IT AND COMMUNICATION

IT AND COMMUNICATION

Wireless Communication

Communication systems that are not connected by wires of any kind.

Types of wireless Communication

• Infrared

• Bluetooth

• Near Field Communication (NFC)

• WiFi

• LiFi

Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric field comes in contact with the magnetic field.

• It can also be said that electromagnetic waves are the

composition of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

Wavelength and Frequency

• A wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave. This distance is given in meters (m) or fractions thereof.

• Frequency is the number of

waves that form in a given

length of time. It is usually

measured as the number of

wave cycles per second, or

hertz (Hz).

Radio Waves

• Radio waves are at the lowest range of the EM spectrum, with frequencies of up to about 30 billion hertz, or 30 gigahertz (GHz), and wavelengths greater than about 10 millimeters (0.4 inches).

• Radio is used primarily for communications including voice, data

and entertainment media.

Microwaves

• Microwaves fall in the range of the EM spectrum between radio and IR.

• They have frequencies from about 3 GHz up to about 30 trillion hertz, or 30 terahertz (THz), and wavelengths of about 10 mm to 100 micrometers (μm).

• Microwaves are used for high-bandwidth communications, radar

and as a heat source for microwave ovens and industrial

applications.

Infrared

• Infrared is in the range of the EM spectrum between microwaves and visible light.

• IR has frequencies from about 30 THz up to about 400 THz and wavelengths of about 100 μm to 740 nanometers (nm).

• IR light is invisible to human eyes, but we can feel it as heat if the

intensity is sufficient.

Visible Light

• Visible light is found in the middle of the EM spectrum, between IR and UV.

• It has frequencies of about 400 THz to 800 THz and wavelengths of about 740 nm to 380 nm.

• More generally, visible light is defined as the wavelengths that

are visible to most human eyes.

Ultraviolet

• Ultraviolet light is in the range of the EM spectrum between visible light and X-rays.

• It has frequencies of about 8 × 10 ¹⁴ to 3 × 10 ¹⁶ Hz and wavelengths of about 380 nm to about 10 nm.

• UV light is a component of sunlight; however, it is invisible to the human eye.

• It has numerous medical and industrial applications, but it can

damage living tissue.

Types of UV Rays

UVC

• UV-C includes wavelengths from 100 and 280 nanometers.

• UVC is the shortest wavelength of the three forms of UV. The shorter the wavelength, the more harmful the UV radiation.

• UVC is absorbed completely by the ozone layer.

• The people who need to be concerned about UVC radiation are those working with these man-made sources of UVC, like

welding torches, mercury lamp and germicidal UV lighting.

Types of UV Rays

UVB

• UV-B wavelengths fall in between at 280 and 315 nanometers.

• UVB is the second shortest wavelength.

• Causes sunburn.

• It's mostly absorbed by the ozone layer but still gets through (about 5% gets through overall).

• It harms the top layer of your skin in even 15 minutes of sun exposure.

• UVB rays age skin over time.

Types of UV Rays

UVA

• UV-A encompasses wavelengths between 315 and 400 nanometers.

• UVA is the longest wavelength, penetrating the deepest and causing the vast majority (upwards of 95%) of UV radiation getting through earth's atmosphere.

• This is the form of radiation that causes skin aging, like spots and wrinkles, because it does reach so deeply into skin layers.

• UVA rays can tan skin and do appear to be linked to cancer. UVA rays

penetrate glass and clouds, causing harm even on overcast days.

X-rays

• X-rays are roughly classified into two types: soft X-rays and hard X-rays.

• Soft X-rays comprise the range of the EM spectrum between UV and gamma rays. Soft X-rays have frequencies of about 3×10 ¹⁶ to about 10 ¹⁸ Hz and wavelengths of about 10 nm to 100 pm.

• Hard X-rays occupy the same region of the EM spectrum as gamma rays. The only difference between them is their source:

X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons, while gamma

rays are produced by atomic nuclei.

Gamma-rays

• Gamma-rays are in the range of the spectrum above soft X-rays.

Gamma-rays have frequencies greater than about 10 ¹⁸ Hz and wavelengths of less than 100 pm.

• Gamma radiation causes damage to living tissue, which makes it useful for killing cancer cells when applied in carefully measured doses to small regions.

• Uncontrolled exposure is extremely dangerous to humans.

Wireless

Communication

Infrared

• Short range communication

• Requires line of sight

• Cannot penetrate walls

• Designed to support only two-way

connections on a temporary basis

Wireless Communication

Bluetooth

• Short Range Communication

• Devices connected in a Bluetooth network communicate with each other using ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves.

• Operates on Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping

• Operational frequency – 2.4 GHz

• Introduced initially to replace cables

• Range less than 10 m

Wireless Communication

Near Field Communication (NFC)

• Contact-less communication technology based on a radio frequency (RF) field using a base frequency of 13.56 MHz.

• Peer-to-peer communication

• Operating frequency- 13.56 MHz

• NFC devices must be near each other

• Range less than 10 cm

• NFC devices can act both as a reader and

as a tag

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

• Digital data encoded in RFID tags or smart labels are captured by a reader via radio waves.

• Uses Automatic Identification and Data Capture technology

• Hundreds of tags can be read in seconds

• No line of sight required

• There are two types i) Active type

ii) Passive type

• Range upto 100 m

• One way communication only

WiFi

• Wi-Fi stands for “wireless fidelity”

• Operating frequency -2.4GHz or 5.2GHZ bands

• Security protocols used- WEP,WPA,WPA2

• Range- 150 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors for 2.4 GHz

• Types of WiFi technology:

• Wi-Fi-802.11a

• Wi-Fi-802.11b

• Wi-Fi-802.11g

• Wi-Fi-802.11n

LiFi

• LiFi stands for “Life Fidility”

• Transmits data via light

• Almost 100 times faster than WiFi

• Speeds of up to 224 gigabits per second.

• Li-Fi runs on light waves-380 nm to 780 nm wavelength

• Li-Fi signals cannot pass through walls

• More secured compared to WiFi.

Evolution of Mobile Networks

1G

• 1

Generation Mobile Network

• Introduced in 1980s;Speed- 2.4 Kbps to 14.4 kbps;Supports Voice only

2G

• 2

Generation Mobile Network

• Introduced in 1990s;Speed-14.4 Kbps to 50 Kbps;Supports Voice and Data

3G

• 3

Generation Mobile Network

• Introduced in 2001;Speed- 3.1 Mbps;Supports Voice and data

4G

• 4

Generation Mobile Network

• Introduced in 2009;Speed- 100 Mbps;Supports Voice and data

5G

• 5

Generation Mobile Network

• Introduced in 2019;Speed- 10 Gbps;Supports Voice and data

5G Technology

• Wireless communication technology using radio waves or radio frequency (RF) energy to transmit and receive data.

• 5G technologies will enter services gradually, beginning now and advance to a full range of services by 2024.

• It is estimated that 5G will have space for more than 7 trillion devices.

• It would offer faster speed, greater coverage, less latency and high scalability

• In India 5G connections is estimated to reach 88 million by 2025.

Advantages of 5G

• Faster Data Speed- Upto 10Gbps

• Ultra low latency- about 1 millisecond

• Connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT)

• Efficient Tele-education

• Agriculture- Precision farming, Smart irrigation techniques

• Manufacturing- Automation, better safety in dangerous areas

• Efficient Tele Medicine facilities

• Smart cities and traffic management

• Increasing GDP, digitization of economy

Disadvantages of 5G

• High Investment cost required

• Expensive spectrum

• Issue of compatibility of old devices

• Security and privacy issues

• Lack of uniform Regulatory Policy

• High battery drain of equipments using 5G

• Lack of Fiber Optics connectivity- limited coverage

Internet of Things

In 1999, Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things”

 It is the interlinking of a bunch of digital devices , appliances , vehicles and almost all possible gadgets under the sun , connected and exchanging information with each other to make our lives easier.

It allows People to connect with machines and communicate with

each other

Internet of Things Application

Internet of Things In India

• The Government of India has also decided to embrace the technology in a big way.

• It has decided to set up an IoT industry worth $15 billion.

• It has also planned to allocate a grant of Rs 18 crore over a period of five years in the initial stage to promote research and development in this area.

• Monetary help to the IoT based small and micro enterprises of up to

Rs 6 lakhs per enterprise per year.

Internet of Things In India

• IoT as a new subject in the curriculum of B.Tech, M.Tech and PhD courses along with other short-term certifications.

• The Government envisages to use Internet of Things (IoT) as part of the Digital India Mission.

• The National Digital Communications Policy was launched to develop and apply IoT, 5G technology, machine to machine (M2M)

communication, etc.

• IoT-based airport at Sikkim was recently innaugrated by the Prime

Minister in 2018.

Internet of Things Limitations

• Initial set up cost could be high.

• Internet connectivity and security issues.

• Loss of Jobs

• Concerns of Digital surveillance

• Reliability of sensors is also important

• High power consumption can lead to frequent battery drain

• Lack of international standardization- Compatibility issues.

• Lack of skilled resource to maintain and run such systems

Blockchain Technology

• A decentralized, distributed ledger that records the provenance of a digital asset.

• Also known as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

• The ownership rights are recorded in cryptographically stored and linked blocks which contain records of ownership of assets among the participants that can remain anonymous.

• The blockchain technology generally has key characteristics of

decentralization, persistency, anonymity and auditability

Blockchain Technology

Advantages

 Distributed

Stability

Trustless system

 Decentralized

Transparent

 Blockchain are time stamped.

Blockchain Technology

Disadvantages-

Extremely volatile

Transaction cost

Use excessive energy

 Complexity

Storage

Cryptocurrency

• It is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.

• Many crypto currencies are decentralized systems based on block chain technology, a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.

• The first block chain-based crypto currency was Bitcoin, which still remains the most popular and most valuable.

• Other cryptocurriency are- Petro (by government of venezuela),

Ripple, Litecoin, Ethereum etc.

Cryptocurrency

Advantages

Easy to Use.

Decentralization.

Low Operation Cost.

 Unlimited Transactions.

Fast Transactions.

Anonymity.

 Highly Secured.

Cryptocurrency

Disadvantages

Lack of Knowledge.

Strong Volatility.

Not Accepted Widely.

 Storing of Cryptocurrencies.

Not Able to Reverse the Payment.

Can be used in illegal activities

India and Cryptocurrency

• In 2013, RBI cautioned users about risks of virtual currency

• Again in 2017, RBI cautioned users about risks of virtual currency.

• In April 2017,Inter Disciplinary Committee set up by Ministry of Finance

• In December 2017,Ministry of Finance compares Crypto currencies to ponzi schemes.

• In February 2018,Finance minister says Cryptocurrencies are not legal tender.

• In April 2018,RBI circular prohibits dealing in virtual currencies

• On 4

March,2020, Supreme Court allows cryptocurrency trading.

• The Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021.

Supercomputers

• A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers.

• Employed in specialised application which require large amount of mathematical calculations

• CDC 6600 released in 1964 is generally considered as the worlds first supercomputer

• Supercomputers have speeds in PetaFLOPS (Floating point operations per second)

• Fugaku supercomputer is the worlds fastest supercomputer with a measured

power efficiency of 442.010 PFlops/watt

Supercomputers and India

• Indian Super computing programme started in 1987.

• PARAM 8000, first supercomputer of India, was built by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC).

• CDAC is the premier R&D organization of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) for carrying out R&D in IT, Electronics and associated areas.

• Param Siddhi Pratyush and Mihir are the fastest supercomputer in

India with a maximum speed of 6.8 PetaFlops .

Super Computers and India

National Super Computing Mission Objective:

• To make India one of the world leaders in Supercomputing and to enhance India’s capability in solving grand problems of national and global relevance

• To empower our scientists and researchers with state-of-the-art supercomputing facilities and enable them to carry out cutting-edge research in their respective domains

• To minimize redundancies and duplication of efforts, and optimize investments in supercomputing

• To attain global competitiveness and ensure self-reliance in the strategic

area of supercomputing technology

Supercomputers

Applications

• Predicting climate change

• Studying space and universe

• New material engineering

• Pharmaceutical researches

• Data Mining

• Seismic Analysis

• Atomic Energy Simulations

• Disaster Simulations and Management

Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing services - from applications to storage and processing power - typically over the internet.

• Rather than owning their own computing infrastructure or data centers, companies can rent access to anything from applications to storage from a cloud service provider.

• Benefits

 Cost

 Performance

 Better security

 Speed

 Productivity

 Reliability

Cloud Computing

Types of clouds

Public cloud

Private cloud

 Hybrid cloud

Examples of cloud network

Google drive

 Apple iCloud

Microsoft one drive

Dropbox

 Meghraj

QAUNTUM COMPUTING

• Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations.

• The basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit.

• Underlying Principle – Superposition and Entanglement

• Present quantum computers are highly sensitive: heat,

electromagnetic fields and collisions with air molecules can

cause a qubit to lose its quantum properties. This process is

known as quantum decoherence.

QAUNTUM COMPUTING

• Quantum computers need to protect qubits from external interference, either by physically isolating them, keeping them cool or zapping them with carefully controlled pulses of energy.

• Additional qubits are needed to correct for errors that creep into

the system.

Applications of Quantum Computers

• Cybersecurity

• Drug Development

• Financial Modeling

• Better Batteries

• Traffic Optimization

• Weather Forecasting and Climate Change

• Artificial Intelligence

• Solar Capture

• Electronic Materials Discovery