Original Research Article
12
Floristic Inventory and distribution of invasive alien aquatic plants
3
in Kinshasa (Pool Malebo, Kinkole, Kingabwa and the N’sele, FUNA
4
and Lukaya rivers)
5 6 7 Abstract 8 9
To make the botanical inventory of invasive alien plants and their distribution in the Kinshasa
10
hydrographic network, to evaluate their impacts in the environment, to know their socio-economic
11
importance and to propose sustainable and effective management measures. Surveys on the use of
12
aquatic exotic invasive plants have been conducted among rural populations in Kinshasa. The
13
identification of the plants was performed by our team in collaboration with the herbarium of the
14
University of Kinshasa to be identified by comparison through the INERA services competition, . The
15
physical and physicochemical parameters of water were measured between 8:00 and 11:00 am. The
16
measurements were carried out with the appropriate electronic probe for each parameter. For each
17
parameter, the comparison between the sites was carried out using the ANOVA test, using the
18
XLSTAT 2013 software, and the graphics were obtained using the Origin Lab version 6.1 software.
19
Nineteen alien species were identified and four proved to be the most invasive: Eichhornia crassipes,
20
Echinochloa pyramidalis, Ludwigia peploides, Pistia stratiotes. Three species are multi-purpose, the 21
observation of hydrological parameters has shown that there are no significant differences for the
22
temperature in the different sites, for the PH the analysis indicates that the sites are differentiated in a
23
highly significant way, . the The analysis does not indicate a significant difference between the sites for
24
turbidity, as for the conductivity, indicates that the sites differ in a very highly significant way. The floral 25
inventory of exotic aquatic plants reveals nineteen species and four of which are invasive in the 26
environment, the socio-economic importance of the species are established around two categories of 27
use: livestock feed, green manure, these species pose a serious threat in the erosion of aquatic 28
biodiversity in the removal of native or local species in the formation of floating monospecific dense 29
mats. 30
the floral inventory of exotic aquatic plants reveals nineteen species and four of which are invasive in 31
the environment, the socio-economic importance of the species are established around two categories 32
of use: livestock feed, green manure, these species pose a serious threat in the erosion of aquatic 33
biodiversity in the removal of native or local species in the formation of floating monospecific dense 34
mats. 35 36
Keywords: Exotic plants, invasive, uses, importance, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo 37 38 39 1. INTRODUCTION 40 41
Species and ecosystems constitute the earth's biological diversity, and are so important that their loss
42
and degradation are disabling the nature. Species other than the human species have a right to
43
existence and a place in the world. We are unable to determine which species are essential or
44
redundant to the functioning of a given ecosystem and which ones will flourish in a changing world
45
(Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004). When a new species is being placed in an ecosystem,
46
often the impact is not immediately apparent, . it It will take a long enough period of time between 5
47
and 10 years in order to realize its environmental impacts (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004).
48
An exotic species is a plant, an animal, a fish or a micro-organism that has been introduced as a result
49
of human activity, outside of its natural range. They are sometimes called alien species or non-native
50
species (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004). An invasive alien species is an allochthonous
51
species of which the introduction or spread threatens the environment, the economy or the society,
52
including human health. It generally comes from another continent or region.
53 54
Comment [J1]: Text without meaning,
problematizes and does not close in a focus
Comment [J2]: pH !
Comment [J3]: Repeat information
Comment [J4]: Replace keywords that are
already in the title
The different pathways through which invasive alien species can be introduced or spread are
55
intentional (deliberate), unintentional (accidental) introductions, and authorized or unauthorized
56
introductions. Among the different pathways are rivers, navigation, aquarium, pet trade, horticultural
57
seed trade, illegal entry of species with goods and by various modes of transport (Convention on
58
Biological Diversity, 2007). The history is rich in information and examples of disasters caused by
59
intentional introductions, such as the Nile perch, which resulted in the extinction of more than two
60
hundred fish species. Lessons from the past can help us avoid repeating such mistakes.
61
Unfortunately, these harmful practices continue such as the continuous implantation of the gambusie,
62
the international trade of the seeds of ornamental plants and pets (Convention on Biological Diversity,
63
2007).
64 65
In this work, the main focus was on the identification and behavior of invasive alien aquatic plants.
66
This study is a contribution to the 10-year Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 to the Aichi
67
Targets (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010). This prompted us to study invasive alien aquatic
68
plants in the Pool Malebo system, which includes exotic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia
69
crassipes Mart, Solms). Originally from South America, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart. Solms), a 70
pantropical hydrophyte belonging to the Pontederiaceae family, is one of the world's weeds. The
71
beautiful purple and purple flowers make it an ornamental plant very popular for ponds. Today, it is
72
present in more than 50 countries on the five continents. The water hyacinth grows very quickly, with
73
populations known to have doubled in less than 12 days (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010).
74
Infestations of watercourses by this weed block access routes and navigation of water thus limiting the
75
maritime traffic, swimming and fishing. Water hyacinth also prevents light and oxygen from entering
76
the water and reaching submerged plants. Its shade encumbers native aquatic plants and severely
77
reduces the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems. Currently it is ranked among the 100 most
78
invasive alien species in the world.
79 80
Its accidental invasion in the reaches of the Congo River dates back to the years 1954 and led the
81
Belgian colonial administration to promulgate on May 4, 1955 an order prohibiting the possession,
82
cultivation, multiplication, sale and transport of this plant considered, since, as invasive (Kikufi, 2006).
83
Sixty years later, in this current study, we are interested in the botanical inventory and distribution of
84
invasive aquatic exotic plants and others in the Malebo Pool and some rivers in the city of Kinshasa,
85
as well as their spread and distribution and their behavior and socio-economic roles. So, the choice
86
was made on the Malebo Pool system (Kinkole, Kingabwa), and the following rivers namely N'sele,
87
Funa and Lukaya.
88 89
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
90
2.1 Study area
91
The study was conducted in the city of Kinshasa. We investigated on the floristic inventory and the
92
distribution of invasive alien aquatic plants in the Malebo pool system namely Kinkole, Kingabwa, and
93
to N'sele, Funa and Lukaya rivers (Figure 1). Data from this study were collected during the period
94
from March to October 2013.
95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 Rep. du Co ngo N'd jili Bum bu Yolo Funa Binza L uk u ng a Tsh angu Tshe nke M anga Mat ete Lubu di Ba soko Mak ele N E W S Fleuve Congo
Marais et zones inondables Plaine
Limite du Pays Cours d'eau
Carte 2 : Relief et Hydrographie de Kinshasa
Echelle : 1/ 100.000
Sourc e : Laboratoire de SIG / S ciences de la Terre (2007)
Comment [J6]: Same last comment
Comment [J7]: What was the purpose of the
study? not clear in the introduction
Comment [J8]: The internal map title
115 116 117 118 119 120 121
Figure 1. Hydrography of Kinshasa city 122
2.2 Physical characteristics
123
Kinshasa City is located on the left bank of the Congo River where the watercourse draws a wide
124
crescent-circular pool: the Malebo Pool. The city lies between 4°17′30′′ and 4°30′00′′ latitude southand
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15°12′ and 15°30′ longitude east. It is bound north and west by the Congo River, which is also the
126
border with the Popular Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), east and northeast by the Bandundu
127
Province, and south by the Bas Congo Province (Lateef et al. 2010).The city of Kinshasa in a
low-128
altitude climate is characterized by a hot and humid tropical climate of AW4 type according to Köppen's 129
classification (Lateef et al. 2010). There is an alternation of two seasons: a dry season from June to
130
September and a rainy season from September to the end of May.
131 132
2.3 Methods used
133
The identification of the plants in the field was performed by our own team of botanists, those species
134
of which the identification was hardly possible on the field because the samples were either botanically
135
sterile (lack of flower and fruit) or absent from identification keys in our possession- were brought back
136
to the herbarium of INERA of Department of Biology, University of Kinshasa.
137 138
2.4 Chorological study
139
The study of phytogeographic distribution is inspired by the chorological divisions recognized for
140
tropical Africa by the following authors: Lebrun, (1947, 1960 and 1966), Mullenders, (1954); Evrard,
141
(1968); Aubreville, (1962); Whyte, (1979) and Denys, (1980).
142 143
2.5 Hydrological parameters
144
They constitute elements of which manifestation conditions and influences, to varying degrees the
145
wetland macrophytes. From an ecological point of view, the analyzed parameters were the
146
temperature (°C), the pH, the turbidity or TDS, and the electrical conductivity which has been
147
measured (at 25 ° C) in micro-Siemens by cm (μS / cm). These physico-chemical parameters were
148
measured between 8 am and 11 am using HANNA HI98130 electronic probe brand The turbidity or
149
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) was measured in ppm using a multi-parameter probe coupled to the
150
HANNA HI 98130 turbidimeter. It reflects the quantity of dissolved solids in the water and evolves in
151
the same way meaning that the electrical conductivity of the water.
152 153
2.6 Data analysis
154
For each parameter, the comparison between the sites was performed using the ANOVA test. The
155
threshold of significance chosen was 0.05. With each significant difference, the variance analysis is
156
accompanied by a multiple pairwise comparison (LSD test = Least Significant Difference or Smallest
157
Significant Difference). The data analysis was performed using the XLSTAT 2013 software, and the
158
graphics were obtained using the OriginLab version 6.1 software.
159 160
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
161
3.1 Floristic inventory of aquatic plants
162
Table 1 presents the general list of aquatic plants collected sampled in the various sites comprising 35
163
species divided into 15 families, 12 orders in two groups of clades including Pteridophytes and
164 Angiosperms. 165 166 167 168 169 170 171
Comment [J9]: For ethical reasons, cite the
source of the map. Was it made by the authors themselves or is it from a government agency?
Comment [J10]: This author is not a
climatologist. Refers to Köppen, so this must be cited.
Comment [J11]: What was the sample effort?
how many samples were obtained? how were the rivers sectioned to sample? were the samples obtained at the edges? in the center?
Comment [J12]: Why the hydrological
parameters were evaluated if the title only mentions only floristic inventory and distribution of invasive species? is not mentioned in the objectives ... in fact, the study has no objectives, which is serious.
Comment [J13]: How many sites were sampled
172 173 174 175 176 Table 1. 177 178 Classification of species TF TB TD DP Clade: Angiosperms Real Dicotyledonous Asteridae Campanulidées 1. Asterales 1. Asteraceae 1. Ageratum conyzoides L 2. Eclipta alba L
3. Struchiums paraganophora (L) .O.Ktze Clade: Rosidae
Malvidea 2. Myrtales 2. Onagraceae
4. Ludwigia abyssinica A.Rich 5. Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt) Hara
6. Ludwigiapeploides (Kunth) Raven 3. Melastomataceae 7. ThollonuDissotis (Cogn) 8. Dissotisrotundifolia (Sm) Triana Clade: Fabidae . Malpighiales 4. Euphorbiaceae
9. Alchornea cordifolia (Schum&Thonn)
Clade: Lamidae 4. Solanales 5. Convolvulaceae 10. Ipomoea aquaticaForsk Micro Nano Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Méso Méso Nano Macro Macro Micro Méso Micro Macro Thd Chpr Thp Chd Chd Hdfl Chd Chpr Msph Hdfl Chpr Hd Hd Chrp Hd Hdfl Gt Pogo Scleo Sclero Scléro Scléro Scléro Sarco Scléro Sarco Ptéro Scléro Pléo Pléo Scléro Scléro Pléo Sarco Pan Pan Aa Am Aa Pan At At At Pan Pan Pal At Pan Pan Comment [J14]: Title ?
Comment [J15]: All genres and species cited
should be written in italics according to the taxonomic rules
Comment [J16]: What means? must appear in
the caption
Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Formatted: Font: Italic, Portuguese (Brazil) Formatted: Portuguese (Brazil)
Clade: True dicotyledonous core 5. Caryophyllales 6. Amaranthaceae 11. Althernantheratenea L Clade: Angiosperms 6. Nymphaeale 7. Nymphaeaceae 12. Nymphaea lotus L 13. Nymphaea maculateSchum&Thonn Clade: Angiosperms Monocotyledones commelinids 7. Commelinales 8. Commelinaceae 14. Commelina diffusaBurm.F 9. Pontederiaceae
15. Eichhorneacrassipes (Mart) Solms 8. Alismatales 10. Araceae 16. Pistiastratiotes L 17. Colocasiaesculenta (L) Schott 9. Poales 11. Cyperaceae 18. Cyperus alternifolius L 19. Cyperus latifoliusPoir 20. Cyperus papyrus L 21. Rhynchosporacorymbosa (L) Butt 22. FuirenaumbellataRott b 12. Poaceae 23. Leersiahexandra (Sw) 24. Echinochloapyramidalis (Lam) 25. Echinochloastagnina (Retz) P.Beauv 26. Echinochloacolona (L) Link
27. Jardineacongoensis (Hack) Franch 28. Loudetiaphragmitoides C. Hubb 29. Vossiacuspidata B 30. OryzabarsthieA.Chev 31. Phragmites mauritianusKunth Phyllum: Pteridophyta Filicopsida 10. Blechnales 13. Thelypteridaceae
32. Cyclosurusgongylodes (Schkuhr) Link 11. Selaginellale 14. Selaginellaceae 33. SelaginellamyosorusL 12. Hydropteride 15. Salviniaceae 34. SalviniamolestaD.S.Mitchell 35. SalvinianymphellulaL Micro Méso Aph Micro Micro Micro Méso Micro Micro Méso Méso Méso Méso Méso Méso Micro Micro Nano Grh Grh Grh Grh Grh Grh Grh Grh Thc Hc Hces Grh Thd Hc Gr Grh Hd Hdfl Scléro Scléro Scléro Scléro Scléro Pléo Scléro Scléro Scléro Scléro Désmo Scléro Scléro Scléro Scléro Scléro Pléo Pléo Pan Pan Pan Pal C Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan At Am At Pan At Am Gc Gc Gc 179
The general floristic list of the different visited sites indicated the presence of 35 species including 4
180
Pteridophytes and 31 Angiosperms, distributed into 15 families, 12 orders. The list of species listed on
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the different sites, classified in clade, order and family according to the phylogenetic classification APG
182
III, and the Pteridophytes determined according to Cronquist (1968).
183 184
The floristic list of the exotic species found among these species, it is included in Table 2, which
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presents19 species also classified in alphabetical order.
186 187
Table 2. Statistics of large taxonomic units
189
Clade Families Orders Species
Angiosperms, Monocotyledones, Commelinids, 5 3 17 True Angiosperms, Dicotyledons, Asteridae, campanulidae 1 1 4 True Angiosperms, Real Dicotyledons, Rosids, Malvidea 2 1 5 Angiosperms, Real Dicotyledons, Fabidae, 1 1 1 Angiosperms, Real Dicotyledons, Real Dicotyledonous Nucleus 1 1 1 Angiosperms, 1 1 2 Angiosperms, Real Dicotyledones, Lamidae 1 1 1 Pteridophyta 3 3 4 Total 15 12 35 190
From the above tTable 2, it emerged that there was a predominance of the Angiosperm clade with
191
Commelidae with 17 species grouped into 5 families and 3 orders; followed by the Malvidae clade with
192
5 species in 2 families and 1 order and that of Campanulidae with 4 species grouped into 1 family and
193
1 order.
194 195
Table 3 gives the statistics of the large taxonomic units. 196
197
Table 3. Exotic aquatic plants found in the study areas
198 199
Exotic species PD
1.Ageratum conyzoïdes L Pan
2.Althernanthera tenea L Pan
3.Commelina diffusa Burm.F Pan
4.Colocasia esculenta(L) Schott Pan
5.Cyperus alternifolius L Pan
6.Cyperus latifolius Poir Pal
7.Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam) Hitch & Chase Pan
8.E. stagnina (Retz) P.Beauv Pan
9.E.colona (L) Link Pan
10.Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms Pan
11.Eclipta alba L Pan
12.FuirenaumbellataRott.b Pan
13.Leersia hexandra Sw Pan
14.Pistia stratiotes L Pan
15.Rhynchosporacorymbosa (L) Butt Pan
16.Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Pan
17.Oryza barsthie A.Chev Pan
18.Nymphaea lotus L Pal
19.Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven Pan
Legend: PD: Phytogeographic distribution
200 201
From the table Table 3, above it was given the list of exotic species which gives19 species. Four
202
exotic plants that are invasive in the environment have been identified.
203 204
Comment [J18]: Add percentage frequencies
Table 4 lists the four aquatic invaders found in the study area with invader behavior in the middle of
205
some corners of the study sites and of which the distribution is shown in Figure 2.
206 207
Table 4. List of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants
208 209
Invasive alien species
1. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms
2. Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam) Hitch & Clase 3. Pistia stratiotes L
4. Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven
210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of invasive alien plants in study areas.
246 247
Uses of aquatic invasive exotic species in Kinshasa 248
249
Table (5) gives information on the uses of aquatic invasive alien plants. 250 251 Table… 252 253 Species Uses
Eichhornia crassipes Pig food, green manure in market gardening.
Echinochloa pyramidalis Cowfood (forage)
Comment [J20]: It is not necessary, just list the
species in the text.
Comment [J21]: Where and When ?
Comment [J22]: Add a title with the
Ludwigia peploïdes Porkfeed (forage)
Pistia stratiotes No information
254
3.2 Hydrological parameter 255
256
The figures Figures 3 and 4 below show the means and standard deviations of various parameters
257
taken from the sites surveyed in the environment where the invasive alien species are found. The
258
means represented by the same letter do not differ significantly between them (critical F for ddl1 = 4
259
and ddl2 = 20 is 2,866). Figure 3 shows the pace of temperature in the different sites.
260 261
Funa Lukaya N'sele Kingambwa Kinkole 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 a a a a a T e m p é ra tu re ( °C) Sites 262
Figure 3: Water temperature
263
At the 5% probability level, the analysis of the variance did not reveal a significant difference between
264
the different sites (F = 1.162, p = 0.357).
265 266
Figure (4) shows the situation of pH in the different sites.
267 268
Funa Lukaya N'sele Kingambwa Kinkole 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c c bc ab a pH Sites 269 Figure 4: Variation of pH 270
With respect to pH, the analysis indicates that the sites are highly differentiated (F = 7.442, p = 0.001,
271
LSD = 0.58) .
272 273
Figure (5) gives the turbidity status (ppm).
274
Comment [J23]: ????? Add an informative
title !!
275 276
Funa Lukaya N'sele Kingambwa Kinkole 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 ab ab ab ab a T u rb id ité ( p p m ) Sites 277
Figure 5: Variation of Turbidity 278
The analysis does not indicate a significant difference between the sites in terms of turbidity (F =
279
2.560, p = 0.070).
280 281
Figure (6) shows the conductivity situation (μS / cm).
282 283
Funa Lukaya N'sele Kingambwa Kinkole 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 c b b a a C o n d u ct iv ité ( µS /cm ) Sites 284
Figure 6: Variation in conductivity 285
286
With respect to conductivity, the analysis indicates that the sites differentiate very highly (F = 17.785, p
287 <0.0001, LSD = 7.99). 288 289 DISCUSSION 290
The study on the identification of aquatic invasive exotic plants in the Kinshasa Province watershed, at
291
Pool Malebo, Kinkole and Kingabwa, as well as in the N'sele, Funa, and Lukaya rivers, lists 19
292
species. Exotic aquatic plants including four invasive species in the environment. According to
293
N'guessa Pedia, focal point of the Convention on Biological Diversity of Côte d'Ivoire reported that the
294
inventory of flora in Côte d'Ivoire gives 3853 plant species including 240 species (6.2%) introduced or
295
exotic and 20 species (8.3%) of invasive species. (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2013). For
296
invasive alien plant species, their works count 10 species in the Côte d'Ivoire network, including:
297
Comment [J25]: Add informatoion
Comment [J26]: Add information
Comment [J27]: The relationship between the
Eichhornia crassipes, Echinochloa Pyramidalis, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, Nelumbo nucifera, 298
Typha australis, Polygonum lanigenum varafricanum, Bacopa crenata, Hydrolea glabra, Paspalum 299
vaginatum (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2013). In DRC, studies on inventories of invasive flora 300
are poorly documented and fragmented. In this work, the focus was on the inventory and distribution of
301
aquatic invasive alien plants to contribute to the Aichi Targets of the Nagoya Protocol on the
302
Preservation of Biodiversity. The findings of this study showed that out of the 35 plant species
303
harvested in general, 19 species are exotic, only 4 of which exhibit invasive behavior. As in Côte
304
d'Ivoire, we also harvested Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Echinochloa pyramidalis.
305
However, the Ludwigia peploid species found in Kinshasa has not been reported in Côte d'Ivoire. In a
306
study on the vegetation of La Funa in Kinshasa, the Eichhornia crassipes and Ludwigia peploid
307
species were not harvested (Kikufi, 2000) i.e. these species were absent in the Funa basin.
308 309
In Benin, the water hyacinth was discovered in 1977 on the Sô river. Ten years later, she became the
310
worst aquatic plant. The population calls it "Togble" which means "the country is in ruins" .Two exotic
311
aquatic invasive plants have been reported in Benin, namely Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes
312
(CAB International, 2004). Actions are being taken to control the invasion of water hyacinth in Benin,
313
including biological control conducted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and
314
the Directorate of Fisheries from the release of biological agents: Neochetina Eichhorniae, Neochetina
315
bruchi, Niphograpta albiguttalis, Eccritotarsus catarinensis. 316
Among the socio-economic impacts of the water hyacinth in Benin, we can pinpoint: the construction
317
of water hyacinth parks for the release of biological agents, the death of the water hyacinth in Lake
318
Nokoné (plan in the dry season, the drop in yield in the fish-growing farms called "Acadja", the
319
blocking of fishing activities, as the use of fishing gear becomes difficult. In Burkina Faso, the analysis
320
of the water bodies sampled at the level of aquatic ecosystems made it possible to classify them in two
321
groups, from the point of view of their colonization by macro-phytocenosis: the plans for water free of
322
vegetation macrophytes or very weakly colonized by vegetation. These can be subdivided into three
323
subgroups: (i) Colonization by graminaceous species of forage, sedges, legumes and various 324
Nymphaeaceae; (ii) Colonization by prolific species, in particular Ceratophyllum and (iii) The 325
colonization by Eichhornia crassipes, Typha australis, Azolla africana, interests plans and 326
watercourses prospected (7%). 327
328
The study of the impacts of invasive or exotic invasive plants also refers to the concept of
329
"disturbance" classically defined as a change in the conditions of a population or a community,
330
generated by an external agent, often man. The authors clarify this definition by equating a
331
disturbance with a change in an environmental factor of a biological system that interferes with its
332
normal state (Van Andel and Van der Bergh, 1997).
333 334
CONCLUSION 335
The study on the floristic inventory and distribution of aquatic invasive alien plants in Kinshasa is part
336
of the work on wetland vegetation in general, and that of the city of Kinshasa in particular. The present
337
study is a research of interest to a territory of which vegetal cover is more and more affected by the
338
hydrological and anthropic parameters also by the introduction of exotic species. The inventory of the
339
flora surveyed reported the presence of 35 species, including 4 Pteridophyte and 31 Angiosperms,
340
divided into 15 families, 12 orders and 15 classes. The inventory of exotic plants reveals 19 species of
341
which 4 are invasive in environments: Eichhornia crassipes, Echinochloa pyramidalis, Ludwigia
342
peploid, Pistia stratiotes. 343
344
The ecological analysis revealed that this floret is predominantly dominated by geophytes (34.28%),
345
microphyll (48.57%), and a fairly high proportion of sclerocors (65.71%). The ecological examination of
346
the species recorded in Kinshasa shows the existence of a disturbed flora dominated by the very
347
broad distribution species (88,54%) which over time have supplanted those of the Guinean base
348
element (11.42%) of which the disappearance in the prospected perimeter explicitly dedicates the
349
anthropogenic regressive evolution.
350 351
Observation of the hydrological parameters showed that there are no significant differences for the
352
temperature in the different sites. For the pH, the analysis indicates that the sites are differentiated in a
353
highly significant way, the analysis does not indicate a significant difference between the sites for
354
turbidity, as for the conductivity, indicates that the sites differ in a very highly significant way. As can
355
Comment [J28]: Font ?
Comment [J29]: The conclusion should indicate
be seen, the present study has just shown that knowledge of ecological factors is essential for wetland
356
development, the fight against alien species that threaten native or local species, the consequences of
357
which are either the disappearance of native species, the modification of the environment, or by
358
various socio-economic impacts.
359 360 361 COMPETING INTERESTS 362 363
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
364 365 366
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Dutartre, A. (2001): Ludwigiasp. The jussies.In The biological invasions caused by exotic plants on
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Comment [J30]: This is all discussion.
Comment [J31]: All old references. No attentive
