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RESEARCH ARTICLE

DOI: KWWSG[GRLRUJMQVIVUYL

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1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya.

2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jaffna, Jaffna.

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* Corresponding author (suep@pdn.ac.lk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-1286)

This article is published under the Creative Commons CC-BY-ND License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/).

$EVWUDFW The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition and gross energy content of currently available feedstuff used for animal feeding in Sri Lanka.

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SODQW SURWHLQ VXSSOHPHQWV DQLPDO SURWHLQ VXSSOHPHQWV

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ZDV HYDOXDWHG 3UR[LPDWH FRPSRVLWLRQ YDQ 6RHVW ¿EHU

FRQWHQWin vitro GU\PDWWHUGLJHVWLELOLW\JURVVHQHUJ\*(DQG

mineral content of the feedstuff were measured using standard protocols. Values were expressed as percentage dry matter '0 IRU SUR[LPDWH FRQVWLWXHQWV DQG YDQ 6RHVW FRQVWLWXHQWV

and kcalg^-1 DM for gross energy content. The crude protein &3FRQWHQWRISODQWSURWHLQVXSSOHPHQWVYDULHGIURP

DM [black gram (Vigna mungo KXVN@ WR '0 FRUQ

JOXWHQ PHDO KRZHYHU DQLPDO SURWHLQ VXSSOHPHQWV KDG

OHVV YDULDWLRQ LQ &3 FRQWHQW >YDULHG IURP '0 PHDW

ERQHPHDOWR'0¿VKPHDO@3RUWLDThespesia populneaOHDYHVKDGPRUH&3'0DQGHWKHUH[WUDFW

(( FRQWHQW '0 WKDQ DOO RWKHU URXJKDJHV H[FHSW

manilkara leaves (Manilkara hexandra ZKLFK KDG 

DM EE. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) husk contained the highest FUXGH ¿EUH FRQWHQW '0 ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR DOO WKH

other evaluated ingredients. GE content was highest in brewery waste (4.78 kcalg^-1 DM) and lowest in coconut distillery waste (2.97 kcalg^-1 DM). Mineral content of animal protein supplements was higher than in the other concentrates and roughages. In vitro dry matter digestibility of the concentrates was higher than that of roughages. The same trend was observed in organic matter digestibility. The data collected from the current study will be useful for balanced ration formulation for animals living under farm conditions in Sri Lanka.

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INTRODUCTION

Livestock industry is an important and integral part of the agriculture sector in Sri Lanka. Development of livestock industry is hindered mainly by the unavailability of quantity and the quality feed resources (Houwers et al

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ZKLFKDUHSRRULQHQHUJ\SURWHLQPLQHUDOVDQGYLWDPLQ

contents (Ibrahim et al

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non-conventional feed sources and mill by-products. The use of agricultural by-products and conventional feedstuff for feeding livestock is a common practice in developing countries (Uddin et al$SSUR[LPDWHO\±

of locally available feedstuff is used for the livestock DQG SRXOWU\ LQGXVWULHV LQ 6UL /DQND ,QGLD 3DNLVWDQ

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the principal crop residues available to smallholder dairy farmers from natural grazing and browse include ULFHVWUDZPDL]HVWRYHUDQGRWKHUVWUDZVVXFKDVEODFN

JUDP FRZSHD PLOOHW DQG VR\EHDQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU

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from soya bean industry and spent liquor from alcohol distillers and brewers are also available as concentrate feeds (Ibrahim et al

Numerous varieties of plant based feedstuff are available in Sri Lanka for feeding livestock (Ibrahim et al (YDOXDWLQJ WKH QXWULWLYH YDOXH RI WKHVH

(2)

available feed resources is essential as this could make an important contribution to ruminant nutrition mainly in ration formulation (Taphizadeh et al :KHQ

formulating a ration to meet the nutritional requirements RI WKH DQLPDOV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR NQRZ WKH QXWULWLYH

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the nutritional requirements of the animals and the cost .HDUO$FFHVVWRDGDWDEDVHRIQXWULWLYHYDOXHV

DQG XVH RI VXFK LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLOO KDYH D VLJQL¿FDQW

impact on improved animal performance and productivity 'HYHQGUD /HQJ7KHUHIRUHWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\

was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional quality of commonly available feed resources for feeding livestock and poultry in Sri Lanka.

METHODOLOGY )HHGPDWHULDOV

The following types of feedstuff used for ruminant feeding were studied: energy supplements such as corn (Zea maysZKHDWTriticum aestivumEUDQEURNHQULFH

(Oryza sativarice (Oryza sativa) polish [S-Sinhapitiya )DUP*DPSRODDQG&,&&KHPLFDO,QGXVWULHV&RORPER

3YW /WG (NDOD -D(OD@ EDNHU\ E\SURGXFW ELVFXLW

SRZGHU66LQKDSLWL\D)DUP*DPSRODELVFXLWSRZGHU

>1 1HZ %HUQDUG 3YW /WG .XOL\DSLWL\D@ VR\EHDQ

(Glycine max) husk and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) KXVN SODQW SURWHLQ VXSSOHPHQWV VXFK DV 8QLWHG 6WDWHV

(US) soybean (Glycine max PHDO WH[WXUHG YHJHWDEOH

SURWHLQ 793 SRZGHU FRFRQXW Cocos nucifera) SRRQDF JLQJHOO\ Sesamum indicum SRRQDF FRFRQXW

(Cocos nucifera GLVWLOOHU\ ZDVWH EUHZHU\ ZDVWH FRUQ

JOXWHQPHDO&*0GLVWLOOHUVGULHGJUDLQVZLWKVROXEOHV

''*6 EODFN JUDP Vigna mungo KXVN GKDO Lens culinaris) husk only and dhal (Lens culinaris) seeds with huskDQLPDOSURWHLQVXSSOHPHQWVVXFKDV¿VKPHDO

PHDW ERQHPHDODQGSRXOWU\RIIDOPHDOJUDVVVSHFLHV

such as CO-4 (Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum&2Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor WUHH

leaves like banyan leaves (Ficus benghalensis

portia leaves (Thespesia populnea PDQLONDUD OHDYHV

(Manilkara hexandraPLGQDSRUHFUHHSHUOHDYHVRivea hypocrateriformisMDFNDOMXMXEHOHDYHVZiziphus jujube) DQG ZKLWH ¿J OHDYHV Ficus virensaiton DQG PLQHUDO

supplements such as CaCO₃(lime stone) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP).

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5LFH SROLVK 6 ELVFXLW SRZGHU 6 GKDO KXVN DQG

black gram husk were collected from the Sinhapitiya )DUP *DPSROD &RUQ EURNHQULFH ELVFXLW SRZGHU

1FRFRQXWSRRQDFDQGJLQJHOO\SRRQDFZHUHREWDLQHG

from New Bernard (Pvt.) Ltd. (Kuliyapitiya). Except WKH DERYH DOO WKH RWKHU FRQFHQWUDWHV ZHUH FROOHFWHG

from CIC (Pvt.) Ltd. (Ja-Ela). Subsamples of grasses ZHUHFROOHFWHGIURPWKHUHVHDUFK¿HOGRIWKH9HWHULQDU\

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livestock farmers in Killinochchi District. All samples were collected from a single visit in September 2016.

All collected samples (about 1 kg of each sample) were GULHG LQ DQ RYHQ <DPDWR 6FLHQWL¿F &R /WG -DSDQ at 60 °C until a constant weight was obtained. The samples were then ground using a laboratory grinder and passed through a 1 mm mesh screen. Ground samples were stored in sampling bottles until used for chemical analyses.

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WKH PHWKRGV RI $2$& Nitrogen-free extract 1)( ZDV FDOFXODWHG E\ WKH GLIIHUHQFH LH

PRLVWXUH DVK FUXGH SURWHLQ (( &) Crude protein (CP) content was determined by the PLFUR.MHOGDKO SURFHGXUH $2$& PHWKRG 87

WKH IDFWRU 1 î ZDV XVHG WR FRQYHUW QLWURJHQ LQWR

FUXGHSURWHLQ$2$&7KH((FUXGHOLSLGZDV

extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus and the quantity of EE was determined gravimetrically. CF content was determined by the suction system with repeated treatment of dilute H₂SO₄ IROORZHG E\ GLOXWH 1D2+

and washing with water. Accuracy of each estimation was evaluated by running a standard casein sample with D NQRZQ SUR[LPDWH FRPSRVLWLRQ $FLG GHWHUJHQW ¿EUH

$')QHXWUDOGHWHUJHQW¿EUH1')DQGKHPLFHOOXORVH

(HC) contents were analysed according to Goering and van Soest (1970) and van Soest and Robertson (1980).

In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and organic PDWWHU GLJHVWLELOLW\ 20' 7LOOH\ 7HUU\ were also determined using rumen liquor. The energy value of feed was measured using a bomb calorimeter ,.$&*HUPDQ\

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Three replicates of each sample were used for all the analyses. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Values expressed as percentage dry matter (DM) IRU SUR[LPDWH FRQVWLWXHQWV DQG YDQ 6RHVW FRQVWLWXHQWV

and kcalg^-1 DM for gross energy contents were presented DVPHDQVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ

(3)

Feedstuff DM Ash CP EE CF NFE CONCENTRATES

Energy supplements

Corn (Zea mays

:KHDWTriticum aestivumEUDQ

Broken rice (Oryza sativa

Rice (Oryza sativaSROLVK6

Rice (Oryza sativaSROLVK&,&

%DNHU\E\SURGXFW

%LVFXLWSRZGHU6

%LVFXLWSRZGHU1

Soybean (Glycine maxKXVN

Cocoa (Theobroma cacaoKXVN

Plant protein supplements

United State (US) soybean (Glycine maxPHDO

7H[WXUHGYHJHWDEOHSURWHLQ793SRZGHU

Coconut (Cocos nuciferaSRRQDF

Gingelly (Sesamum indicumSRRQDF

Coconut (Cocos nuciferaGLVWLOOHU\ZDVWH

%UHZHU\ZDVWH

&RUQJOXWHQPHDO&*0

'LVWLOOHUVGULHGJUDLQVZLWKVROXEOHV''*6

Black gram (Vigna mungoKXVN

Dhal (Lens culinarisKXVNRQO\

Dhal (Lens culinarisVHHGVZLWKKXVN

Animal protein supplements

)LVKPHDO

0HDWDQGERQHPHDO

3RXOWU\RIIDOPHDO

ROUGHAGES Grass

CO-4 (Pennisetum americanum×

Pennisetum purpureum)

CO-3 (Pennisetum americanum×

Pennisetum purpureum)

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor

Tree leaves

Banyan leaves (Ficus benghalensis

Portia leaves (Thespesia populnea

Manilkara leaves (Manilkara hexandra

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(Rivea hypocrateriformis)

Jackal jujube leaves (Ziziphus jujube

:KLWH¿JOHDYHVFicus virensaiton

MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS

CaCO₃OLPHVWRQH

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Bernard (Pvt.) Ltd.

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(4)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3UR[LPDWHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHIHHGVWXII

The proximate composition of feedstuff is given in Table 1. The results indicate that the nutritional composition of feedstuff varies widely with the origin of ingredients. The dry matter (DM) content of tested PDWHULDOVUDQJHGIURPWR([FOXGLQJWKH

FRFRQXW GLVWLOOHU\ ZDVWH DQG EUHZHU\ ZDVWH WKH '0

FRQWHQW RI DOO FRQFHQWUDWHV ZHUH KLJKHU DERYH WKDQWKDWRIURXJKDJHVEHORZ

:LWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI PLQHUDO VXSSOHPHQWV PHDW

DQGERQHPHDOKDGWKHKLJKHVWWRWDODVKFRQWHQW

'0IROORZHGE\¿VKPHDO'0DQGZKLWH¿J

OHDYHV'07KHDVKFRQWHQWRIRWKHUVDPSOHV

PHDVXUHG ZHUH EHORZ '0 DQG FRUQ '0 had the lowest content. According to Jayawardena and 3HUHUDWKHDVKFRQWHQWRIIRGGHUOHDYHVEHWZHHQ

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of minerals. The ash content of all the tree leaves DQDO\VHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ ZDV JUHDWHU WKDQ '0 DQG

could be considered as satisfactory mineral sources.

Gingelly poonac and coconut distillery waste were found to contain relatively higher ash contents (14.0 DQG'0UHVSHFWLYHO\ZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKDWRI

other plant protein supplements. Perhaps this could be due to impurities such as sand present in those samples.

A previous study reported that gingelly poonac contains

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sources of CP supplements among the feedstuff tested.

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considered as good sources of plant protein supplements.

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analysed feed samples recorded medium values for CP in WHUPVRIIHHGLQJUXPLQDQWVDERYH'0

7KH WHVWHG PDWHULDOV VXFK DV ULFH SROLVK EDNHU\

by-products and manilkara leaves had appreciable EE FRQWHQWVRIDQG'0UHVSHFWLYHO\

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ZDV KLJK LQ WKH URXJKDJHV DQG UDQJHG IURP

'0PLGQDSRUHFUHHSHUOHDYHVWR'0MDFNDO

MXMXEH OHDYHV ZKLOH WKDW RI ELVFXLW SRZGHU 6 DQG

EDNHU\E\SURGXFWZDVWKHORZHVWDQG

'0UHVSHFWLYHO\:LWKUHVSHFWWR1)(DQLPDOSURWHLQ

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ingredients contained a relatively high percentage of 1)(UDQJLQJIURP'0&*0WR'0

(corn).

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FRUQZKHDWEUDQKXVNDQGVR\EHDQKXVNZHUHVLPLODUWR

WKRVHUHSRUWHGE\15&+RZHYHUWKH&3FRQWHQW

JLYHQE\6DPDUDVLQJKHIRUEURNHQULFH

'0ULFHSROLVK'0FRFRQXWSRRQDF

'0JLQJHOO\SRRQDF'0DQGSRXOWU\RIIDO

PHDO'0ZHUHORZHUWKDQWKRVHUHSRUWHGLQ

the current study. These variations could be a result of GLIIHUHQFHVLQ¿HOGSUDFWLFHVVXFKDVSURFHVVLQJGU\LQJ

DQG VWRUDJH )XUWKHU WKLV PD\ SDUWO\ EH H[SODLQHG QRW

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methodological differences.

Proximate composition of CO-3 and sorghum in this study were comparable to those obtained by Sarmini and 3UHPDUDWQH+RZHYHUWKH&3FRQWHQW'0 of CO-3 obtained by Premaratne and Premalal (2006) was KLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIWKLVVWXG\0RUHRYHUWKH&3FRQWHQW

RI&2'0REWDLQHGZDVTXLWHKLJKEXWWKHDVK

'0(('0DQG&)'0UHPDLQ

below the values reported by Lahiru and Jayaweera (2016). The variation may be due to differences in the climatic condition and maturity level at harvest.

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YDQ6RHVW¿EUHFRQWHQWVRIWKHIHHGVWXIIVKRZHGDKLJK

YDULDWLRQLQ$')1')DQG+&DVJLYHQLQ7DEOH7KH

YDOXHIRU$')LQIHHGVWXIIUDQJHGEHWZHHQ'0

¿VK PHDO WR '0 &2 1HXWUDO GHWHUJHQW

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RIIDOPHDOWR'0&20HDQZKLOHWKH+&

FRQWHQWYDULHGIURP'0SRXOWU\RIIDOPHDOWR

'0ZKHDWEUDQ$PRQJHQHUJ\VXSSOHPHQWV

cocoa husk contained the highest NDF and ADF.

The ADF and NDF contents reported for soybean husk and DDGS by NRC (1998) and for banyan leaves by Ibrahim (1988) were similar to the present results.

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Donkoh et al.'0IRUSRUWLDOHDYHV

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(5)

PDQLONDUDOHDYHVE\,EUDKLP'0DQGIRU

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higher than the value obtained in the present study. The variation may be due to differences in the maturity level at the time of harvesting.

In vitroGU\PDWWHUGLJHVWLELOLW\FRQWHQWRIIHHGVWXII This study suggested a very high variation in DMD ±'0DQG20'±'0 of feedstuff as illustrated in Table 3. The concentrate

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CONCENTRATES Energy supplements

Corn (Zea mays

%DNHU\E\SURGXFW

%LVFXLWSRZGHU6

%LVFXLWSRZGHU1

%UHZHU\ZDVWH

&RUQJOXWHQPHDO&*0

)LVKPHDO

0HDW ERQHPHDO

3RXOWU\RIIDOPHDO

ROUGHAGES Grass

CO-4 (Pennisetum americanum×Pennisetum purpureum

Tree leaves

Midnapore creeper leaves (Rivea hypocrateriformis

9DOXHVDUHH[SUHVVHGDVDYHUDJHV6'VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ66LQKDSLWL\D)DUP&,&&KHPLFDO,QGXVWULHV&RORPER3YW /WG11HZ%HUQDUG3YW/WG

$')DFLGGHWHUJHQW¿EUH1')QHXWUDOGHWHUJHQW¿EUH+&KHPLFHOOXORVH 7DEOH YDQ6RHVW¿EUHFRQWHQWVRIWKHIHHGVWXII'0

(6)

feeds were found to have the highest digestibility values compared to roughages. The average DMD and OMD RIFRFRDKXVNDQGULFHSROLVKZHUHOHVVWKDQ'0

while in other energy supplements it was more than

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WUHH OHDYHV KDG DQ 20' YDOXH EHORZ '0 7KH

)HHGVWXII '0' 20'

CONCENTRATES Energy supplements

Corn (Zea mays

%DNHU\E\SURGXFW

%LVFXLWSRZGHU6

%LVFXLWSRZGHU1

%UHZHU\ZDVWH

&RUQJOXWHQPHDO&*0

)LVKPHDO

0HDW ERQHPHDO

3RXOWU\RIIDOPHDO

ROUGHAGES Grass

Tree leaves

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&RORPER3YW/WG11HZ%HUQDUG3YW/WG

'0'GU\PDWWHUGLJHVWLELOLW\20'RUJDQLFPDWWHUGLJHVWLELOLW\

7DEOH In vitroGLJHVWLELOLW\YDOXHVRIIHHGVWXII'0

(7)

Feedstuff Ca P Energy (g kg^-1 DM) (g kg^-1 DM) (kcal g^-1 DM) CONCENTRATES

Energy supplements

Corn (Zea mays

%DNHU\E\SURGXFW

%LVFXLWSRZGHU6

%LVFXLWSRZGHU1

%UHZHU\ZDVWH

&RUQJOXWHQPHDO&*0

)LVKPHDO

0HDW ERQHPHDO

3RXOWU\RIIDOPHDO

ROUGHAGES Grass

CO-3 (Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum

Tree leaves

Mineral supplements

CaCO₃ (Limestone

'LFDOFLXP3KRVSKDWH'&3

9DOXHVDUHH[SUHVVHGDVDYHUDJHV6'VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ66LQKDSLWL\D)DUP&,&&KHPLFDO,QGXVWULHV&RORPER3YW/WG

N: New Bernard (Pvt.) Ltd.

7DEOH Mineral and gross energy contents of the feedstuff

OMD values are closely related to the lignin content of

WKHIHHGV,EUDKLP7KHORZGLJHVWLELOLW\RIPRVW of the analysed roughages can be considered a limiting factor for feeding ruminants.

(8)

0LQHUDODQGJURVVHQHUJ\FRQWHQWRIWKHIHHGVWXII The minerals and gross energy (GE) content of feedstuff summarised in Table 4 shows that animal protein supplements appear to be better sources of calcium and phosphorus for animal nutrition than plant protein supplements. Banyan leaves had the highest amount of FDOFLXP '0 DQG SKRVSKRURXV '0 among roughages. The calcium and phosphorus content of concentrates reported by Samarasinghe (2007) and NRC (1998) were similar to the results reported in the current study. Calcium and phosphorous are metallic elements present in various forms and amounts in many animal tissues. Their functions in various livestock VSHFLHV DUH ZLGHVSUHDG IURP ERQH PLQHUDOLVDWLRQ

EORRG SUHVVXUH UHJXODWLRQ WR QHUYH FRQGXFWLRQ PXVFOH

FRQWUDFWLRQEORRGFORWWLQJDQGLPPXQHV\VWHPDFWLYDWLRQ

Phosphorus is also important in energy utilisation and WUDQVIHUDFLGEDVHDQGRVPRWLFEDODQFH,QUXPLQDQWVLW

is required by ruminal microbes for growth and cellular PHWDEROLVP6XWWOH0HDWDQGERQHPHDO

DQG'0¿VKPHDODQG'0

DQGSRXOWU\RIIDOPHDODQG'0ZKLFK

contain comparatively high amounts of calcium and SKRVSKRUXV UHVSHFWLYHO\ FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG DV JRRG

sources of mineral supplements when formulating feeds for livestock species. No single roughage source LV RSWLPDO IRU FDOFLXP DQG SKRVSKRUXV QHYHUWKHOHVV D

PL[HG GLHW VKRXOG SURYLGH VXI¿FLHQW DPRXQWV RI WKRVH

minerals for ruminants especially with banyan leaves (Ficus benghalensis).

The GE content was the highest for brewery waste (4.78 kcal g^-1'0 IROORZHG FORVHO\ E\ EDNHU\ E\

product (4.62 kcalg^-1 DM) and DDGS (4.6 kcal g^-1DM).

Coconut distillery waste recorded the lowest GE content RINFDOJ'0$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDQDO\VLVEDNHU\E\

products and rice by-products (rice polish and broken rice) contained more energy (4.3–4.7 kcal g^-1DM) compared to other energy supplements.

)URPWKHJHQHUDWHGGDWDDQXWULWLRQDOLQGH[FRXOGEH

HVWDEOLVKHGZKLFKZRXOGEHKHOSIXOLQUDWLRQIRUPXODWLRQ

for enhancing animal productivity in Sri Lanka.

CONCLUSION

Data on the nutritional value of leaves of tree species of tropical origin and industrial by-products are scanty.

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20'SRUWLDThespesia populnea) tree leaves make it the best candidate for utilising as a good roughage source for

UXPLQDQWV+RZHYHUWKHOHYHORIDQWLQXWULWLRQDOIDFWRUV

may complicate the utilisation of such tree leaves in large TXDQWLWLHVLQUXPLQDQWIHHGLQJ)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHVXOWV

of the current study show high variation in the nutritional FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHIHHGVWXII7KXVLWLVFRQFOXGHGWKDW

the evaluation of various feedstuff and applying the nutrient value variations is helpful in balanced ration formulation for ruminants in Sri Lanka.

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