The Ancient Indus Valley
New Perspectives
Understanding Ancient Civilizations Series
The Aztecs
Ancient Canaan and Israel The Ancient Greeks The Ancient Maya Ancient Mesopotamia The Incas
The Romans
The Ancient Indus Valley
New Perspectives
JANE R. McINTOSH
Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McIntosh, Jane.
The ancient Indus Valley : new perspectives / Jane McIntosh.
p. cm. —(Understanding ancient civilizations series) Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-57607-908-9 (ebook) 1. Indus civilization. I. Title.
DS425.M338 2008 934—dc22
2007025308
12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Contents
Series Editor’s Preface, ix Maps, xi
PART 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Introduction, 3
The Indus in Its Setting, 3 A Lost Civilization, 4
A Land of Unsolved Mysteries, 4
PART 2: INDUS CIVILIZATION
Chapter 2 Location of the Indus Civilization and Its Environmental Setting, 9
Location, 9
The Environmental Setting, 11 The Changing Landscape, 19 Environmental Degradation, 23
Chapter 3 Historical and Chronological Setting, 27 History of the Investigation of South Asia’s Past, 27 Studying the Indus Civilization, 41
Chapter 4 Origins, Growth, and Decline of the Indus Civilization, 53 Early South Asia (ca. 2 to 1 Million–7000 BCE), 53
Early Farmers in Northwest South Asia (7000–4300 BCE), 56 Later Settlements (4300–3200 BCE), 62
The Early Indus (Early Harappan) Period (3200–2600 BCE), 67 The Transition (2600 –2500/2450 BCE), 80
The Mature Indus Civilization (2600 –1900/1800 BCE), 83
The Posturban (Late Harappan) Period (1900/1800–1300 BCE), 91 Chapter 5 Economics, 109
Subsistence Patterns, 109 Arable Agriculture, 110 Animal Husbandry, 122
Aquatic Resources, 133 Wild Resources, 138
Chapter 6 Resources, Trade, and Communications, 147 Introduction, 147
Internal Trade and Communications, 148 South Asian Trade and Exchange, 159
Overland Trade across the Iranian Plateau, 165 Gulf Trade, 168
Later Developments in Local and International Trade, 191
Chapter 7 Settlements, 205
Settlements and Settlement Patterns, 205 Cities, Towns, and Villages, 209
The Features of Urban Centers, 223
Chapter 8 Social and Political Organization, 245 Introduction, 245
Clues to Social Organization, 245 Clues to Political Organization, 256
Chapter 9 Religion and Ideology, 275 Introduction, 275
Religious Structures, 275 Iconography, 279 Ritual Practices, 290
The Treatment of the Dead, 293
Reconstructing Harappan Religion, 296
Chapter 10 Material Culture, 301 Workshops and Factories, 301 Construction, 303
Artifacts, 306 Art, 335
Chapter 11 Intellectual Accomplishments, 345 Numbers, Time, and Space, 345
Languages, 348 The Indus Script, 356
PART 3: CURRENT ASSESSMENT Chapter 12 The Indus Civilization Today, 385
The Emergence of Harappan Civilization, 385
Theories on the Sociopolitical Organization of the Indus State, 391 Indus Collapse, 396
Glossary, 403 Chronology, 419
Resources for Further Study, 423 General, 423
History of Discovery, 423 Indus Antecedents, 424
The Indus Civilization in South Asian Culture, 424 Neighbors of the Indus Civilization, 424
The End of the Indus Civilization and the Post-Harappan Period, 425 Economy, Trade, and Foreign Relations, 425
Industry, Technology, and Science, 426 The Harappan People, 426
Social and Political Organization, 426 Settlement and Settlements, 426 Language, Writing, and Seals, 427 Useful Web Pages, 428
Journals and Occasional Publications, 428 Index, 429
About the Author, 441
Series Editor’s Preface
I
n recent years there has been a significant and steady increase of academic and popular interest in the study of past civilizations. This is due in part to the dramatic coverage, real or imagined, of the archaeological profession in popular film and television, as well as to extensive journalistic reporting of spectacular new finds from all parts of the world. Because archaeologists and other scholars, however, tend to approach their study of ancient peoples and civilizations exclusively from their own disciplinary perspectives and to pub- lish just for their professional colleagues, there has long been a lack of general factual and other research resources available for the nonspecialist. The Understanding Ancient Civilizations series is intended to fill that need.Volumes in the series are principally designed to introduce the general reader, student, and nonspecialist to the study of specific ancient civilizations.
Each volume is devoted to a particular archaeological culture (e.g., the ancient Maya of southern Mexico and adjacent Guatemala) or cultural region (e.g., Israel and Canaan), and each seeks to achieve, with careful selectivity and as- tute critical assessment of the literature, an expression of a particular civiliza- tion and an appreciation of its achievements.
The keynote of the Understanding Ancient Civilizations series is to provide, in a uniform format, an interpretation of each civilization that will express its cul- ture and place in the world, as well as the qualities and background that make it unique.
Series titles include volumes on the archaeology and prehistory of the an- cient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Mesopotamia, as well as the achievements of the Celts, Aztecs, and Inca, among others. Others are in the planning stage.
I was particularly fortunate in having Kevin Downing from ABC-CLIO con- tact me in search of an editor for a series about archaeology. It is a simple state- ment of the truth that there would be no series without him. I was also lucky to have Simon Mason, Kevin’s successor at ABC-CLIO, continuing to push the production of the series. Given the scale of the project and the schedule for production, he deserves more than a sincere thank you.
JOHN WEEKS
Balakot Balakot Nundara
Nundara
Balu Balu
Anjira Anjira
Ghazi Shah Ghazi Shah
Faiz Mohammad Faiz Mohammad Kili Ghul Mohammad
Kili Ghul Mohammad
Lewan Lewan
Sarai Khola Sarai Khola
Jalilpur Jalilpur
Harappa Harappa
Sothi Sothi SiswalSiswal Banawali Banawali
Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi
Nal Nal
Kot Diji Kot Diji
Nagwada Nagwada Dholavira
Dholavira Amri
Damb Buthi Amri Damb Buthi Kohtras Buthi Kohtras Buthi PhangPhang
Surkotada Surkotada Mundigak
Mundigak
Deh Morasi Deh Morasi Ghundai Ghundai
Tarakai Qila Tarakai Qila
Gumla Gumla Rehman Dheri Rehman Dheri
Mehrgarh Mehrgarh Damb Sadaat
Damb Sadaat Rana GhundaiRana Ghundai Moghul Ghundai Moghul Ghundai
Periano Ghundai Periano Ghundai
Kalako-deray Kalako-deray
Uchali Uchali
Bh Bhimbetka Leiah
Leiah
Padri Padri Somnath Somnath
Loteshwar Loteshwar Ahar Ahar
Bagor Bagor Burzahom
Burzahom GufkralGufkral
DAMB DAMB SADAAT SADAAT
AMRI-NAL AMRI-NAL
SOTHI-SISWAL SOTHI-SISWAL KOT DIJI
KOT DIJI CHOLISTAN
A R A B I A N S E A
Gulf of Khambat (Cambay)
Lake MancharLake MancharLake Manchar
Sonmiani Bay
Didwana Lake Sambhar Lake
Pushkar Lake
NORTHERN NORTHERN NEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
HELMAND HELMAND CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION
Eas terarna N
Jhelum Chenab
Indus – course Indus – course in 3rd millennium in 3rd millennium
Ravi
Saraswati
Saraswati – course in Saraswati – course in Early Harappan period Early Harappan period
Indus
Indus Dris
hadvati Gan
ges
Banas Arghandab
Helmand
Gomal
Narmada Raini Nullah
Raini Nullah
Por
ali Bolan Bolan
Wahinda Wahinda
Berach H
IM AL
AY AS
THAR DESERT THAR DESERT
Thal Thal Desert Desert
THAR PARKAR THAR PARKAR BALUCHISTAN
BALUCHISTAN
MAKRAN MAKRAN
S W A T S W A T
SEISTAN SEISTAN IRANIAN IRANIAN PLATEAU PLATEAU
SAURASHTRA SAURASHTRA (KATHIAWAR) (KATHIAWAR) KUTCH
KUTCH
GANGES
-YAM UN
A DO AB POTWAR
POTWAR PLATEAU
PLATEAU KASHMIRKASHMIR
PUNJAB PUNJAB
R A J A S T H A N R A J A S T H A N
G U J A R AT G U J A R AT SULEIMAN
S I N D H S I N D H SARAWAN
SARAWAN
WAZIRISTAN WAZIRISTAN
Panch Mahal Panch Mahal
Hills Hills
HARYANA HARYANA
N
0
0 100 200 300 km
100 200 mi
Gilund Gilund Balakot
Nundara
Balu
Anjira
Ghazi Shah
Faiz Mohammad Kili Ghul Mohammad
Lewan Sarai Khola
Jalilpur Harappa
Kalibangan
Sothi Siswal Banawali
Rakhigarhi
Nal
Kot Diji
Nagwada Dholavira Damb Buthi Amri
Kohtras Buthi Phang
Surkotada Mundigak
Deh Morasi Ghundai
Tarakai Qila
Gumla Rehman Dheri
Nausharo Mehrgarh
Damb Sadaat Rana Ghundai
Moghul Ghundai
Periano Ghundai Kalako-deray
Uchali
Bh Leiah
Padri Somnath
Loteshwar Ahar
Bagor
Burzahom Gufkral
DAMB SADAAT
AMRI-NAL
SOTHI-SISWAL KOT DIJI
CHOLISTAN
NORTHERN NEOLITHIC
HELMAND CULTURE
AHAR-BANAS Eas terarna N
Jhelum Chenab
Indus – course in 3rd millennium
Saraswati
Saraswati – course in Early Harappan period
Indus
Indus Dris
hadvati Gan
ges
Banas Arghandab
Helmand
Gomal
Narmada Raini Nullah
Por
ali Bolan
Wahinda
Berach H
IM AL
AY AS
THAR DESERT Thal Desert
THARPARKAR BALUCHISTAN
MAKRAN
S W A T
SEISTAN IRANIAN PLATEAU
SAURASHTRA (KATHIAWAR) KUTCH
GANGES
-YAM UN
A DO AB POTWAR
PLATEAU
KASHMIR
PUNJAB
R A J A S T H A N
G U J A R AT SULEIMAN
S I N D H SARAWAN
WAZIRISTAN
Panch Mahal Hills
HARYANA Shahr-i
Sokhta
Early Harappan regional cultures Early Harappan settlements Contemporary cultures Contemporary settlements KOT DIJI
AHAR
Yam una Ravi
Kech
Gulf of Kutch Present-day shoreline
LITTLE RANN GREAT RANN
CULTURE Gilund
Bhimbetka JODHPURA- JODHPURA- GANESHWAR GANESHWAR CULTURE CULTURE JODHPURA- GANESHWAR
CULTURE
KACHI PLAIN Kunal
Beas
Map 1. The Indus region in the Early Harappan period. This map shows the regional cultures of the Early Harappan period and contemporary cultures of the region.
H IM
A L AY
AS
THAR PARKAR THAR PARKAR BALUCHISTAN
BALUCHISTAN
MAKRAN MAKRAN
S W A T S W A T
SEISTAN SEISTAN IRANIAN IRANIAN PLATEAU PLATEAU
SAURASHTRA SAURASHTRA KUTCH
KUTCH
GANGES-YAM
UN A D
OAB KASHMIR
KASHMIR
PUNJAB PUNJAB
R A J A S T H A N R A J A S T H A N
G U J A R AT G U J A R AT S I N D H
S I N D H
LITTLE LITTLE RANN RANN GREAT RANN GREAT RANN
N
0
0 100 200 300 km
100 200 mi
MADHYA PRADESH MADHYA PRADESH Fort Derawar
Fort Derawar
JODHPURA- JODHPURA- GANESHWAR GANESHWAR CULTURE CULTURE
AHAR-BANAS AHAR-BANAS CULTURE CULTURE
KAYATHA KAYATHA CULTURE CULTURE NORTHERN NORTHERN NEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC CULTURE CULTURE
HELMAND HELMAND CULTURE CULTURE
KULLI CULTURE KULLI CULTURE
L A
T E
K O
T D I J I
SOUTH SOUTH (GUJARAT) (GUJARAT) NORTH
NORTH (PUNJAB) (PUNJAB)
EAST EAST
Mehi Mehi
Bhimbetka Bhimbetka Ahar
Ahar Bagor Bagor Burzahom
Burzahom GufkralGufkral
Pathani Damb Pathani Damb
Kot Diji Kot Diji Nausharo Nausharo
Sotka Koh Sotka Koh
Lothal Lothal Kuntasi Kuntasi Balakot
Balakot
Chanhu-daro Chanhu-daro
Pabumath
Pabumath SurkotadaSurkotada Allahdino
Allahdino Sutkagen-dor
Sutkagen-dor
Lakhueenjo-daro Lakhueenjo-daro Lal Shah
Lal Shah
Manda Manda
Kotada Kotada
Gola Dhoro Gola Dhoro
Nagwada Nagwada
Padri Padri
Harappa Harappa
Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro
Dholavira Dholavira
Rehman Dheri Rehman Dheri Gumla Gumla Shahr-i Sokhta
Shahr-i Sokhta
Mundigak Mundigak
Sarai Khola Sarai Khola
Kulli Kulli
Balathal Balathal
Gilund Gilund
Kayatha Kayatha Jodhpura Jodhpura Ganeshwar Ganeshwar
Langnaj Langnaj Edith Shahr
Edith Shahr
Taraqai Qila Taraqai Qila
Rajpipla Rajpipla Rohri Hills
Rohri Hills
Mianwali Mianwali
Gurnikalan I Gurnikalan I Hasanpur II Hasanpur II Lakhmirwala
Lakhmirwala
Mitathal Mitathal Kalibangan
Kalibangan Banawali Banawali
Ropar Ropar
Miri Qalat Miri Qalat
Nal Nal Anjira Anjira
Lewan Lewan
Hisham Dheri Hisham Dheri
Tarkhanawala Der Tarkhanawala Der
Amri Amri
Kunal Kunal
Zekda Zekda
Rojdi Rojdi
Vagad
Vagad KanewalKanewal
Oriyo Oriyo Timbo Timbo
ARAVALLI ARAVALLI HILLS HILLS
Eastern Nara
Jhelum Chenab
Indus – course Indus – course in 3rd millennium in 3rd millennium
Ravi
Saraswati – course in Saraswati – course in Early Harappan period Early Harappan period Indus
Ins du
Indus
Drishadvati Gan
ges
Narmada Bolan
Bolan
Luni
KULLI
Suggested Harappan domains Cities
Unexcavated “super-sites” (greater than 40 hectares in apparent extent) Towns
Industrial villages and extraction sites Rural settlements
Contemporary cultures Contemporary settlements
H IM
A L AY
AS
THARPARKAR BALUCHISTAN
MAKRAN
S W A T
SEISTAN IRANIAN PLATEAU
SAURASHTRA KUTCH
GANGES-YAM
UN A DO
AB KASHMIR
PUNJAB
R A J A S T H A N
G U J A R AT S I N D H
LITTLE RANN GREAT RANN
MADHYA PRADESH Fort Derawar
JODHPURA- GANESHWAR
CULTURE
AHAR-BANAS CULTURE
KAYATHA CULTURE NORTHERN NEOLITHIC CULTURE
HELMAND CULTURE
KULLI CULTURE
L A
T E
K O
T D I J I
SOUTH (GUJARAT) NORTH
(PUNJAB)
EAST
SINDH Mehi
Bhimbetka Ahar
Bagor
Burzahom Gufkral
Pathani Damb
Kot Diji Nausharo
Sotka Koh
Lothal Kuntasi Balakot
Chanhu-daro
Pabumath Surkotada Allahdino
Sutkagen-dor
Lakhueenjo-daro Lal Shah
Manda
Kotada Gola Dhoro
Nagwada
Padri
Harappa
Mohenjo-daro
Dholavira Rehman Dheri Gumla Shahr-i Sokhta
Mundigak
Sarai Khola
Kulli
Balathal Gilund
Kayatha Jodhpura Ganeshwar
Langnaj Edith Shahr
Tarakai Qila
Rajpipla Rohri Hills
Mianwali
Gurnikalan I Hasanpur II Lakhmirwala
Ganweriwala Chapuwala
Mitathal Kalibangan
Banawali
Ropar
Miri Qalat
Nal Anjira
Lewan
Hisham Dheri
Nindowari NindowariNindowari
Tarkhanawala Der
Amri
Kunal
Zekda
Rojdi
Vagad Kanewal
Oriyo Timbo
ARAVALLI HILLS
Eastern Nara
Jhelum Chenab
Indus – course in 3rd millennium
Ravi
Saraswati – course in Mature Harappan period
Indus
Ins du
Indus
Drishadvati Gan
ges
Gomal
Narmada Bolan
Luni
CHOLISTAN CHOLISTAN
Lake MancharLake Manchar Lake Manchar
Gulf of Kutch A R A B I A N S E A
Gulf of Khambat (Cambay) Sonmiani Bay
Somnath Desalpur
Nageshwar Prahag
Babar Kot Nesadi (Valabhi)
Yam una
Banas
Present-day shoreline
SIWALIK HILLS Beas
Rakhigarhi
Ghazi Shah Ghazi ShahGhazi Shah
EAST
CHOLISTAN CHOLISTAN CHOLISTAN
Map 2. The Indus civilization. This map shows the Indus region during the Mature Harappan period, including the the domains of the Indus civilization, the best known settlements, and contemporary cultures.
Bet-Dwarka Prabhas Patan (Somnath) Mehgam
Maysar
Tell AbraqShimal Ra’s al-Junayz ARABIAN SEA
Failaka Gulf of Oman
THE GULF
Karun Ra’s Ghanada Umm-an-Nar
Hili
ylon Ra’s al-Hadd
Amu Darya
0 0200300 km100
100200 mi
ory er/lead , carnelian, other gemstones pis lazuli Harappan trading partners Harappan and Kulli settlements Sites of trading partners Other contemporary sites Other contemporary cultures Finds of Harappan seals, seal impressions or weights ces and traded materials
C C C
C
C CC
C CCC
C C
C
C
C C
C C
C C C
C C
C C
C
C C C C
C
C C C
C
G G G
G
G G
G D
P P P P P P
P P PP P PP PPP
PP P PP
P
F A A
A A
A
A
A
A
A A
A A S
S/L
S/L
S/L S/L S/L S/L
S/LS/L
S/L
S/L
S/L S/L
S/L
S/L
S/L S/L
S/L S/L
S/LS/L SS
S S S
S S S S
S S S
S S
L B B
B B
B B
T
T T T
T
T T
T BagorBagor
GumlaGumla
MandaManda MianwaliMianwali Kotla Nihang KhanKotla Nihang Khan RakhigarhiRakhigarhi BanawaliBanawali NausharoNausharo Pathani DambPathani DambJudeirjo-daroJudeirjo-daro Chanhu-daroChanhu-daro
NindowariNindowari KulliKulliMiri QalatMiri Qalat Sutkagen-dorSutkagen-dorSotka KohSotka Koh AllahdinoAllahdino
Khairia KotKhairia Kot SurkotadaSurkotada Gola DhoroGola Dhoro RangpurRangpur RajpiplaRajpipla PiklihalPiklihal
KodekalKodekal MaskiMaski
Altyn-depeAltyn-depe KinneruKinneru
UrUr
EshnunnaEshnunna UmmaUmma
NippurNippurKishKish SusaSusa GirsuGirsu Rana GhundaiRana GhundaiSur JangalSur Jangal LoteshwarLoteshwar
GufkralGufkralBurzahomBurzahom Hisham DheriHisham Dheri
Dashli-3Dashli-3 MitathalMitathal
KalibanganKalibangan
HarappaHarappa DholaviraDholaviraPabumathPabumath
MehiMehiMohenjo-daroMohenjo-daroLohumjo-daroLohumjo-daro BalakotBalakot
RoparRopar LothalLothal
LangnajLangnaj
ShahdadShahdad JiroftJiroft Tepe YahyaTepe Yahya
Shah TepeShah Tepe Tepe HissarTepe Hissar Kalleh NisarKalleh Nisar JalalabadJalalabad KERMANKERMAN
AgadeAgade
Altyn-depeAltyn-depe Shahr-i SokhtaShahr-i Sokhta
NAMAZGANAMAZGA CULTURECULTURE MARHASIMARHASI
ELAMELAM
BMACBMAC HELMANDHELMAND CULTURECULTURE AHAR-BANASAHAR-BANAS CULTURECULTURE
BampurBampur
GaneshwarGaneshwar
MusakhelMusakhel DILMUNDILMUN
MAGAN
SUMERSUMER
POTAMIA
KAYATHAKAYATHA CULTURECULTURE
JODHPURA-JODHPURA- GANESHWARGANESHWAR CULTURECULTURE KULLI CULTUREKULLI CULTURE ras Sa
i wat Saraswati – course inSaraswati – course in Early Harappan periodEarly Harappan period
ish Dr
va ad
ti
Yamuna Ganges
lm He
d an
arN
a adm
BolanBolan
Jh
umel en Ch ab
Indus – courseIndus – course in 3rd millennium in 3rd millennium H
IM
A L
A Y
A S
ELBURZ ELBURZ BALUCHISTANBALUCHISTAN
SARAWANSARAWAN
SWAT SWAT DECCAN PLATEAUDECCAN PLATEAU
KASHMIRKASHMIR KARNATAKAKARNATAKA
KOPET DAGH
IRANIANIRANIAN PLATEAUPLATEAU
TURKMENIATURKMENIA HALILHALIL RUDRUD
BADAKSHANBADAKSHAN GUJARATGUJARAT
KUTCHKUTCH
SINDHSINDH
THAR DESERTTHAR DESERT
PUNJABPUNJAB
AFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN SEISTANSEISTAN RAJASTHANRAJASTHAN
BACTRIABACTRIA
MARGIANAMARGIANA KACHIKACHI PLAINPLAIN SAURASHTRA SAURASHTRA
Manda Mianwali Kotla Nihang Khan Rakhigarhi Banawali Nausharo Pathani DambJudeirjo-daro Chanhu-daro
Nindowari KulliMiri Qalat Sutkagen-dorSotka Koh Allahdino
Khairia Kot Surkotada Gola Dhoro Rangpur Rajpipla Piklihal
Kodekal Maski
Kinneru
Ur
Eshnunna Umma
NippurKish Susa Girsu Rana GhundaiSur Jangal Loteshwar
GufkralBurzahom Hisham Dheri
Dashli-3 Mitathal
Kalibangan
Harappa
Shortugai DholaviraPabumath
MehiMohenjo-daroLohumjo-daro Balakot
Ropar Lothal
Langnaj
Shahdad Jiroft Tepe Yahya
Shah Tepe Tepe Hissar Kalleh Nisar Jalalabad KERMAN
Agade
Altyn-depe Shahr-i Sokhta
NAMAZGA CULTURE MARHASI
ELAM
BMAC HELMAND CULTURE AHAR-BANAS CULTURE
Bampur
Jodhpura
Ganeshwar
Musakhel
ras Sa
i wat Saraswati – course in Mature Harappan period
ish Dr
va ad
ti
Yamuna Ganges
lm He
d an
arN
a adm
Bolan
Jh
umel en Ch ab
Indus – course in 3rd millennium H
IM
A L
A Y
A S
ELBURZ BALUCHISTAN
SARAWAN
SWAT DECCAN PLATEAU
KASHMIR KARNATAKA
KOPET DAGH
IRANIAN PLATEAU
TURKMENIA
OMAN HALIL RUD
BADAKSHAN GUJARAT
KUTCH
SINDH
THAR DESERT
PUNJAB
AFGHANISTAN SEISTAN RAJASTHAN
BACTRIA
MARGIANA KACHI PLAIN SAURASHTRA
DILMUN
MAGAN
SUMER
POTAMIA
KAYATHA CULTURE
LATE KOT DIJI CULTURE JODHPURA- GANESHWAR CULTURE KULLI CULTUREEastern Nara MELUHHA
Bagor
Periano Ghundai
GumlaRehman Dheri
Sarai Khola MAKRANQala’at al-Bahrain DesalpurKuntasi
Present-day shoreline GSOUTH INDIAN NEOLITHIC
Tigris
Lagash SANSHAN
Kot
cha
Ra vi
Be
as
KHETRI G
S
G CHAGAI HILLS
Ind us
Harappan trade. The map indicates the extent of Harappan trading contacts, contemporary cultures, and the sources of the principal traded commodities.
Saraswati (Sutlej)
Indus
Indus
J
helum
Chena
b Ravi
Beas
Saraswati
A R A B I A N S E A
GANDHARA GANDHARA GRAVE GRAVE COMPLEX COMPLEX
A H A R - B A N A S A H A R - B A N A S
C U LT U R E C U LT U R E B M A C
B M A C B M A C
B M A C
M A LWA M A LWA C U LT U R E C U LT U R E OCP
(COPPER HOARDS) GANDHARA
GRAVE COMPLEX
A H A R - B A N A S C U LT U R E B M A C
B M A C
M A LWA C U LT U R E
Somnath (Prabhas Patan)
Gang es
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Khambat (Cambay)
N
0
0 100 200 300 km
100 200 mi
DECCAN Taxila
Valley
KACHI PLAIN HELMAND
BACTRIA
Late Harappan sites Contemporary settlements Late Harappan regional cultures Contemporary cultures Culture areas
BMAC JHUKAR
Y amun LATE a
LATE HARAPPAN HARAPPAN C E M E T E R Y H C E M E T E R Y H
J H U K A R J H U K A R
Kaothe Kaothe Dabarkot
Dabarkot
Nindowari Nindowari Shahr-i Sokhta
Shahr-i Sokhta
Daimabad Daimabad
Sonegaon Sonegaon
Eran Eran Nagda
Nagda
Navdatoli Navdatoli
Atranjikhera Atranjikhera Lal Qila Lal Qila
Saipai Saipai Jodhpura
Jodhpura Pirak
Pirak
Rana Ghundai Rana Ghundai
Ghaligai Ghaligai Loebanr Loebanr
Ojiyana Ojiyana
Balathal Balathal Ahar Ahar
Gilund Gilund
Siswal Siswal Kudwala Ther Kudwala Ther
Bargaon Bargaon Hulas Hulas Mandi Mandi Sothi
Sothi
Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro
Dholavira Dholavira
Lothal Lothal Rangpur Rangpur
Harappa Harappa
Bara Bara
Alamgirpur Alamgirpur Bhagwanpura
Bhagwanpura
Mitathal Mitathal Jhukar
Jhukar
Chanhu-daro Chanhu-daro Amri
Amri
H IM
A LA
YA S
THAR DESERT THAR DESERT BALUCHISTAN
BALUCHISTAN
MAKRAN MAKRAN
S W A T S W A T
IRANIAN IRANIAN PLATEAU PLATEAU
SAURASHTRA SAURASHTRA KUTCH KUTCH
KASHMIR KASHMIR
PUNJAB PUNJAB
R A J A S T H A N R A J A S T H A N
G U J A R AT G U J A R AT S I N D H
S I N D H
LITTLE LITTLE RANN RANN GREAT RANN GREAT RANN AFGHANISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
GANGES- GANGES- YAMUNA YAMUNA DOAB DOAB CHOLISTAN/
CHOLISTAN/
BAHAWALPUR BAHAWALPUR
Indus – course Indus – course in 3rd millennium in 3rd millennium
Y amun LATE a
HARAPPAN C E M E T E R Y H
GUJARAT (LUSTROUS RED WARE)
J H U K A R
Savalda
Kaothe Dabarkot
Nindowari Shahr-i Sokhta
Daimabad
Sonegaon
Eran Nagda
Navdatoli
Atranjikhera Lal Qila
Saipai Jodhpura
Gumla
Sibri Pirak Mehrgarh
Rana Ghundai Ghaligai Loebanr
Kalako-Deray
Ojiyana
Balathal Ahar
Gilund Siswal Kudwala Ther
Bargaon Hulas Mandi Sothi
Mohenjo-daro
Dholavira
Bet Dwarka
Lothal Rangpur
Harappa
Ropar Bara
Alamgirpur Bhagwanpura
Mitathal
Jhukar
Chanhu-daro Amri
Rojdi
H IM
A LA
YA S
THAR DESERT BALUCHISTAN
MAKRAN
S W A T
IRANIAN PLATEAU
SAURASHTRA KUTCH
KASHMIR
PUNJAB
R A J A S T H A N
G U J A R AT S I N D H
LITTLE RANN GREAT RANN AFGHANISTAN
GANGES- YAMUNA DOAB CHOLISTAN/
BAHAWALPUR
Indus – course in 3rd millennium
S A V A L D A S A V A L D A C U LT U R E C U LT U R E S A V A L D A C U LT U R E
S O U T H I N D I A N S O U T H I N D I A N N E O L I T H I C N E O L I T H I C S O U T H I N D I A N N E O L I T H I C A R A V A L L I
H I L L S
Map 4. The Post-Harappan period. This map shows the Post-Harappan regional cultures and contemporary cultures of the period.
