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(1)

Class Expectations: The Warrior Creed

Be Respectful

Listen when the

teacher or others are talking

Raise your hand when

you wish to contribute to class discussions

No cross-room

conversations

(2)

Class Expectations: Warrior Creed

Be Responsible

Keep locker and

notebooks organized

Avoid distraction

Stay focused on task

completion

Turn in homework

assignments on time

(3)

Class Expectations: The Warrior Creed

Be Ready To Learn

– Attend class regularly

– Do your best

Never give up

– Getting a strong education gets you closer to your hopes and dreams

(4)
(5)

BLUE SLIDES: COPY NOTES

Notes should be neatly written

Use indentations when appropriate

Example of indent

Skip a line between topics

Make visuals clear and well drawn

Resistance

arm Effort arm

(6)
(7)
(8)

Darwin’s Journey

HMS Beagle – set sail in

1831

Darwin was ship’s naturalistHe observed plants and

animals he had never seen before.

Darwin noticed the diversity

(9)

Four Parts of Darwin’s Theory

(10)

1. Organisms have changed over time

Organisms living today are different from those that

lived in the past

Many organisms that once lived are now extinct. The world is not constant but changing (fossil

record)

All organisms are derived from common ancestors

by a process of branching

Populations split into different species, which are related

(11)
(12)

3. Change is a slow process over many

generations

Punctuated evolution: sometimes change

speeds up

(13)

4. Mechanism of Evolutionary Change Was

Natural Selection

Organisms best suited to their environment

(14)

Galapagos Organisms: Comparison to South

American Organisms

Darwin found similarities

between Galapagos organisms and those in South America

He noticed differences

between the island organisms and those in South America.

(15)

Galapagos Organisms: Comparison Among the Islands

Darwin notices many

differences among the

organisms from one island to the next.

Dome-shaped tortoise vs.

(16)

Galapagos Organisms: Adaptations

Adaptation: trait that

helps an organism to survive and

reproduce.

Beaks of finches help

them obtain food:

Narrow beak:

eating insects

Wide beak: eating

(17)

Galapagos Organisms: Adaptations

Speciation: when one

species evolves into 2 separate species.

It is considered a

new species when they can no longer interbreed and

(18)

Adaptive Radiation

Adaptive Radiation: process by which a

species evolve so that they are adapted to their environment.

Darwin’s finches

(19)
(20)

Evolution: Darwin’s Reasoning

He reasoned that plants or animals that arrived on the

Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the mainland.

Evolution: gradual change in a species over time.

Darwin concluded that organisms on the Galapagos Islands

(21)

Natural Selection

Natural selection is the

process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.

The variety of organisms on

(22)

Evolution: change of a population of

organisms from one generation to the next.

(23)

Example of Evolution -The Samurai Crab.

(24)
(25)
(26)

The Samurai Crab didn’t always look like a

samurai.

(27)

The Samurai Crab didn’t always look like a

samurai.

Every so often, one crab looked a little more like a

samurai.

(28)

The Samurai is revered in Japan.

(29)

The Samurai is revered in Japan.

When fisherman caught a crab that looked like a

Samurai they believed it was the reincarnation of a samurai warrior.

(30)

The Samurai is revered in Japan.

When fisherman caught a crab that looked like a

Samurai they believed it was the reincarnation of a samurai warrior.

They were thrown back into the sea.

(31)

Over many generations, the crabs that looked

slightly more like a Samurai reproduced more often than those that did not.

(32)

Over many generations, the crabs that looked

slightly more like a Samurai reproduced more often than those that did not.

Their young looked like samurai.

(33)

Overtime, the shell of these crabs began looking

more and more like a Samurai, because those that looked like a Samurai survived to reproduce.

This is one example of how selection leads to changes.

(34)

Overtime, the shell of these crabs began looking

more and more like a Samurai, because those that looked like a Samurai survived to reproduce.

This is one example of how selection leads to changes.

(35)

“Don’t mess with

me, I’m a crab on

(36)

Factors that Affect Natural Selection

(37)

Variations: any difference between individuals

(38)

Yeah! Baby Animal Time.

(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)

Competition: members of a species compete

(44)

Selection: Environment has selected

(45)

Environmental Change: a change in

(46)

Genes and Natural Selection

Only traits that are inherited by genes can be

(47)

Overproduction: most species produce far

(48)

So what is going to happen to most of these

tadpoles?

(49)
(50)

“Ahhhh!”

“Carnivorous

(51)
(52)
(53)

“Oh no!”

(54)

“Hey, I

made it to

(55)
(56)
(57)

“Anyone out

there.”

(58)
(59)

“We’re suppose to be

on the same team

(60)

“Bats!”

(61)

“Ouch!”

“That left

more than

(62)

“Frogs legs!”

“I’m ending up

(63)

Maybe two of those 20,000 eggs in a good

(64)
(65)

1. Fossil Record

Changes in plants and

animals over millions of years.

By examining fossils,

scientists infer the structures of ancient organisms.

Fossils show that

(66)

2. Similarities in Embryonic Development

Comparative Embryology

similarities in organisms when we compare embryos. Embryos of different species are often similar even

(67)

3. Similarities in Body Structure

Comparative Anatomy

Homologous

Structures – similar structures that

related species have inherited from a

common ancestor

supported by fossil

(68)
(69)

5. Genetics

Shows how organisms have evolved and are related

on a genetic level

Scientists looks at genes in a DNA molecule.

(70)

The hypotheticus is a normal animal, it eats

leaves and tubers (roots).

(71)

The hypotheticus is a normal animal, it eats

leaves and tubers (roots). A male hypotheticus meets a female.

(72)

More babies are born than can possibly

survive.

(73)

Each Hypotheticus is slightly different than the

other.

(74)

Predators such the Fanged Tooth

Scienceteachericus kept populations of the Hypotheticus in check.

(75)

One of the offspring has more hair than most.

The hairy Hypotheticus.

(76)

One of the offspring has a slightly larger neck.

The long neck Hypotheticus.

(77)

Climate in hypotheticus land became

drastically dry for the next several years.

Many of the shrubs are eaten or start to die.

(78)

Natural Resources are limited for the normal

Hyptheticus.

(79)

The normal Hypotheticus can’t reach the

leaves, and there aren’t enough shrubs to

survive. Normal hypotheticus have a difficult time surviving. Tuber roots just below the

surface are eaten quickly.

(80)

Over thousands of years, the normal type

hypotheticus slowly have trouble surviving to reproduce.

(81)

The long necked Hypotheticus tend to survive

more often because they can reach leaves on trees.

(82)

With more long necked Hypotheticus

surviving, long necked Hypotheticus tend to mate with long necked Hypotheticus over millions of years.

(83)

Overtime, nature favors long necked

Hypotheticus, and gradually, those offspring with longer necks survive more often to

reproduce and their offspring have long necks.

(84)

Overtime, nature favors long necked

Hypotheticus, and gradually, those offspring with longer necks survive more often to

reproduce and their offspring have long necks.

(85)
(86)
(87)

1. Similarities in DNA (biochemistry)

Scientists infer that

species have inherited many of the same genes from a common ancestor.

Compare genes to see

how closely related certain organisms are

compare the

sequence of nitrogen bases.

compare the order of

(88)

2. Comparing Evidence

Evidence from DNA and

protein structure confirms most conclusions based on fossils, embryos, and body structure.

Branching Trees (phylogentic

(89)

Sometimes scientists change their hypothesis about species relationships.

Giant Pandas and Lesser Pandas (red pandas): Lesser pandas

(90)
(91)

How Do New Species Form

When a group of

individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve

different traits.

•Separated by river, volcano, mountain range

•Isolated on an island

•Geographic Isolation: separation of populations within a species that results in 2 distinct species.

(92)

The Fossils Record: How Do Fossils Form

Most fossils form when

organisms that die become buried in sediments.

Petrified fossil: remains that are

buried in sediment change into rock.

Molds: hollow space in

sediment in the shape of the an organism or part of an organism.

Cast: copy of the shape of the

organism that made the mold.

Preserved Remains: organisms

(93)

Determining a Fossil’s Age

Relative Dating

Used to determine

which fossil is older when rock layers have been preserved in

their original sequence.

Does not tell a fossil’s

(94)

Determining a Fossil’s Age

Radioactive Dating

Determines actual age of fossils.

(95)

What Do Fossils Reveal

Fossil Record: millions of

fossils that scientists have collected.

Extinct Organisms

Extinct: no members

of a species are still alive

Almost all of the

(96)

What Do Fossils Reveal

The Geologic Time ScaleFossil record provided

clues about how and when new groups of organisms evolved

Calendar of Earth’s history

is called the Geologic Time Scale

Precambrium: largest

span of geologic time

(97)

Unanswered Questions

Causes of Mass

extinctions?

When many types of

(98)

Unanswered Questions

There have been several

mass extinctions.

Dinosaurs went extinct 65

mya during the Cretaceous.

Major climate changes

may have cause the Cretaceous mass extinction.

Created by an

asteroid that hit Earth.

Dust clouds would

have blocked the

(99)

Rates of Evolution

Gradualism:

evolution occurs slowly but steadily

Punctuated

(100)
(101)

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