Bandna Kumari, Vinod k. Sonthwal and Jasvir S Rattan ijesird, Vol. III, Issue I, July 2016/85
SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING WASTE MATERIAL : A REVIEW
Bandna Kumari#, Vinod k. Sonthwal*, Jasvir S Rattan$
#ME Scholar, *Associate Professor, $Senior Technical Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, India
1bandnadehal74@gmail.com, 2vksmail970@gmail.com, 3jass9in@yahoo.com
Abstract— Chir pine needles are versatile material with attractive characteristics and advantages. Huge amount of Chir pine needles are easily available in hilly areas. Predominance is recorded in state of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu
& Kashmir in North-western Himalayan region of India. Chir Pine Needles have various engineering properties that can help in improving the properties of the soil e.g. Compaction attributes, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio.
These all properties will be evaluated on different percentages and lengths of the pine needles.
Keywords— Soil Stabilisation, Chir Pine Needles, Optimum Moisture Content, Maximum Dry Density, Unconfined Compressive Strength, California bearing ratio.
I. INTRODUCTION
Soil is highly heterogeneous, complex and unpredictable material which has been subjected to vagaries of nature, without any control. The properties of soil change not only from one place to other but also at the place with depth and with a change in the environmental, loading and drainage conditions. The properties of a soil depend not only on its type but also on the conditions under which it exists. In comparison to other construction materials such as concrete or steel, it is not economically feasible to transport the soils from one place to other, because a huge quantity of soil is involved and it is not opened to inspect at greater depth for foundations of different structures.
Sometimes, Civil Engineers are forced to construct a structure on the site selected for reasons other than soil conditions. Therefore, it is more and more important for the engineer to know the degree to which the engineering properties of the soil may improve or other choices that can be thought of for the construction of the intended structure at the specified site. If unsuitable soil conditions are encountered at the site of a proposed structure, unsuitable soil can be bypassed by means of deep foundation extended to a suitable bearing material,
poor material can be removed and replaced by a suitable material or soil in-place can be treated by using any suitable ground improvement methods (soil stabilisation) to improve its engineering properties. Thus, to puzzle out at the selected site, we necessitate having proper knowledge about their attributes and ingredients which affect their conduct.
Hence, from the commencement of construction employment, the necessity of raising the soil properties has come to the light and the process of soil stabilisation helps us to accomplish the required attributes in a soil needed for the building work.
In India, the modern era of soil stabilisation begun in early 1970 with a universal shortfall of petroleum and aggregates; it became necessary- for the technologists to look at means to improve soil other than replacing the poor soil at the construction site. Soil stabilisation was used, but due to the use of obsolete methods and also due to the absence of proper technique, soil stabilization lost favor. In recent times, with the growth in the demand for infrastructure, sensitive materials and fuel, soil stabilization has begun to call for a fresh form. With the availability of better research, materials and equipment, it is emerging as a popular and cost- effective method for land improvement. Site feasibility studies for geotechnical projects are of far most beneficial before a task can bring off. Site survey usually takes place before the design process commences in order to infer the characteristics of subsoil upon which the decision on placement of the project can be built. The following geotechnical design criteria have to be considered during the site selection.
i) Design load and function of the structure.
ii) Type of foundation to be utilized.
iii) Load Carrying capacity of the subsoil.
Bandna Kumari, Vinod k. Sonthwal and Jasvir S Rattan ijesird, Vol. III, Issue I, July 2016/86 In the yesteryear, the third criteria played a
major role in decision making on site selection. In one case the bearing capability of the soil is poor, the following are options:
i) Change the design to suit site condition.
ii) Remove and replace the in-situ soil.
iii) Abandon the site.
Abandoned sites due to undesirable bearing capacities of soil dramatically increased, and the result of this was the scarcity of land and increased need for natural resources affected areas include those which were susceptible to liquefaction and those crossed with soft mud and organic stains.
Other regions were those in a landslide and contaminated soil. Nevertheless, in most geotechnical projects, it is not possible to obtain a construction site that will meet the design requirements without ground modification. The current exercise is to modify the engineering properties of the native problematic soils to meet the planned requirement. Nowadays, soils such as, soft clays and organic soils can be amended to the civil engineering requirements. This province of the art review focuses on soil stabilization methods which is one of the various methods of soil improvement
II. STUDIES ON STABILISATION OF SOIL USING WASTE MATERIALS
A. Pramod S. Patil (Jun-2014),“Innovative techniques of waste plastic used in concrete mixture.” Dumping of plastic waste in a domain is thought to be a major issue because of its low biodegradability and nearness in extensive amounts, In late time utilization of such, Mechanical squanders from polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were concentrated on as option substitutions of a part of the customary totals of cement. Plastic reusing was taking position on a critical scale in an India, As much as 60 % of both mechanical and urban plastic waste is reused which got from various creators, Masses in India have discharged plastic squanders on an extensive scale have colossal economic worth, as a consequence of this, reusing of waste plastics plays a noteworthy capacity in giving business.
B. G. S. Hambirao et al. [1]; (Feb-2014), “Soil stabilisation using waste Shredded rubber `tyre chips.” Development of designing structures on frail or delicate soil is considered as perilous.
Change of load bearing capacity of the ground might be shrunk by an assortment of ground improvement techniques. In the present examination, destroyed elastic from waste has been taken as the support material and concrete as restricting operator which was arbitrarily incorporated into the soil at three distinct segments of fibre substance, i.e. 5% 10% and 15% by weight of soil. The test has been concentrated along the quality conduct of soil fortified with arbitrarily included destroyed elastic lire. The specimens were subjected to California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strengths tests. The trials have obviously exhibited a significant development in the shear strength and bearing capacity parameters of the concentrated on soil.
C .IJTARME(Jan-2014),“Study on heave characteristics of black cotton soils using copper slag with cement as admixture." Black cotton soil is one of the significant nearby soil deposits in India, spreading over a field of about 3.0 lakh sq.km.
black cotton soils are enormously far from being obviously true, as they swell on ingestion of water and therapist on vanishing thereof, as an after-effect of this substitute swell and shrinkage; distress is made to the bases of structures laid on such grounds.
Coppers slag which is created amid hydrometallurgical generation of copper from copper minerals, contains materials like iron, aluminium oxide, calcium oxide, silica, and so on.
For each metric ton of metal creation, around 2.2 tons of slags are produced. Dumping and transfer of such unfathomable measures of slag causes ecological and space problems. Therefore, we apply the modern waste - Copper Slag to decrease the swelling of far reaching grounds. The present paper clarifies about the works being done utilizing copper slag as a padding material. Advancements of strong bonds in a concrete balanced out copper slag pad, when settled with bond, are required to resulting capture hurl. The results of the study show a novel answer for the issue hurl of expansive soil.
Bandna Kumari, Vinod k. Sonthwal and Jasvir S Rattan ijesird, Vol. III, Issue I, July 2016/87 It additionally determines the issue of copper slag
mi Hellion and transfer to some extent.
D. N. Vijaya Kumar et al; (Jan-2014), “Evaluation of wear properties of industrial waste (Slag) reinforced polypropylene composites.” A decent arrangement of waste is delivered by commercial ventures and they are stacked up on soil which makes state and natural issues. Government approaches and controls constrain us to search for decisions. In this manner, scientists are endeavoring to use these squanders as in composites. Slag is a mechanical waste fortified in polypropylene composites. The stick-on plate wear testing machine has been used to look at the grinding and wear behavior of the polymer composites. The wear adversity and coefficient of disintegration are plotted against the ordinary loads and sliding rates.
It is noted from the graphical representation of the outcome that with the expansion in burden weight reduction declines and increment in sliding speed weight reduction likewise increments.
E. VaishaliSahu (Dec-2013), “Sustainable reuse of stabilized and fibre reinforced flv ash-lime sludge (FALS) as pavement sub-base material.” In the road construction sector, the world is confronting a noteworthy issue of shortage of traditional building materials. Then again, in that appreciation are numerous twist offs from different fabricates, which are lying as waste. In the present study, a composite material made up of fly fiery remains and lime slime (FALS) was attempted as sub-base material in the clearing. Adjustment of FALS with industrially accessible lime and gypsum was done and promote the impact of adding polypropylene strands to balanced out FALS was examined. A progression of unconfined pressure tests was done on examples of fibre-strengthened fly fiery debris lime muck composite (FRFALS) to evaluate the impact of fibre consideration on the sturdiness and flexibility attributes of the composite. The result of fibre support on the shear strength parameters and California Bearing Ratio (CBR attachment (c) and inside rubbing point (ɸ) is additionally discussed.
Taking into account the outcomes, it has been contemplated out that the expansion of low
measures of polypropylene fibre (0.1 %) expands the solidness and malleability of the FRFALS for the distinctive curing time frame. The CBR estimation of FALS expanded by 54% with fibre expansion and the shear parameters c and ɸ likewise increments. Henceforth the FALS composite is appropriate in sub-base layers of adaptable asphalt, in the event that it is strengthened with polypropylene fibre.
F. Miss Apurva J Chavan (Apr-2013), "Use of plastic waste in flexible pavements." Transfer of waste materials, including waste plastic packs has turned into a grave inconvenience and waste plastics curve smouldered for obvious transfer which causes natural pollution. Utilization of waste plastic sacks in bituminous blends has demonstrated that these improve the properties of blends notwithstanding taking care of transfer issues.
Plastic waste which is cleaned is cut into a size such that it blurs through 2-3mm sifter utilizing destroying machine. The total blend is warmed and the plastic is successfully covered over bite the dust total. This plastic waste covered total is blended with hot bitumen and they came about blend is utilized lot street development. The utilization of the imaginative innovation won't just fortify the street development additionally build the street life and will enhance the earth, Plastic streets would be a shelter for India's hot and to a great degree sticky atmosphere, where temperatures regularly cross 50°C and exuberant downpours make ruin, leaving the majority of the streets with huge potholes.
G. Chander Bhal Roy (Mar-2013), “Stabilization of soil of bidian origin.” Scrap tires are being created and gathered in substantial volumes bringing about an expanding risk to the earth, keeping in mind the end goal to kill the negative impact of these testimonies and in terms of reasonable advancement there is extraordinary enthusiasm for the reusing of these nonhazardous strong squanders. The capability of utilizing elastic from worn tires as a part of numerous structural designing works have been contemplated for over 20 years, Tire squanders can be utilized light weight material either as a part of the type of powder, chips,
Bandna Kumari, Vinod k. Sonthwal and Jasvir S Rattan ijesird, Vol. III, Issue I, July 2016/88 destroyed and in general. Utilizations of tire elastic
turned out to be compelling in securing the earth and monitoring normal assets. They are utilized above and subterranean water. Numerous work with respect to the utilization of scrap tires in geotechnical application have been done particularly as bank materials (Ghani et al, 2002) The reuse application for tire is the means by which the tire are handling essentially incorporates destroying, expelling of metal fortifying and further destroying until the wanted materials are accomplished A traveller auto tire contains around 26% carbon dark. 47% normal elastic, 30% of manufactured elastic, India is creating one lakh metric ton of reuse elastic which is sold @ Rs 70 for each Kg.
H. R. N. Nibudey et al.; (Feb-2013), “Strength Prediction of plastic fibre reinforced concrete (M30).” Now a day we are confronting environment security issues Many things which are planned for our sumptuous life are in charge of contaminating environment because of uncalled for waste administration method. One of them is a plastic which holds lo be disposed of or reused appropriately to save the excellence of our temperament. To address this issue the strands from utilized plastics were included as a part of different parts in the M30 grade concrete. This paper distinguishes the execution of plastic fibre fortified cement (M30). A test study has been taken out on the examples like 3D shapes and barrels which were thrown in the research center and their conduct under the test was watched. The plastic strands were added from 0.0 % to 3.0 %. The compressive and split resistances of cement were found following 28 days curing period.
I. Rabindra Kumar et al.; (2012),“Plate load rest on fibre-rein forced cohesive soils" This report talks about the heap settlement reaction from three plate load tests (0.3m × 0.3m square 25 mm profound) did on a thick homogeneous stratum of compacted strong soil, strengthened with haphazardly dispersed polypropylene filaments and coir strands, and additionally on the same soil without the support. The plate load test on the soil fibre layer
was performed to generally heavy weights, and yielded an observable stiffer reaction as compare to the unreinforced stratum. A definitive burden for the unreinforced soil is observed to be 42 KN and the qualities for soil strengthened with coir filaments and polypropylene strands are 70 KN and 80 KN individually. Along these lines, a definitive heap of the dirt fortified with 0.8% coir filaments and 0.5% polypropylene strands increments by 67%
and 90% separately when contrasted with unreinforced soil. Fibre strengthened soil is fit for retaining more strain vitality preceding disappointment. Therefore, soil-fibre network might be utilized as an enhanced material as a part of the field of geotechnical building.
J. Sanjay J. Shah (Nov-2002), “Stabilization of fuel oil contaminated soil - a case study” Fuel oil pollution brings unfriendly effect on essential geophysical properties of establishment soil. The present study relates to one such case, from the petrochemical complex close Vadodara City in Gujarat State, India. In this study, fuel oil pollution brought on injurious impacts to the fundamental geotechnical properties of the CL sort of soils. Oil tainted soil when warmed with various adjustment specialists like lime, fly slag and concrete either freely or as an admixture demonstrated a change in the geotechnical properties. This change can be credited to scattering of oil, cation trade, agglomeration, and pozzollanic activities of added substances to be specific lime, fly powder and concrete. Best results were watched when soil was treated with a blend of 10% lime, 5% concrete and 5% fly slag. During the time spent adjustment fuel oil may have shaped a steady complex with metals.
Increment in the quality of the soil can be ascribed to transformation of mixes like CSH, CSH-1, that coat and scaffold soil grains.
K. Asokan Pappu, “Solid waste generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials.”."To shield the earth, endeavors are being made for reusing particular misuses and utilize them in worth included applications. In this paper, present status on generation and usage of both non-hazardous and dangerous solid waste in
Bandna Kumari, Vinod k. Sonthwal and Jasvir S Rattan ijesird, Vol. III, Issue I, July 2016/89 India, their reusing possibilities and natural
ramifications are accounted for and talked about in points of interest in the public arena to augment the use of option building materials produced for various instances of strong squanders and expand the yield limit of lab scale forms, innovation empowering focuses are requested that be set-up to encourage business visionaries for viable commercialization. Toughness and execution of the more up to date items and open introduction of innovations, stressing money saving advantages investigations and life cycle evaluation report will essentially prompt effective commercialization of modem operations. The crisp and option building development materials created utilizing agro- modern squanders have adequate extension for bringing out new development components that will weaken to a degree the costs of development fabrics.
The endeavour, in this way, should be to support business people and development organizations to develop novel items and operations utilizing every one of these squanders as crude materials for setting up auxiliary commercial ventures and adding to the diminishment of nursery gasses and worldwide recuperating.
III GAPS IDENTIFIED
Following observations have been pulled out from the broad overview of the literature presented above:
(i) Various waste materials, for example, elastic, fly slag, wood powder, rice husk cinder, cement furnace dust and so forth had been utilized by the researches as soil stabilizers however the Chir pine needles still not had been used by the researches as soil stabilizers or for the improvement of engineering properties the soil.
(ii) Chir pine needles are easily available in many parts of India and also having low cost comparatively to other material.
IV. PROPERTIES OF CPN
Chir pine needles (CPN) are a versatile material with attractive characteristics and advantages. Huge amount of Chir pine needles are available. Predominance is recorded in state Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and
Kashmir in North-western Himalayan region of India. The resin is one of the most important non- wood products obtained from Chir pine. The leaf fall occurs during mid-February to mid-June continuously. A thick carpet type layer of needles, thus, gets established on the forest ground. Being slow decomposer, the thick carpet type layer of needles arrests the growth of the grass and herbs in forest if this carpet type layer of needles is not removed or burned. But, a significant amount of needles type leaves remains on the forest ground that leads severe summer fires, therefore, serves as deleterious waste in the forest. Additionally, its flow during rains with the rainwater also causes blockage in smooth run-off from hill slopes, which in turn facilitates flow of debris to agricultural land leading to crop loss or failure. Further, an appreciable amount of financial resource is wasted in controlling fires, which is also marked by loss of human and animal lives during fire control. In an another attempt, being a hydrophobic biological waste, the fallen dry needles are being used as raw material for developing bunds or small check dams in rivulets to arrest soil and water loss during floods.
In order to avoid all the above an attempt is to be made to utilize this waste material to improve the engineering properties of soil.
.V. CONCLUSION
From the above discourse it can be reasoned that there is a need to use the Chir Pine Needles got from the areas across the country for the stabilization of the soil, which will directly help in decreasing the requirement of the valuable land for their disposal and also decline the hazardous environmental impacts.
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