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Photoelastic force measurements in granular materials

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Figure

FIG. 2. A modern example of darkfield photoelasticity; particles that appearbrighter and with more fringes are those experiencing large forces
FIG. 3. (a) Linearly polarized light has its electric (E) and magnetic (B) fieldsoscillating in-phase and mutually perpendicular to the direction of propaga-perpendicular to the direction of propagation
FIG. 5. (a) Sample darkfield image illustrating thegradient-squared (G2) technique given by Eq
FIG. 8. (a) Sample fringe counting for the disk with Nfr = 3. (b) Calibrationof Fσ for 4 different photoelastic materials
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