CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL SOBRE ENERGIA E ÁGUAS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND WATER
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY: THE CUBAN EXPERIENCE.
Dr. C. Miguel Castro Fernández
Centro de investigaciones y Pruebas Electroenergéticas (CIPEL), Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, Cujae, La Habana, Cuba.
Conventional energy sources and pollution: one actual problem.
• The development of small power machines with high efficiency and low emissions.
• The intensive capital movement from centralized generation plants to high risk plant smaller, less expensive and closer to final consumers.
• The signing of the Kyoto Protocol was that national governments began to take measures to reduce CO2 emissions and greenhouse gases by promoting energy efficiency.
The Cuban Electric National System (SEN).
Power plants in Cuba in 2004.
The Cuban Energy Revolution: more than 20 programs.
First stage: Diesel gen sets installed.
Second stage: Fuel oil gen sets installed.
• Fault maintenance.
• Power plants so far load centers.
• Strengthening of the economic blockade against Cuba.
• Limited access to international markets.
• High Price of oil.
• To increase the number of hurricanes that affected the country.
Benefits of DG in Cuban SEN.
Matrix of generation after introduction DG in Cuba.
Increasing of efficiency on the SEN.
Transfer of power and losses on transmission system after the introduction of DG in SEN.
More than 580 thousand actions to
improve the technical condition of the
distribution networks, including the
elimination of double transformation
where it is possible, permitted to
reduce the energy losses in the
distribution network upto 11%.
Possibility to operate with Microsystems isolated of the grid.
Problems associated to DG with gen sets.
• Environmental challenges .
• Decrease voltage drops along the feeders.
• Reversal of power flow to the substation.
• Overvoltages.
• Increase the short circuit current and voltage oscillations in their normal work.
• Power quality (PQ) problems present in the CCP.
¿How these challenges are attacked in Cuba? Creating a National Network for Distributed
Generation comprised by 9 Universities and 14 provincial power sector companies,
coordinated by the Center for Research and Electric Test (CIPEL) and the National
Management of Distributed Generation by Electrical Enterprice.
A total of 25 projects of national and regional
character were run over a period of three years, addressing issues and solutions such as:
1. consumption rates.
2. Quality Management and energy. 3. Environmental Mapping.
4. Maintenance Management.
5. Human resource management.
The partnership between the electricity sector and the universities allowed achievements such as:
1. Normalize to rates similar to those established by the manufacturer the level of consumption of the groups.
2. Making improvements on technologies that were incorporated into the new units were purchased for Cuba and other countries, in exchange for lengthening periods of customer service and free
maintenance execution to a view of at least five years.
3. Join over 150 specialists in the Diploma postgraduate course that were created for the different specialties that pay to generators.
4. Characterizing typical pollution levels associated with the operation of these generators.
5. Developing a quality management manual to allow standardized and efficient operation of the generators.
Renewable energies and GD.
Another aditional benefit from DG: it permit to increase the penetration of renewables energy resources.
Wind farm in Cuba.
Turiguano´s wind farm
Los Canarreos wind farm
Photovoltaic Systems (PVS) in Cuba.
Fishing Cooperative La Salina, Matanzas. Hybrid
System Wind-PFV
PV System installed at Rural school.
PV System installed at Santa María del
Loreto
Naturals Science Museum PV System connected to grid.
PV System installed at Solar Energy Research Center
PV System installed at ECOSOL ENERGIA
PV SYSTEM CONECTED TO GRID, CANTARRANA CIENFUEGOS
Hydraulic and Biomass in Cuba.
Current Cuban´s energy matrix.
Domestic primary energy (DPS) production +
importation DPS and secondary energy sources (SES). Fuel consumption to generate electricity. Electricity generated by technology. Final consumption by primary and
THE ENERGY PLANNING.
• Maximal use of domestic energy sources: domestic fuel, accompanist gas and RES to find the energy independence and to win our battle against blockade.
• Diversify of primary energy sources.
• Sugarcane biomass develop like principal RES, but increasing the use of others RES like wind, PVS and hydraulic.
• To introduce de Liquid Gas Natural (LGP) with combined cycle to supply basic load.
• To decrease the environmental pollution.
•
To maintain the same grow of demand
from this last 5 years,
•
Similar residential and industrial structure
(50% of electricity consumption in Cuba),
•
To increase from 3 to 20% in the RES use,
•
To increase from 5 to 20% in the LGN like
primary sources, and
•
Similar consumption of domestic fuel.
SCENARIE.
Possible average power dispatch in Cuba to 2030.
Conclusions.
•
A group of elements, like technical and
environmental, have made traditional
electric system is currently undergoing
a deep process of reform in many
countries, which sets standards for its
evolution into alternative schemes of
generation and supply of electricity.
•
Generation
technologies
begin
to
deviate from the path of large generating
units for the use of technologies become
smaller, but with larger economies in
manufacturing processes.
•
The dispersed nature of the RES
provides a great opportunity for the
generation of a distributed scheme using
small
units
near
the
point
of
consumption, analogous to as it was at
the dawn of the electrical industry. The
difference is that the current schemes of
DG are able to:
•Minimize the concerns and costs related to transmission systems.
•Open significant opportunities for small investors, even at the family level.
•Provide electricity consumers freedom of choice between different options.
Thanks for your time.
mcastro@electrica.cujae.edu.cu
Projects currently run in DG Network.
1. Master Training Specialist level National Load dispatch.
2. Studies of penetration of RE into the national electricity system, both network-wide and at the level of micro-regions or microgrids. 3. Regulatory framework for RES.
4. Impact of PV systems with a grid injection.
5. Application of Geographic Information System to territorial land management of RES.
6. V2G Technology.
7. Creation and Development of Absorption Capacity Production Grassroots Organization of Distributed Generation.
8. Introduction of LED technology as a way to reduce demand. 9. Evaluation of the potential renewable plant and facilities of the Ministry of Transport.
