X : Sensitization Programme regarding alcoholism

O2: Post assessment of Knowledge and Attitude towards drinking and alcoholism

3.2 Variables of the study

Independent Variable

Sensitization program regarding alcoholism.

Dependent Variable

Knowledge and attitude towards alcoholism.

3.3

Setting of the study

The study was conducted in PSG College of arts and science. This college is situated

near the Coimbatore international airport. This college is a famous college in Coimbatore

which has both self-financed and Government counseled students in it. This college runs all

courses in arts and science.

3.4 Population and sampling

The population of the study consists of all the students in four of the departments

from the college. The four departments are Department of Psychology, Department of

Sociology, Department of English and Department of Economics. The total populations in the

four departments were 428.

3.4.1 Sampling technique and Sample size

Stratified sampling technique

Simple random sampling

Sample size calculation:

n = N*X / (X + N - 1) where,

X = ZĮ2 *p*(1-p) / MOE2 in which,

ZĮ FULWLFDOYDOXHRI WKH1RUPDOGLVWULEXWLRQDWĮLH

MOE = Margin of error

p = Sample proportion

N= population size

By applying this n= 428*376.41/376.41+427 = 161103.48/803.41 = 200.626

Thus the sample size is 200.

The absentees at the sensitization programme and the post -test were 26 which reduce

3.4.2 Sample selection criteria

Inclusion Criteria

1. 1st year under graduate students in selected college.

2. Students who were willing to participate in the study.

3. Both male and female students.

Ex clusion Criteria

1. Those who had already attended any classes regarding alcoholism.

3.5 Instruments and tools for data collection

The tool consists of three parts.

Part I: Socio-Demographic Data.

Part II: Structured Knowledge Questionnaire regarding alcoholism.

Part III: 'HEDVLVK%DVX¶VTXHVWLRQQDLUHRQAttitude towards Drinking and Alcoholism.

Part I : Socio-demographic data:

This tool consists of 12 questions that collects the information about the age, gender,

FRXUVH WKH\VWXGLHVWKHLUUHOLJLRQWKHLUIDWKHU¶VDQGPRWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQDOVWDWXVWKHLUIDWKHU¶V DQGPRWKHU¶VRFFXSDWLRQDOVWDWXVPRQWKO\LQFRPH of the family, family history of alcoholism

and source of information they have received about alcoholism. These data were collected to

find any of these variables had an influence on their knowledge on alcoholism.

(Annex ure IV)

Part II :Structured Knowledge Q uestionnaire regarding alcoholism:

This is a self-structured tool that consists of 40 questions which test the knowledge of

the students regarding alcoholism. This has 4 areas in it. They are general information about

alcohol, blood alcohol concentration, ill effects of alcohol and misconceptions about alcohol.

Each question carries one mark which gives a total of 40 marks. (Annex ure IV)

Interpretation :

> 75% = Adequate knowledge

51 ± 75% = Average knowledge

Part III : 'HEDVLVK%DVX¶VTXHVWLRQQDLUHRQAttitude towards Drinking and Alcoholism

This is a standardized tool published by Debashish Basu, M.D Psychiatry. This tool is

to assess the attitude of a student towards drinking and alcoholism. This tool also has 4 areas.

They are acceptance, rejection, avoidance and social dimension. This tool is interpreted factor

wise. (Annex ure IV)

Interpretation :

> 75% = Favourable Attitude

51 ± 75% = Neutral Attitude

< 51% = Unfavourable Attitude

3.5.1 Validity and reliability

9DOLGLW\ RI WKH WRRO KDG EHHQ GHWHUPLQHG E\ H[SHUW¶V RSLQLRQ IURP GLIIHUHQW ILHOGV

The experts were requested to give their opinion, clarity and appropriateness, suggestions for

the modification of the tool. Reliability of the tool was identified using split half method. It

ZDV FRPSXWHG XVLQJ .DUO 3HDUVRQ¶VFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWPHWKRG7KHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHWRRO

was found to be 0.72. The tool was found to be reliable and feasible.

3.5.2 Technique of data collection

The data was collected by providing the tool to the students before the sensitization

programme and 7 days after the sensitization programme. It was done for a period of 5

weeks. Sensitization programme was a teaching programme that included the general

information about alcohol, its mechanism, how it works in human body and the ill effects it

can have physiologically, psychologically and socially in a person. The programme also

included information about misconceptions that many people have about drinking,

alcoholism and alcoholics. The programme also consisted of three videos. The first video was

about a child who was just 4 years old who was made to drink by his own uncle and his

friends. The second video was a documentary from a village in north Tamilnad u, which

included interviews being taken from alcoholics and their family members revealing the ill

effects of alcohol on self, his family members and the environment. The third video was a

short film which provide the insights about how alcohol consumptioQ FDQ UXLQ D VWXGHQW¶V

life, his academic performances, how it affects his relationship with his classmates and the

things he do wrong only because of the influence of alcohol. It also shows how dependence

3.5.3 Data collection procedure

x The data collection was started with seeking permission from principal and then from

the respective Head of departments of Psychology, English, Economics and

Sociology.

x After seeking permission the pretest was conducted in the samples that have been

VHOHFWHG IURP WKHIRXU GHSDUWPHQWVRQWKHSHULRGVWKH+2'¶VDOORW

x After the pretest the sensitization programme has been given to those samples.

x The posttest had been done to the sample 7 days after the sensitization programme.

x The same tool was provided on both pretest and posttest with demographic data alone

excluded in the posttest.

3.6 Ethical Approval

7KHSURSRVDOZDVVXEPLWWHGWR³ ,QVWLWXWLRQDO+XPDQ(WKLFV&RPPLWWHH,+(&´36*

Institute of Medical Science and Research. The proposal then was reviewed by the experts in

different fields and approved. Ethical approval is important to start the data collection. So

once the approval had been received the data collection was started. (Annex ure II)

3.7 Report of the Pilot study

The pilot study was conducted on 18-6-15, 19-6-15 and 26-6-15. It was done at PSG

College of arts and science in the departments of BA English and BSc Psychology. The data

was collected and tabulated to find the frequency distribution of students according to the

GHPRJUDSKLF YDULDEOHV 3DLUHG µW¶ WHVW ZDV XVHG WR ILQG WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH VHQVLWL]DWLRQ

programme which gave the finding as the sensitization programme was effective in

enhancing knowledge but not the attitude. Chi-square test was used to find the association

between selected demographic variables and the level of knowledge regarding alcoholism

among college students which gave the inference as there was no association between the

demographic variables and the level of knowledge regarding alcoholism among college

3.7.1 Changes brought after the pilot study

The changes that was made after the pilot study are

x The sampling technique has been changed from systematic sampling

technique to simple random sampling technique.

x The interpretation was attitude scale was changed into factor wise which was

at first interpreted as a whole.

3.8 Data analysis plan

i. Description statistics:

¾ Frequency and percentage distribution of sample to describe knowledge

among college students regarding alcoholism.

¾ Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to describe the attitude of

college students towards drinking and alcoholism.

¾ Mean and standard deviation will be used to assess pretest and posttest

knowledge an attitude level differences.

ii. Inferential statistics:

¾ Paired t ±test will be used to assess the effectiveness of sensitization

programme.

¾ Chi Square test will be done to find out the association between pre-test level

of knowledge with selected demographic variables.

Chapter Summary:

This chapter discuss about the material and methodology followed in the present

study. The method used was a quasi-experimental design. This chapter also deals with the

sample population, sample size, regarding the instruments used, data collecti on methods,

ethical committee approval and the pilot study report. The next chapter will deal on data

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and testing

of research hypothesis using those data. Interpretation is the process of making sense of the

result of the study and examining their implications. Analysis is the method of rendering

qualitative data as easily understandable and providing intelligent information about the

research problem which will be helpful to study and test the relationship between the

variables.

In this study, the effectiveness of sensitization teaching program on intravenous

administration of chemotherapy was assessed. The data was collected, assembled, analyzed

and tested individually and described. The findings based on the statistical analysis, p resented

in this chapter are.

x 4.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of students according to their demographic

data

x 4.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of

knowledge regarding alcoholism

x 4.3: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of attitude

towards drinking and alcoholism

x 4.4: Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge regarding alcoholism

among college students

x 4.5: Area wise mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test scores of

knowledge regarding alcoholism to find the effectiveness of sensitization programme

in all the areas

x 4.6: Effectiveness of sensitization programme on attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism among college students

x 4.7: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism.

x 4.8: Relation between knowledge and attitude level regarding drinking and alcoholism

x 4.9: Association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding alcoholism with

selected demographic variables

TABLE 4.1.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of students according to their

demographic data n=174

Sl.

No Demographic Variables

Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

1 Age in years

17 105 60.34

18 62 35.63

19 7 4.03

2 Gender

Male 81 46.55

Female 93 53.45

3 Course

BSc Psychology 47 27.01

BA English 40 22.99

BA Economics 44 25.29

BA Sociology 43 24.71

4 Religion

Hindu 157 90.22

Christian 5 2.87

Muslim 12 6.91

5 Type of Family

Joint family 35 20.11

Nuclear family 125 72.84

Extended family 14 8.05

According to Table 1.1, from the 174 samples, 105 samples were in the age of 17

years (60%) and more than half of them were females 93 (53%). Majority of them 157

(90.22%) were following Hinduism. The course they study was equally presented as

Psychology 47 (27%) followed by Economics 44 (25%), Sociology 43 (25%) and English 40

TABLE 4.1.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of students according to their

demographic data

n=174 Sl.

No Demographic Variables

Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

6 )DWKHU¶V HGXFDWLRQDOVWDWXV

Illiterate 12 6.90

Primary education 24 13.80

Secondary education 38 21.84

Higher secondary education 32 18.39

Diploma 20 11.49

Under graduate 30 17.24

Post graduate 18 10.34

7 0RWKHU¶V HGXFDWLRQDOVWDWXV

Illiterate 9 5.17

Primary education 27 15.52

Secondary education 40 22.99

Higher secondary education 36 20.69

Diploma 9 5.17

Under graduate 32 18.39

Post graduate 21 12.07

8 )DWKHU¶V RFFXSDWLRQDOVWDWXV

Profession 57 32.76

Semi-profession 9 5.17

Clerical, shop-owner, farmer 69 39.66

Skilled worker 26 14.94

Semi-skilled worker 6 3.45

Unskilled worker 4 2.30

TABLE 4.1.3: Frequency and percentage distribution of students according to their

demographic data n=174

Sl.

No

Demographic Variables

Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

9 0RWKHU¶V RFFXSDWLRQDOVWDWXV

Profession 35 20.11

Semi-profession 9 5.17

Clerical, shop-owner, farmer 26 14.94

Skilled worker 9 5.17

Semi-skilled worker 7 4.02

Unskilled worker 2 1.15

Home-maker 86 49.43

10 Monthly income of the family ( in rupees )

”`10,000 42 24.14

`10,001-25,000 46 26.44

`25,001-50,000 39 22.41

`50,001-1,00,000 29 16.67

•`1,00,001 18 10.34

11 Family history of alcoholism

Father 32 18.39

Sibling 3 1.72

Relative 58 33.33

No history 81 46.55

12 Source of Information acquired regarding Alcoholism

TV, Radio 75 43.10

Newspaper, Magazines 33 18.97

Contact with health professionals 2 1.15

Friends, Neighbors 39 22.41

According to Table 1.2 and 1.3, while looking at educational status of the parents of

174 samples, 38 (22%) fathers had completed their secondary education. When looking at the

educational status of mother's, majority of them had completed their secondary education 40

(23%). Less than half of the fathers were occupied under the category of clerical, shop owner

DQG IDUPHU 0RUH QXPEHU RI IDPLOLHV LQFRPHV ZDV EHWZHHQ

ൟ-25000 per month. Less than half of the samples 81 (47%) state that there was no history of

alcoholism in their families. TV and radio plays major role in providing information about

alcoholism and about 75 of them had accepted this fact (43%).

FIGURE 4.1: Frequency distribution of students according to their age

105

62

7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

17 18 19

FR

E

Q

U

E

N

C

Y

(

f)

FIGURE 4.2: Frequency distribution of family history of alcoholism

TABLE 4.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of

knowledge regarding alcoholism n=174

Levels of Knowledge

PRE-TEST POST-TEST

Frequency (f) Percentage (%) Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Adequate 0 0 48 27.59

Moderately adequate 22 12.64 123 70.69

Inadequate 152 87.36 3 1.72

In Table 2, frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test knowledge

scores indicates that, at pre-test none of them had adequate knowledge about alcoholism,

whereas majority 152 (87%) had inadequate knowledge and 22 (13%) had a moderately

adequate knowledge. In post-test, which was done 7 days after the sensitization programme

123(71%) had moderately adequate knowledge, 48 (28%) had adequate knowledge. However

3 (2%) continued to have inadequate knowledge about alcoholism.

32

3

58

81

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Father Siblings Relatives No History

FR

E

Q

U

E

N

C

Y

(

f)

TABLE 4.3 Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test level of

attitude towards drinking and alcoholism n-=174

Factors

Acceptance Rejection Avoidance Social dimension

f % f % f % f %

Unfavourable

Pre-test 98 56.32 108 62.07 111 63.79 66 37.93

Post-test 108 62.07 105 60.34 94 54.02 70 40.22

Neutral

Pre-test 69 39.66 54 31.03 58 33.33 93 53.45

Post-test 55 31.61 65 37.36 72 41.38 75 43.10

Favourable

Pre-test 7 4.02 12 6.90 5 2.87 15 8.62

Post-test 11 6.32 4 2.30 8 4.60 29 16.67

According to Table 3, in acceptance, at pre-test there were 98 (56.32%) students who

had a unfavourable attitude towards drinking and alcoholism whereas in post -test which was

done 7 days after the sensitization programme it increased to 108 (62.07%) students which

indicates the programme was effective.

In rejection, at pre-test there were 54 (31.03%) students who had a neutral attitude

which had increased to 65 (37.36%) post-test also in pre-test there were 108 (62.07%)

students who had unfavourable attitude which reduced to 105 (30.34%) after post-test which

VKRZVWKDWWKHSURJUDPGLGQ¶WKDYHDQ\LPSDFW

Looking at avoidance, at pre-test there were 111 (63.79%) students who had an

unfavourable attitude whereas in post-test the students who had unfavourable attitude had

UHGXFHG WR7KLVVKRZVWKHSURJUDPPHGLGQ¶WKDYHDQLPSDFWLQWKLVIDFWRU

Also while looking social dimension, at pre-test there were 15 (8.62%) students who

had a favourable attitude whereas after the sensitization programme the students who had

favourable attitude towards alcoholism on social dimension increased to 29 (16.67%) which

TABLE 4.4: Effectiveness of sensitization programme on knowledge regarding

alcoholism among college students

n=174

Knowledge Mean Mean

difference SD

³W´YDOXH

Calculated value Table value

Pre-test 17.44

9.95

3.30

26.9* 3.29

Post-test 27.39 3.99

P<0.05, *= Statistically significant

3DLUHG µW¶ WHVW ZDV GRQH WR DVVHVV WKHeffectiveness of sensitization programme on

knowledge regarding alcoholism among college students. The calculated value 26.9 was

greater than the tabulated value 3.29 at p<0.05 level. This shows there was a significant

difference in the pre and post-test level of knowledge regarding alcoholism. This shows the

sensitization programme on alcoholism was effective in improving the knowledge about

TABLE 4.5: Area wise mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test scores of

knowledge regarding alcoholism to find the effectiveness of sensitization programme in

all the areas n= 174

Areas of

knowledge

Pre-test Post-test µW¶WHVW

Mean SD Mean SD Calculated value

Tabulated

value

General

Information

2.53 1.05 4.86 1.22 19.5*

3.29

BAC 1.09 0.92 2.66 1.23 14.18*

Ill effects of

alcohol 7.71 2.25 12.35 2.54 18.57*

Misconceptions

and Facts 6.11 1.55 7.52 1.31 9.33*

P<0.05, *= statistically significant

The area wise distribution data of mean and standard deviation about knowledge of

college students regarding alcoholism GHSLFWHGLQWDEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHFDOFXODWHGµW¶YDOXHV

in all the areas; general information, BAC, ill effects of alcohol and misconceptions were

19.5, 14.18, 18.57 and 9.33 respectively. These calculated values in all areas were more than

the tabulated value, 3.29 at p<0.05 level of significance, which shows a significant difference

between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge. This shows the sensitization programme

on alcoholism was effective in improving the knowledge about alcoholism among college

TABLE 4.6: Effectiveness of sensitization programme on attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism among college students n=174

Factors

Pre-test Post-test µW¶YDOXH

Mean SD Mean SD Calculated value

Table value

Acceptance 20.14 7.25 19.52 7.80 0.91 (N.S)

3.29

Rejection 21.79 7.95 21.52 7.17 0.38 (N.S)

Avoidance 10.48 3.74 11.26 4.04 2.23 (N.S)

Social dimension 12.98 3.98 13.48 5.04 1.17 (N.S)

P<0.05, N.S= Not significant

3DLUHG µW¶ WHVW ZDV GRQH WR DVVHVV WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI VHQVLWL]DWLRQ SURJUDPPH RQ

attitude towards drinking and alcoholism among college students. The calculated value of the

factors which consists of acceptance, rejection, avoidance and social dimension were 0.91,

0.38, 2.23 and 1.17 respectively which was not significant at 5% level of significance (Table

7). This shows there was no significant difference in the pre and post-test scores on attitude

towards alcoholism among college students.

Figure 4.3: Comparison of factor wise pre-test and post-test mean scores of attitude

towards drinking and alcoholism

0 5 10 15 20 25

Acceptan ce Rejection Avoidan ce Social

20.14

21.79

10.48

12.98 19.52

21.52

11.26

13.48

Me

an

S

co

re

Factors in attitude towards drinking and alcoholism

Table 4.7.1: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism. n= 174

Sl.

No Items

Strongly Agree

Somewhat agree

Sometimes agree

Somewhat disagree

Completely disagree

Acceptance _{Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post}

1

Alcohol in moderate quantity is

good for health

f 60 65 18 18 42 50 35 28 19 13

% 34 37 10 10 24 28 20 16 10 7

2 2QHPD\GULQN³ RXW´RIOLPLWV f 42 55 24 19 42 40 35 29 31 31

% 24 51 13 10 24 22 20 16 17 17

3

In parties, marriage and other

such ceremonies drinking

should be allowed

f 84 86 22 27 33 40 17 13 18 8

% 48 49 12 15 18 22 9 7 10 4

4

My culture and background do

permit drinking in moderate

amounts

f 122 101 13 15 19 23 11 17 9 18

% 70 58 7 8 10 13 6 9 5 10

5

Society should sanction

drinking in limited amounts

under special circumstances

f 67 78 29 28 30 24 25 21 23 23

% 30 44 16 16 17 13 14 12 13 13

6

I would prefer my family

member rather to drink at

home than in public

f 86 85 20 15 18 29 18 26 32 14

% 49 48 11 8 10 16 10 14 18 8

7

I would prefer my family

member to drink in parties or

social gathering rather than

alone at home

f 115 110 16 21 21 21 11 9 11 13

% 66 63 9 12 12 12 6 5 6 7

8 Having a drink is one of the

pleasures of life

f 114 123 20 13 21 20 9 8 10 10

% 65 70 11 7 12 11 5 4 5 5

9 One should get drunk once in a

while e.g. after a big success

f 78 92 23 23 35 28 16 16 22 15

% 44 52 13 13 20 16 9 9 12 8

This table shows no major changes in the pre-test and post-test values, which

Table 4.7.2: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism. n=174

Sl.

No Items

Strongly Agree

Somewhat Agree

Sometimes agree

Somewhat disagree

Completely disagree

Rejection Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

10 All alcoholics should be put in

the jail.

f 64 53 21 17 30 33 29 32 30 39

% 36 30 12 9 17 18 16 18 17 22

11 Legal sale of alcohol should be

banned.

f 110 121 20 19 13 15 11 8 20 11

% 63 69 11 10 7 8 6 4 11 6

12

There is practically no

difference between drinking

and drunkenness

f 54 56 47 42 24 40 23 14 26 22

% 31 32 27 24 13 22 13 8 14 12

13

Alcohol is always harmful,

irrespective of the quantity,

frequency and duration of

drinking

f 98 103 28 23 19 23 15 10 14 15

% 56 59 16 13 10 13 8 5 8 8

14

If feasible, I would not allow

any of my family members to

enter the house if they came

dead drunk late at night

f 113 96 21 23 13 22 9 10 18 23

% 64 55 12 13 7 12 5 5 10 13

15 Alcoholism is a sin. f 107 96 17 26 16 27 13 8 24 17

% 61 55 9 14 9 15 7 4 13 9

16

I would not like that any of my

family member drink at all

f 110 113 12 17 10 14 9 7 33 23

% 63 64 6 9 5 8 5 4 18 13

17

Alcoholism is a

moral/character disorder.

f 92 90 34 31 21 25 11 17 16 11

% 52 51 19 17 12 14 6 9 9 6

18

Drinking should be a taboo in

every family

f 65 60 18 30 22 32 17 16 52 36

% 37 34 10 17 12 18 9 9 29 20

19

Drinking is just another way of

committing suicide.

f 97 94 29 33 21 22 16 16 17 9

% 55 54 16 18 12 12 9 9 9 5 This table shows no major changes in the pre-test and post-test values, which

Table 4.7.3: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of attitude towards drinking and

alcoholism. n=174

Sl.

No Items

Strongly Agree

Somewhat Agree

Sometimes agree

Somewhat disagree

Completely disagree

Avoidance _{Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post}

20

It is better not to touch alcohol

in the first place.

f 140 119 10 21 12 16 5 5 7 13

% 80 68 5 12 6 9 2 2 4 7

21 I would feel ashamed if anyone

in my family ever got drunk

f 91 88 30 19 7 19 12 10 34 38

% 22 50 17 10 4 10 6 5 19 21

22

Drink often brings out the

animal (Monster) inside the

human

f 116 98 26 27 12 17 6 7 14 25

% 66 56 14 15 6 9 3 4 8 14

23 Foreigners may drink but not

an Indian.

f 48 51 17 18 26 32 17 9 66 64

% 27 29 9 10 14 18 9 5 37 36

24

If I come across a drunk person

on the road, I will promptly go

to the other side

f 104 92 27 26 17 29 12 9 14 18

% 59 52 15 14 9 16 6 5 8 10

Social Dimension Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post