Secondary Education in Pakistan:
Secondary Education in Pakistan:
The Key Issues, Challenges and The Key Issues, Challenges and
Reform Framework Reform Framework
Tahseen Sayed, Lead Education Specialist, SASHD Tahseen Sayed, Lead Education Specialist, SASHD Regional Conference on Education, Training, and Regional Conference on Education, Training, and Knowledge Economy in South Asia
Knowledge Economy in South Asia New Delhi September 14
New Delhi September 14-15, 2006-15, 2006
Overview & Key Challenges in Overview & Key Challenges in Secondary Education in Pakistan Secondary Education in Pakistan
Access (enrollment, institutions) Access (enrollment, institutions)
Regional differences Regional differences
Financing (share of budget) Financing (share of budget)
Quality (content of curriculum, choice Quality (content of curriculum, choice of subjects, teachers, pass rates)
of subjects, teachers, pass rates)
Ongoing reforms and future reform Ongoing reforms and future reform areas
areas
Participation Rates by Levels of Education Participation Rates by Levels of Education
Net Enrollment Rates by Level
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pr imar y Middle Mat r ic ( High School)
Higher Secondar y
Degr ee Colleges Univer sit y
The bigger decline is between primary and middle, where The bigger decline is between primary and middle, where most enrollment is lost
most enrollment is lost
About 25% of enrolled primary school students enter About 25% of enrolled primary school students enter
middle schools, whereas about 40% of the middle schools middle schools, whereas about 40% of the middle schools
students enter high/higher secondary level students enter high/higher secondary level
*Source: PSLSM Survey 2004/05
*Source: PSLSM Survey 2004/05
The Urban
The Urban - - Rural Divide in Rural Divide in Participation Rates
Participation Rates
Net Enrollment Rates by Level
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Primary Middle Matric (High School)
Urban Rural
Share of Institutions and Enrollments Share of Institutions and Enrollments
by Level (public and private) by Level (public and private)
*Source: MOE Data 2004/05
*Source: MOE Data 2004/05
Share of Institutions by Level
76%
15%
8% 1%
Primary Middle Secondary & High Colleges
Share of Enrollment by Level
74%
16%
7% 3%
Primary Middle Secondary & High Colleges
Gender gap highest at secondary level Gender gap highest at secondary level
*Source: MOE, 2004/05
*Source: MOE, 2004/05
Female Enrollment as % of Total Enrollment
43% 41% 40%
49%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Primary Middle Secondary &
High
Colleges
Share of Private Sector by Level Share of Private Sector by Level
Private Sector Enrollment as % of Total Enrollment by Level
36%
29%
25%
10%
Primary Middle Secondary & High Higher Secondary/colleges
Although the above is based on administrative data of 2004/05, sAlthough the above is based on administrative data of 2004/05, some ome emerging data shows that private sector accounts for about 34% o emerging data shows that private sector accounts for about 34% of f total enrolment at the primary to secondary level
total enrolment at the primary to secondary level
Gross Enrollment Rates across education Gross Enrollment Rates across education
levels
levels – – International Comparisons International Comparisons
Gross Enrollment Rate
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Bangladesh India Indonesia
Pakistan Thailand Turkey
Funding Issues Funding Issues
Distribution of education expenditure at levels of Distribution of education expenditure at levels of education is highly skewed
education is highly skewed
Percentage Distribution of Education Expenditures by Level 2004/05
42%
24%
12%
11% 2% 9%
Primary education Elementary & secondary education General university/college education Professional/technical universities Teacher and vocational training Other educational institutions
