• No results found

73वाँ संविधान संशोधन व महिला अधिकार

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "73वाँ संविधान संशोधन व महिला अधिकार"

Copied!
11
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 397

73ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku o efgyk vf/kdkj

iwtk flag

'kks/k Nk= jktuhfr foKku foHkkx cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;

[email protected]

iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k dk lk/ku gSA blds

ek/;e ls yksdra= dks /kjkry ;k tehuh Lrj ij ys tkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA dsUnz ,oa jkT; dh lRrk dk c¡Vokjk djds LFkkuh; egRo ds

eqn~nksa dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks 'kfDr lkSik tkrk gS

ftlls yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk 'kklu lRrk esa c<+ ldsA

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dk mn~ns'; vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa

dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd :i ls vkSj l'kDRk djuk gS rFkk ,slh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk ftlls Hkfo"; esa vf/kd 'kfDr vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro

dk gLrkUrj.k fd;k tk lds vkSj LFkkuh; turk vius ekeyksa dk izcU/ku

Lo;a djsa rFkk lÙkk esa thoUr lgHkkxh cusA blls 'kklu {ks= esa

dk;Zdq'kyrk vk;sxhA xzkeh.k turk dks muds jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dh

tkudkjh feyrh gS blls mudh jktuhfrd] lkekftd psruk c<+rh gSA1

Hkkjr esa iap ,oa iapk;rsa rks izkjEHk ls gh jgh gS ysfdu Lora=rk ds i'pkr vk/kqfud ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, bls LFkk;h l'kDRk ,oa etcwr

Lo:i iznku djus ds fy, 73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls iapk;rhjkt

laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k vkSj 24 vizSy 1993 dks 73oka

(2)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 398

lafo/kku esa 11oha vuqlwph tksM+dj mlesa 29 fo"k;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k

x;k rFkk vuq0 243 ¼A-Q½ rd tksM+k x;k gSA bl la'kks/ku dh dqN

fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gS&

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud ntkZ&;g la'kks/ku ykrs le; dgk x;k fd ;g iapk;rh laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud cukus ds fy, yk;k x;kA blds

iwoZ ;g uhfr funs'kd fl)kUrksa esa vuq0&40 esa Fkk fdUrq vc bls laoS/kkfud

ekU;rk izkIr gSA ;g fodsUnzhdj.k dh fn'kk esa l'kDRk dne gSA

xzke lHkk dh egRrk&iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks thoUr] ÅtkZoku rFkk

xfr'khy cukus rFkk /kjkry ij yksdra= dks ykus ds fy, xzke lHkk dks laoS/kkfud ntZk feykA xzke iapk;r dks xzke lHkk ds izfr mRrjnk;h cuk;k

x;k gSA rkfd yksx izR;{k yksdra= dk tehuh Lrj ij vuqHko ysaA ysfdu

vkt 20 o"kksZ ckn Hkh xzke lHkkvksa dh fu;fer cSBdsas ugha gksrhA dkxth

dk;Zokgh ds fy, fcuk fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;s xzkelHkk dh cSBdks dks

pqi&pki cqyk fy;k tkrk gSA

f=Lrjh; iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk% vuq0 243¼ch½ ;g mica/k djrk gS izR;sd jkT; esa xzke Lrj] e/;orhZ Lrj] ,oa ftyk Lrj ij iapk;rksa dk xBu fd;k

tk;sxk ysfdu 20 yk[k ls de tual[;k okys jkT;ksa dks e/;orhZ bdkbZ ds

xBu ls NwV gSA ysfdu O;ogkj esa ns[kk tk jgk gS fd f=Lrjh; iapk;rh

O;oLFkk ls {ks=kf/kdkj dks ysdj vlkeatL; iSnk gks jgk gSA

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dk izR;{k fuokZpu& vuq0 243¼lh½ 2 esa jkT; ljdkj ds fo/kkueaMy dks vf/kdkj gS fuokZpu laca/kh fof/k dk fuekZ.k djus dkA

iapk;rksa esa rhuksa Lrjksa ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu izR;{k fuokZpu i)fr ls gksrk

(3)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 399

iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk& vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr

tutkfr] fiNM+h tkfr ,oa efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gSA ;g pØ.k i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa efgykvksa ds 1@3 LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k

gSA fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy, 15 izfr'kr tks vc 4 vDVwcj 1999ls 21

izfr'kr gS] lcls egRoiw.kZ lHkifr ,oa v/;{k ds inksa ij Hkh vkj{k.k gSA

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa esa lnL;ksa dh v;ksX;rkvksa ds laca/k esa izko/kku vuq0

243¼,Q½ esa gSA

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dh 'kfDr;k¡] izkf/kdkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dk izko/kku&vuq0243th& bl fo"k; esa jkT; fo/kkueaMy dks fof/k cukus dk

nkf;Ro gSA 11oha vuqlwph ds lfEefyr fo"k;ksa lfgr lkekftd U;k; o

vkfFkZd fodkl ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa iapk;rksa dks fof/k cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA

blds lkFk&lkFk iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa esa dj yxkus o dks"k ,df=r djus

dh 'kfDr vuq0 243¼,p½ esa] jkT; foRr vk;ksx ds xBu dk izko/kku vuq0 243¼vkbZ½esa] iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa ds ys[k o vkfMV dk izko/kkuA jkT;

fuokZpu vk;ksx dh LFkkiukA afuokZpu ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; dk gLr{ksi u

gksukA vuq0&243¼ts0½ esa dgk x;k gS fd& fuokZpu {ks= dk ifjlheu]

fuokZpu {ks=ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkoaVu vkfn dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha

nh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj ns'k esa iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa ds {ks= esa ifjorZu vk;k gS vkSj mldh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus esa enn feyh gSA tSls ;s dfe;k¡

fuEu gSa& bu laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud ekU;rk ugha Fkh] blds vfu;fer

pquko] yEcs le; rd fuyafcr jguk] n;uh; vkfFkZd n'kk] i;kZIr 'kfDr;ksa

(4)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 400

efgykvksa dks mfpr izfrfuf/kRo ugha] bu laLFkkvksa ds izfrfuf/k&pquus ds

fy, izHkkoh O;oLFkk ughA

bu reke leL;kvksa dks nwj djus esas 73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku us lVhd

iz;kl fd;k gSA ijUrq ogh dqN u;s izdkj dh leL;k;sa Hkh vc vk jgh gSaA tSls& vkj{k.k dk nq:i;ksx& 73osa la'kks/ku esas vuq0tkfr@vuqlwfpr

tutkfr@ fi0tkfr@efgykvksa dks 1@3 vkj{k.k feyk gSA ysfdu vkt Hkh

ncax vius vuqlkj ,sls mEehnokjksa dks ftrokrs ;k ftrokus dk iz;kl djrs

gS tks muds vuqlj dk;Z djsa fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ncax O;fDr vius fNih] 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij vius iRuh dks efgyk

vkjf{kr lhV ij yM+okdj ftrk ysrs gSa vkSj Lo;a lEiw.kZ dk;ksZa dks ns[krs

gSaA blhfy, iz/kkuifr] ljiapifr tSls 'kCn vkt gekjh iapk;rh laLFkkvksa esa

ns[kus dks feyrs gSA

ljdkj dk vR;f/kd fu;a=.k& iapk;rh laLFkkvksa ij ljdkj dk

fu;a=.k cgqr gS oks tc pkgs rc buds dk;ksZa esa gLr{ksi dj ldrs gSA ljdkj buds ctV ij fu;a=.k j[krh gS ljdkj vius jktuhfr ykHkksa ds

fy, vius 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA tSls& izLrkoksa ij Lohd`fr nsuk]

lnL;ksa dks fuyafcr@inP;qr nsuk] laLFkk dks gh Hkax dj nsukA

73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud leL;k&

iapk;rksa dks ekxZn'kZu ,oa i;Zos{k.k fujarj miyC/k ugha gksrk] fu;eksa

RkFkk dk;Z iz.kkyh dh tfVyrk vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa dh mnklhurk] iapk;rksa ds izR;sd Lrj ij ljdkj dk fu;a=.k gksuk] iapk;r jkT; lwph dk fo"k; gS

vr% jkT; ljdkjs O;ogkj esa dkuwu cukdj mudh 'kfDr dks lhfer djrs

(5)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 401

lkekftd leL;k&

vf/kdka'k xkao esa iz/kku@Cykd izeq[k ds p;u esa vfHktu oxksZa dh

Hkwfedk gS ftlls ipak;r dk ykHk lcdks ugha feyrk gSA xzkeh.k Lrj dh

lHkh tkfr;k¡ laxfBr gksdj 'kfDr izkIr djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa ftlls xkao foHkkftr gks jgk gS vlqj{kk ,oa ruko c<+ jgk gSA fØ;kghurk]

lkEiznkf;drk lekthdj.k] tkfrokfnrk dk tfVy gksuk vkfn igyw

iapk;rh O;oLFkk ds fodkl esa ck/kk gSA 73oka laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku vR;Ur

egRoiw.kZ la'kks/ku gSA bl la'kks/ku dk mn~ns'; xzkeh.k Lrj ij iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks l'kDr cukuk gS ftlls xzkeh.k turk dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd]

'kS{kf.kd rFkk jktuhfrd fodkl laHko gks lds vkSj mlesa ubZ tkx`fr vk,A

73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk xzkeh.k laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud ntkZ feykA

blds }kjk laLFkkvksa dk dk;Zdky] lÙkk] 'kfDr;ka] mRrjnkf;Ro Hkh lqfuf'pr

dj fn;s x;sA bl la'kks/ku }kjk turk dh Hkkxhnkjh dks vkSj lqn`<+ cuk;k x;kA iapk;rhjkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djuk fu'p; gh ,d

ØkfUrdkjh egRo gSA vr% ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd 73ok¡ la'kks/ku Hkkjrh;

yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks vkSj Hkh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks vkSj Hkh

yksdrkaf=d cukus dk ,d lkFkZd igy gSA3

vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds fy, yxHkx

22 yk[k izfrfuf/k pqus tkrs gSA o"kZ 1999&2000 ,oa 2009&2010 dks xzke lHkk o"kZ euk;k x;kA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vkt iapk;rksa ls lEcfU/kr

fuEufyf[kr miyC/k gSa&

vuq0&243 esa ifjHkk"kk&vuq0 243 ¼A½& xzkelHkk ¼B½ xzke iapk;rksa

(6)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 402

vof/k ¼F½ lnL;ksa ds fy, v;ksX;rk,a ¼G½ iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;k] izkf/kdkj

vkSj mRrjnkf;Ro] vuq0 243 ¼H½% iapk;rksa }kjk dj vkjksfir djus dh

'kfDr;ka vkSj mudh fuf/k;ka] vuq0 243 ¼I½& foRrh; fLFkfr ds iqufoZyksdu

ds fy, foRr vk;ksx dk xBu] vuq0 243¼J½%& iapk;rksa ds ys[kkvksa dh

laijh{kk] vuq0243 ¼K½& iapk;rksa ds fy, fuokZpu] vuq0 243¼L½& la?k jkT;

{ks=ksa dks ykxw djuk] vuq0 243 ¼M½& bl ¼Hkkx&9½ dk dfri; {ks=ksa esa

ykxw u gksuk] vuq0 243¼N½& fo|eku fof/k;ksa ,oa iapk;rksa dk cuk jguk]

vuq0 243¼O½& fuokZpu laca/kh ekeyksa easa U;k;ky; ds gLr{ksi dk o.kZuA

mi;qZDr ds lkFk&lkFk ipk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks 29 fo"k; feys gSa

ftuessa os vius Lrj ij dkuwu cuk ldrs gSa&

1- d`f"k] ftlds vUrxZr d`f"k foLrkj Hkh gSA 2-Hkwfe lq/kkj o e`nk laj{k.k

3- y?kq flpkbZ] ty izca/ku vkSj ty vkPNknu fodkl 4-i'kqikyu] nqX/k

mRiknu] dqDdqV ikyu 5- eRL; m|ksx 6-lkekftd ouksa m|ksx vkSj QkeZ

ouks m|ksx 7- y?kq ou mRiknu 8-y?kq m|ksx] ftlds vUrxZr [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx Hkh gS 9- [kknh] xzke ,oa dqVhj m|ksx] 10-xzkeh.k vkokl

11- is;ty 12- bZ/ku o pkjk 13- iqLrdky; 14- lkaLd`frd fØ;kdyki

15- cktkj vkSj esys 16- ifjokj dY;k.k 17- efgyk vkSj cky fodkl

18-yksd forj.k iz.kkyh 19- izkS< vksj vukSpkfjd f'k{kk 20- xSj ikjEifjd

ÅtkZ lzksr 21- xjhch vi'keu dk;ZØe 22- lkeqnkf;d vfLr;ksa dk vuqj{k.k

23- detksj oxZ ¼vuq0tkfr@vuq0tutkfr½ dk dY;k.k 24-lekt dY;k.k ¼fodykax vkSj ekufld :i ls vfodflr lfgr½ 25-LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk

¼vLirky] izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz vkSj vkS"k/kky;½A 26-rduhdh izf'k{k.k ,oa

(7)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 403

28 xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k ¼blds vUnj fo|qr forj.k½ 29-lM+ds] iqy] ukS?kkV]

ty ekxZ vkSj lapkj ds vU; lk/kuA

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk yksdra= dks /kjkry ij ys tkdj

turk dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djuh gS ftlls yksdra= dh tMa+s vkSj l'kDr gks rFkk viuh y{; dks izkIr djus ds vksj vxzlj gksA blls lÙkk

ds 'kfDr;ksa dk fodsUnzhdj.k gksrk gS tks yksdra= ds lQy gksus dh 'krZ esa

ns[kk tkrk gSA5

bl yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k ls LFkkuh; yksxksa dks lRrk eas Hkkxhnkjh

ysus ds volj feyrs gSa tSls fd ge lc tkurs gSa fd ,d ckj lRrk esa 'kkfey gksus dk vFkZ gS fd og vius fy,] vius lekt ds fy, dqN djus

dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gS mls ,d ubZ igpku feyrh gSA

bu laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; yksx vius vko';drkvksa ds

vuq:i LFkkuh; Lrj ij gh vius dY;k.k dh ;kstuk cukus dk igy dj

ldrs gSa vkSj Lok;RrkiwoZd mUgsa dk;kZfUor dj ldrs gSA bl izdkj vxj

ns[kk tk;s rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDr;ksa dks viuk leqfpr fodkl djus ds fy, volj iznku fd;k gSA vusdksa dsUnzh; ,oa jkT; Lrjh;

dY;k.kdkjh Hkkstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u iapk;rh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls gks jgk

gSA Hkkjr esa bu laLFkkvksa us izR;{k yksdra= dh LFkkiuk dh gS D;ksafd lHkh

o;Ld xzke lHkk ds lnL; gksrs gSa vkSj vius leL;kvksa dks os lh/ks mBk

ldrs gSA bl izdkj vke lHkk fo/ku lHkk ;k yksdlHkk tSlh gqbZA izR;sd xzkeh.k ukxfjd vius Hkfo"; dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gS rFkk Lo'kkflr jgrk gSA6

Hkkjr esa f=Lrjh; iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;k gS vkSj lHkh

(8)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 404

tu igq¡p ldrk gS vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ rF; ;s gS fd laLFkkvkas esas mu

rcds dks fo'ks"k mica/k fd;s x;s gS tks lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd :i ls vHkh rd fiNM+s FksA izR;sd Lrj ij mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr gks blds

fy, vuq0tutkfr@ vuq0tkfr@ fiNM+h tkfr ,oa efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k

iznku fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; yksdra= rHkh lQy gks ik;sxk tc lekt ds lHkh

oxksZa dk lqefpr ,oa lEiks"k.kh; fodkl gks] vkSj fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa ds

lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk bldh ifjdYiuk djuk gh csbZekuh gksxhA lEiw.kZ lekt esa efgyk,¡ vk/ks dk fgLlsnkj gS fQj mudk fcuk fodkl gq, lekt

dk fodkl dSls gks ldrk gSA bu phtksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh 'kklu us

lcls lrgh Lrj iapk;rksa esa budh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh gks blds fy, dkQh

dqN fu;e@vf/kfu;e cuk;sA iapk;rksa esa vuq0243¼Mh½ ds rgr 1@3

izfr'kr Hkkx efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dh xbZ gS vkSj fo'ks"k ckr ;s gS fd ;s dsoy lnL; ds Lrj ij gh ugha cfYd xzke iz/kku] Cykd izeq[k ,oa

ftyk iapk;r v/;{k in Hkh vkjf{kr gSA dqN jkT;ksa tSls fcgkj] jktLFkku

vkfn esa rks 50 izfr'kr rd lhVs efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dj nh x;h

gSA7

blls yxHkx 12 yk[k efgyk,a fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k ds :i esa vk;s gSa

vkSj vius vf/kdkjksa dks tkuus yxh gSA efgyk,vksa dks bruh vf/kd Hkkxhnkjh ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij mudh lkqenkf;d thou] psruk rFkk mldh

laLd`fr esa cnyko vk jgk gSA ,d tks lcls t;knk mYys[kuh; gS fd

fuokZfpr efgykvksa es lfn;ksa ls misf{kr nfyr] vkfnoklh ,oa fiNM+h

(9)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 405

gS ysfdu bldk ,d vU; igyw Hkh gS blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd iapk;rh

jkt laLFkkvksas esas fuokZfpr gks dj vkus ls efgyk l'kfDrhdj.k dks c<+kok feyk gSA ysfdu bldh ek=k {ks= ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds vfuqlkj fHkUu gSA ftu

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa us Lo;a dk;Z laHkkyk gS mudk rks

l'kDrhdj.k gqvk ysfdu tks efgyk izfrfuf/k viuk ?kwa?kV ugha gVk ikrh]

ifr ,oa ifjokj ds vuqlkj gh dk;Z djrh gS mudk l'kDrhdj.k ugha

gqvkA ,sls izfrfuf/k;ksa dk dk;ZHkkj muds ifr ;k ifjokj dk ncax lnL; laHkkyrk gSA ;s vkj{k.k dk nq:i;ksx djrs gSA ;s ncax yksx vius uke ,oa

'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij vius izfrfuf/k;ksa dks pquko yM+krs gS] ftrk Hkh ysrs gS

vkSj mu izfrfuf/k;ksa dks vius vuqlkj dke djus dks etcwj djrs gSA blh

ls vkt lekt esa iz/kkuifr ;k ljiap ifr tSls 'kCn mHkjdj vk;s gSaA

jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+us ls 'kklu dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj vk;k gS ;s vius ls lacaf/kr eqn~nks dks izdk'k esa yk jgh gS tSls&[kk| lqj{kk] ÅtkZ lqj{kk] izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk izac/ku] vkfFkZd rFkk thfodk ls lacaf/kr eqn~nksa dks egRo feyus yxk gSA bl vksj yksxkas us /;ku nsuk Hkh 'kq: dj fn;k gSA budk izR;{k laca/k efgykvksa ls gS ;g l'kDrhdj.k dk etcwr ek/;e Hkh gSA blh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dsUnz ljdkj us ^eujsxk* tSls dk;ZØeksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku fd;k gSA8 efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr dk;ZØe eq[;r% iapk;rksa

(10)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 406

igyh rks ,d efgyk gh nwljs efgyk dks T;knk vkxs ugha c<+us nsrh D;ksafd og bl fodkl dks vius fo:) eku ysrh gS vkSj nwljh fd dsUnz ;k jkT; }kjk izk;ksftr tks dk;ZØe@;kstuk vkrh gS efgykvksa ds fy, og muds fuj{kj ,oa vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k bldk lqefpr ykHk ugha mBk ikrh vkSj bldk ykHk vU; yksx mBkrs gSaA

iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa ds vkus ,oa mlesa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa ds pqus tkus ls efgykvksa esa fo'okl txk gS os Hkh vc vkelHkk dh cSBdksa esa 'kkfey gksus yxh gS vkSj vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d gks jgh gSA bls efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ,oa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds u;s ;qx dk 'kq:vkr gqvk gSA blus u dsoy efgykvksa ds fu.kZ; fuekZ.k {kerk dks c<+kok fn;k gS cfYd fodsUnzhd`r fu;kstu esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA efgyk,¡ vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr lpsr gqbZ gSa muesa vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo:) vkokt mBkus dh fgEer c<+h gSA

ysfdu bu lc esas lcls cM+h leL;k lkekftd lajpuk] mudh fuj{kjrk] mudh foRrh; vkRefuHkZjrk u gksuk] lkaLd`frd izfrca/k ,oa ikfjokfjd ftEesnkfj;ksa ¼cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k] x`g dk;Z] mRiknu dk;Z½ gSA bu {ks=ksa esas vkSj vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA9

ns'k ds lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, xzkeh.k efgyk l'kDrhdj.k vfr vko';d gS vkSj blh dkj.k ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, efgykvksa dks eq[; /kkjk esa ykuk gh ljdkj dh fpark gSA10 xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk fodkl xzkeh.k

(11)

Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 407

fØ;kUo;u lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ds fcuk lekurk lkekftd U;k; ,oa yksdrkaf=d vkn'kksZa dh izkfIr ugha gksxhA

tgk¡ 73osa la'kks/ku us efgykvksa dks jktuhfrd :i ls l'kDr fd;k ogh dsUnz ljdkj dh egRokdka{kh ifj;kstuk ^^eujsxk** tks iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls gh fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gS] ls efgyk,a vkfFkZd o lkekftd :i ls l'kDR gqbZ gS D;ksafd blls muds ikl jkstxkj dh xkjaVh feyh gSA blls xzkeh.k egfykvksa dks fofHkUu :i ls c<+kok feyk gS vkSj vc iq#"k ekufldrk esa sHkh cnyko vkus yxk gS ;g ,d 'kqHk y{k.k fn[krk gSA lUnHkZ lwph

1- dVkfj;k] lqjsUnz% Hkkjrh; yksd iz'kklu% us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 2012] i`0la0395A

2- lbZn] ,l0,e0% Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk% Hkkjr cqd lsUVj] y[kuÅ] 2011] i`0la0 475&479A

3- ukjax ,0,l0% Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr% xhrkatfy ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 2011&12] i`0la0 202&204ª

4- y{ehdkUr] ,e% Hkkjr dh jktO;oLFkk% eSDxzkfgy ,tqds'ku izk0fy0 ubZ fnYyh] 2012] i`0la0 34-7 ls 34-10ª

5- 'kekZ cztfd'kksj% Hkkjr dk lafo/kku% ih0,p0vkbZ0 yfuZax izk0fy0 ubZ fnYyh] 2010 i`0la0 287&90ª

6- voLFkh ,oa voLFkh% Hkkjrh; iz'kklu% y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky vkxjk( 2011] i`0la0 503&507ª

7- ogh] i`0 la0&507&511ª

8- dq#{ks= % tuojh 2014 i`0la0 17&21ª

References

Related documents

The investigational CFTR corrector, VX-809, co-administered with the oral potentiator ivacaftor improved CFTR and lung function in F508del homozygous patients: Phase 2 study

APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; IRIS score: Identification of Risk in Surgical patients score; LOS: length of stay; Sd:

case of a symptomatic pedunculated lipoma of the colon transverse with ulcerated mucosa causing intermittent colo-colonic intussusception that was surgically resected..

Likewise, the International Chiro- practic Education Collaboration – an alliance of leading chiropractic schools – has squarely rejected subluxation theory and instead chosen to

[r]

Drug/dye-loaded, multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles for combined targeted cancer therapy and dual optical/magnetic resonance imaging. Rastogi R, Gulati N, Kotnala

Importantly, tagging genes present in large genomic clones or at their endogenous locus often reports proper expression, subcellular localization, and dynamics of the encoded

We have shown that constant frequency-independent se- lection on haploids, or on diploids in the absence of domi- nance, cannot maintain variation at linkage equilibrium; our