Airbus A320

(1)

A320 family

A318/A319/A320/A321

US Airways US AirwaysUS Airways

US Airways Nevada A319-132 Nevada A319-132 Nevada A319-132 Nevada A319-132 Role

Role Role

Role Narrow-bodyNarrow-bodyNarrow-bodyNarrow-body jet airlinerjet airlinerjet airlinerjet airliner

National National National National origin originorigin

origin Multi-nationalMulti-nationalMulti-nationalMulti-national Manufacturer

ManufacturerManufacturer Manufacturer AirbusAirbusAirbusAirbus

First flight First flightFirst flight

First flight 22 February 198722 February 198722 February 198722 February 1987 Introduction

IntroductionIntroduction

Introduction 28 March 1988 with 28 March 1988 with 28 March 1988 with 28 March 1988 with Air FranceAir FranceAir FranceAir France

Status Status Status

Status In serviceIn serviceIn serviceIn service

Primary users Primary users Primary users Primary users US Airways US Airways US Airways US Airways EasyJet EasyJet EasyJet EasyJet

China Southern Airlines China Southern Airlines China Southern Airlines China Southern Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Eastern Airlines

See See See

See OperatorsOperatorsOperatorsOperators for others for others for others for others Produced

ProducedProduced

Produced 1988–present1988–present1988–present1988–present Number built

Number built Number built

Number built 5,264 as of September 20125,264 as of September 20125,264 as of September 20125,264 as of September 2012[1][1][1][1]

Unit cost Unit costUnit cost Unit cost

A318: US$67.7 million, €58 A318: US$67.7 million, €58 A318: US$67.7 million, €58 A318: US$67.7 million, €58 million (2011)

million (2011) million (2011) million (2011)[2][2][2][2]

A321: US$103.6 million, €95 A321: US$103.6 million, €95 A321: US$103.6 million, €95 A321: US$103.6 million, €95 million (2011) million (2011) million (2011) million (2011)[2][2][2][2] Variants Variants Variants

Variants Airbus A318Airbus A318Airbus A318Airbus A318

Developed Developed Developed Developed into intointo

into Airbus A320neo familyAirbus A320neo familyAirbus A320neo familyAirbus A320neo family

Airbus A320 family

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:

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"A320" redirects here. For other uses, see "A320" redirects here. For other uses, see "A320" redirects here. For other uses, see

"A320" redirects here. For other uses, see A320 (disambiguation)A320 (disambiguation)A320 (disambiguation)A320 (disambiguation).... "A319" and "A321" redirect here. For the British roads, see "A319" and "A321" redirect here. For the British roads, see "A319" and "A321" redirect here. For the British roads, see

"A319" and "A321" redirect here. For the British roads, see A319 roadA319 roadA319 roadA319 road and and and and A321 roadA321 roadA321 roadA321 road.... The

The The

The Airbus A320 familyAirbus A320 familyAirbus A320 familyAirbus A320 family consists of short- to medium-range, consists of short- to medium-range, consists of short- to medium-range, consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-bodynarrow-bodynarrow-bodynarrow-body, commercial passenger , commercial passenger , commercial passenger , commercial passenger jet airlinersjet airlinersjet airlinersjet airliners

manufactured by manufactured by manufactured by

manufactured by AirbusAirbusAirbusAirbus. The family includes the . The family includes the . The family includes the . The family includes the A318A318A318A318, A319, , , A319A319A319, , , , A320A320 and A320A320 and and A321 and A321A321, and the A321, and the , and the , and the ACJ business jetACJACJACJbusiness jetbusiness jetbusiness jet. Final . Final . Final . Final assembly of the family in Europe takes place in

assembly of the family in Europe takes place in assembly of the family in Europe takes place in

assembly of the family in Europe takes place in ToulouseToulouseToulouseToulouse, France, and , France, and , France, and , France, and HamburgHamburgHamburgHamburg, Germany. Since 2009, a plant , Germany. Since 2009, a plant , Germany. Since 2009, a plant , Germany. Since 2009, a plant in

in in

in TianjinTianjinTianjinTianjin in the People's Republic of China has also started producing aircraft for Chinese airlines. in the People's Republic of China has also started producing aircraft for Chinese airlines. in the People's Republic of China has also started producing aircraft for Chinese airlines. in the People's Republic of China has also started producing aircraft for Chinese airlines.[3][3][3][3] In June In June In June In June 2012, Airbus announced plans to begin building the 319, 320, and 321 variants in Mobile, Alabama. 2012, Airbus announced plans to begin building the 319, 320, and 321 variants in Mobile, Alabama.2012, Airbus announced plans to begin building the 319, 320, and 321 variants in Mobile, Alabama. 2012, Airbus announced plans to begin building the 319, 320, and 321 variants in Mobile, Alabama.[4][4][4][4]The The The The aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a

aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a

aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a rangerangerangerange of 3,100 to 12,000 of 3,100 to 12,000 of 3,100 to 12,000 of 3,100 to 12,000 kmkmkmkm (1,700 to 6,500 (1,700 to 6,500 (1,700 to 6,500 (1,700 to 6,500 nmi), depending on model.

nmi), depending on model.nmi), depending on model. nmi), depending on model.

The first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, The first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, The first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984,

The first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, first flewfirst flewfirst flewfirst flew on 22 February 1987, on 22 February 1987, on 22 February 1987, on 22 February 1987, and was first delivered in 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the and was first delivered in 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the and was first delivered in 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the and was first delivered in 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital

A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital

A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wirefly-by-wirefly-by-wirefly-by-wire flight control flight control flight control flight control systems

systemssystems

systems, as well as , as well as , as well as , as well as side-stickside-stickside-stickside-stick controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement process since introduction.

process since introduction.process since introduction. process since introduction.

On 1 December 2010, Airbus officially launched the new generation of the A320 family with the A320neo "New On 1 December 2010, Airbus officially launched the new generation of the A320 family with the A320neo "New On 1 December 2010, Airbus officially launched the new generation of the A320 family with the A320neo "New On 1 December 2010, Airbus officially launched the new generation of the A320 family with the A320neo "New Engine Option".

Engine Option".Engine Option".

Engine Option".[5][5][5][5] The new generation offers a choice of the The new generation offers a choice of the The new generation offers a choice of the The new generation offers a choice of the CFM International LEAP-XCFM International LEAP-XCFM International LEAP-XCFM International LEAP-X or or or or Pratt & Whitney Pratt & Whitney Pratt & Whitney Pratt & Whitney PW1000G

PW1000GPW1000G

PW1000G, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets, named , combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets, named , combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets, named , combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets, named SharkletsSharkletsSharkletsSharklets by Airbus. The by Airbus. The by Airbus. The by Airbus. The aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%.

aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%.

aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. Virgin AmericaVirgin AmericaVirgin AmericaVirgin America will be the launch customer for the aircraft in will be the launch customer for the aircraft in will be the launch customer for the aircraft in will be the launch customer for the aircraft in spring of 2016. As of 31 December 2011, a total of 1,196 A320neo family aircraft have been ordered by 21 spring of 2016. As of 31 December 2011, a total of 1,196 A320neo family aircraft have been ordered by 21 spring of 2016. As of 31 December 2011, a total of 1,196 A320neo family aircraft have been ordered by 21 spring of 2016. As of 31 December 2011, a total of 1,196 A320neo family aircraft have been ordered by 21 airlines making it the fastest ever selling commercial aircraft.

airlines making it the fastest ever selling commercial aircraft.airlines making it the fastest ever selling commercial aircraft. airlines making it the fastest ever selling commercial aircraft.[6][6][6][6]

As of August 2012, a total of 5,232 Airbus A320 family aircraft As of August 2012, a total of 5,232 Airbus A320 family aircraft As of August 2012, a total of 5,232 Airbus A320 family aircraft

As of August 2012, a total of 5,232 Airbus A320 family aircraft have been deliveredhave been deliveredhave been deliveredhave been delivered, of which 4,858 are in , of which 4,858 are in , of which 4,858 are in , of which 4,858 are in service. In addition, another 3,621 airliners are

service. In addition, another 3,621 airliners are service. In addition, another 3,621 airliners are

service. In addition, another 3,621 airliners are on firm orderon firm orderon firm orderon firm order. It ranked as the world's fastest-selling jet airliner . It ranked as the world's fastest-selling jet airliner . It ranked as the world's fastest-selling jet airliner . It ranked as the world's fastest-selling jet airliner family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft programme. family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft programme.family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft programme. family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft programme.[7][7][7][7]

[8] [8][8]

[8]_{The family's direct competitors are the}_{The family's direct competitors are the}_{The family's direct competitors are the}_{The family's direct competitors are the}_{Boeing 737}_{Boeing 737}_{Boeing 737}_{Boeing 737}_,_,_,_,₇₁₇₇₁₇₇₁₇₇₁₇_,_,_,_,₇₅₇₇₅₇₇₅₇₇₅₇_{and the}_{and the}_{and the}_{and the}_{McDonnell Douglas MD-80}_{McDonnell Douglas MD-80}_{McDonnell Douglas MD-80}_{McDonnell Douglas MD-80}

....

[[[[

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] Development

[[[[

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] Origins

When Airbus designed the When Airbus designed the When Airbus designed the

When Airbus designed the Airbus A300Airbus A300Airbus A300Airbus A300 during the late 1960s/early 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airliners with which to compete against during the late 1960s/early 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airliners with which to compete against during the late 1960s/early 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airliners with which to compete against during the late 1960s/early 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airliners with which to compete against BoeingBoeingBoeingBoeing

and and and

and DouglasDouglasDouglasDouglas, two established US aerospace manufacturers. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B , two established US aerospace manufacturers. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B , two established US aerospace manufacturers. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B , two established US aerospace manufacturers. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B in support of this long term goal.

in support of this long term goal.in support of this long term goal.

in support of this long term goal.[9][9][9][9] Prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible Prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible Prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible Prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9.

variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9.variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9.

variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9.[10][10][10][10] A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10. A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10. A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10. A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10.[11][11][11][11] It It It It was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range

was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range

was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range Airbus A310Airbus A310Airbus A310Airbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was . Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was . Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was . Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was dominated by the

dominated by the dominated by the

dominated by the Boeing 737Boeing 737Boeing 737Boeing 737 and and and and McDonnell Douglas DC-9McDonnell Douglas DC-9McDonnell Douglas DC-9McDonnell Douglas DC-9....

Air Inter Air InterAir Inter

Air Inter A320-100 in 1991, A320-100 in 1991, A320-100 in 1991, A320-100 in 1991, one of the few A320-100s one of the few A320-100sone of the few A320-100s one of the few A320-100s

Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful

Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful BAC One-ElevenBAC One-ElevenBAC One-ElevenBAC One-Eleven, and to replace the , and to replace the , and to replace the , and to replace the Boeing 737Boeing 737Boeing 737Boeing 737 –200

–200–200

–200 and DC-9. and DC-9. and DC-9. and DC-9.[12][12][12][12] Germany’s MBB ( Germany’s MBB ( Germany’s MBB ( Germany’s MBB (Messerschmitt-Bölkow-BlohmMesserschmitt-Bölkow-BlohmMesserschmitt-Bölkow-BlohmMesserschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm), ), ), ), British Aircraft CorporationBritish Aircraft CorporationBritish Aircraft CorporationBritish Aircraft Corporation, Sweden's , Sweden's , Sweden's , Sweden's SaabSaabSaabSaab and and and and CASACASACASACASA worked on the worked on the worked on the worked on the EUROPLANEEUROPLANEEUROPLANEEUROPLANE, a , a , a , a 180- to 200-seat aircraft.

180- to 200-seat aircraft.180- to 200-seat aircraft.

180- to 200-seat aircraft.[12][13][12][13][12][13][12][13] It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications. It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications. It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications. It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications.[14][14][14][14]VFW-FokkerVFW-FokkerVFW-FokkerVFW-Fokker, , , , DornierDornierDornierDornier and and and and Hawker SiddeleyHawker SiddeleyHawker SiddeleyHawker Siddeley worked on a number worked on a number worked on a number worked on a number of 150-seat designs.

of 150-seat designs.of 150-seat designs. of 150-seat designs.[12][12][12][12]

Alongside BAe (who at the time were not part of Airbus) were MBB, Fokker-VFW and Alongside BAe (who at the time were not part of Airbus) were MBB, Fokker-VFW and Alongside BAe (who at the time were not part of Airbus) were MBB, Fokker-VFW and

Alongside BAe (who at the time were not part of Airbus) were MBB, Fokker-VFW and AérospatialeAérospatialeAérospatialeAérospatiale. The design within the JET study that was carried . The design within the JET study that was carried . The design within the JET study that was carried . The design within the JET study that was carried forward was the JET2 (163 passengers), which then became the Airbus S.A1/2/3 series (Single Aisle), before settling on the A320 name for its launch in forward was the JET2 (163 passengers), which then became the Airbus S.A1/2/3 series (Single Aisle), before settling on the A320 name for its launch in forward was the JET2 (163 passengers), which then became the Airbus S.A1/2/3 series (Single Aisle), before settling on the A320 name for its launch in forward was the JET2 (163 passengers), which then became the Airbus S.A1/2/3 series (Single Aisle), before settling on the A320 name for its launch in 1984.

1984.1984. 1984.

The Hawker Siddeley team had previously produced a design called the HS.134 "Airbus" in 1965, an evolution of the The Hawker Siddeley team had previously produced a design called the HS.134 "Airbus" in 1965, an evolution of the The Hawker Siddeley team had previously produced a design called the HS.134 "Airbus" in 1965, an evolution of the

The Hawker Siddeley team had previously produced a design called the HS.134 "Airbus" in 1965, an evolution of the HS.121HS.121HS.121HS.121 (formerly DH.121) (formerly DH.121) (formerly DH.121) (formerly DH.121) TridentTridentTridentTrident,,,,[15][15][15][15] which shared much of the general arrangement of the later JET3 study design. The name "Airbus" at the time referred to a

which shared much of the general arrangement of the later JET3 study design. The name "Airbus" at the time referred to a which shared much of the general arrangement of the later JET3 study design. The name "Airbus" at the time referred to a

which shared much of the general arrangement of the later JET3 study design. The name "Airbus" at the time referred to a BEABEABEABEA requirement, rather than to requirement, rather than to requirement, rather than to requirement, rather than to the later international programme.

the later international programme.the later international programme. the later international programme.

[[[[

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] Design effort

A new programme was initiated subsequently, called A new programme was initiated subsequently, called A new programme was initiated subsequently, called

A new programme was initiated subsequently, called Joint European TransportJoint European TransportJoint European TransportJoint European Transport (JET). This was set up in June 1977, (JET). This was set up in June 1977, (JET). This was set up in June 1977, (JET). This was set up in June 1977,[16][16][16][16] and was based at the then and was based at the then and was based at the then and was based at the then British British British British Aerospace

AerospaceAerospace

Aerospace (formerly (formerly (formerly (formerly VickersVickersVickersVickers) site in ) site in ) site in ) site in WeybridgeWeybridgeWeybridgeWeybridge, , , , SurreySurreySurreySurrey, UK. Although the members were all of Airbus' partners, they regarded the project as a separate , UK. Although the members were all of Airbus' partners, they regarded the project as a separate , UK. Although the members were all of Airbus' partners, they regarded the project as a separate , UK. Although the members were all of Airbus' partners, they regarded the project as a separate collaboration from Airbus.

collaboration from Airbus.collaboration from Airbus.

collaboration from Airbus.[17][17][17][17] This project was considered the forerunner of Airbus A320, encompassing the 130- to 188-seat market, powered by two This project was considered the forerunner of Airbus A320, encompassing the 130- to 188-seat market, powered by two This project was considered the forerunner of Airbus A320, encompassing the 130- to 188-seat market, powered by two This project was considered the forerunner of Airbus A320, encompassing the 130- to 188-seat market, powered by two

CFM56s CFM56sCFM56s

(3)

creation of the creation of the creation of the

creation of the Single-AisleSingle-AisleSingle-AisleSingle-Aisle (SA) studies in 1980, led by former leader of JET programme, Derek Brown. (SA) studies in 1980, led by former leader of JET programme, Derek Brown. (SA) studies in 1980, led by former leader of JET programme, Derek Brown. (SA) studies in 1980, led by former leader of JET programme, Derek Brown.[18][18][18][18] The group looked at three different variants, The group looked at three different variants, The group looked at three different variants, The group looked at three different variants, covering the 125- to 180-seat market, called

covering the 125- to 180-seat market, called covering the 125- to 180-seat market, called

covering the 125- to 180-seat market, called SA1SA1SA1SA1, , , , SA2SA2SA2SA2 and and and and SA3SA3SA3SA3....[12][12][12][12] Although unaware at the time, the consortium was producing the blueprints for the Although unaware at the time, the consortium was producing the blueprints for the Although unaware at the time, the consortium was producing the blueprints for the Although unaware at the time, the consortium was producing the blueprints for the A319, A320 and A321, respectively.

A319, A320 and A321, respectively.A319, A320 and A321, respectively.

A319, A320 and A321, respectively.[19][19][19][19] The single-aisle programme created divisions within Airbus about whether to design a shorter-range twinjet than a The single-aisle programme created divisions within Airbus about whether to design a shorter-range twinjet than a The single-aisle programme created divisions within Airbus about whether to design a shorter-range twinjet than a The single-aisle programme created divisions within Airbus about whether to design a shorter-range twinjet than a longer-range quadjet wanted by the West Germans, particularly

longer-range quadjet wanted by the West Germans, particularly longer-range quadjet wanted by the West Germans, particularly

longer-range quadjet wanted by the West Germans, particularly LufthansaLufthansaLufthansaLufthansa....[12][20][12][20][12][20][12][20] However, works proceeded, and the German carrier would eventually However, works proceeded, and the German carrier would eventually However, works proceeded, and the German carrier would eventually However, works proceeded, and the German carrier would eventually order the twinjet.

order the twinjet.order the twinjet. order the twinjet.

The cockpit of the A321 is The cockpit of the A321 is The cockpit of the A321 is The cockpit of the A321 is similar to that of the A318, similar to that of the A318, similar to that of the A318, similar to that of the A318, A319 and A320. This layout A319 and A320. This layout A319 and A320. This layout A319 and A320. This layout was incorporated to the later was incorporated to the later was incorporated to the later was incorporated to the later

A330 A330A330

A330, , , , A340A340A340A340, , , , A380A380A380A380, and the , and the , and the , and the upcoming

upcoming upcoming

upcoming A350A350A350A350 as well. This as well. This as well. This as well. This ''''commonalitycommonalitycommonalitycommonality' enables pilots to ' enables pilots to ' enables pilots to ' enables pilots to quickly transition between quickly transition between quickly transition between quickly transition between these types. Note the these types. Note the these types. Note the these types. Note the side-stickside-stickside-stickside-stick

controller and digital controller and digital controller and digital controller and digital fly-by-fly-by-fly-by- fly-by-wire

wirewire

wire technology, a first for technology, a first for technology, a first for technology, a first for commercial aircraft. commercial aircraft.commercial aircraft. commercial aircraft.

In February 1981, the project was re-designated A320, In February 1981, the project was re-designated A320,In February 1981, the project was re-designated A320,

In February 1981, the project was re-designated A320,[19][19][19][19] with efforts focused on the former SA2. During the year, Airbus worked with with efforts focused on the former SA2. During the year, Airbus worked with with efforts focused on the former SA2. During the year, Airbus worked with with efforts focused on the former SA2. During the year, Airbus worked with Delta Air LinesDelta Air LinesDelta Air LinesDelta Air Lines on a on a on a on a 150-seat aircraft envisioned and required by the airline. The A320 would carry 150 passengers 1,860

150-seat aircraft envisioned and required by the airline. The A320 would carry 150 passengers 1,860 150-seat aircraft envisioned and required by the airline. The A320 would carry 150 passengers 1,860

150-seat aircraft envisioned and required by the airline. The A320 would carry 150 passengers 1,860 nautical milesnautical milesnautical milesnautical miles (3,440 km) using fuel from wing fuel (3,440 km) using fuel from wing fuel (3,440 km) using fuel from wing fuel (3,440 km) using fuel from wing fuel tanks only.

tanks only.tanks only.

tanks only.[19][19][19][19] The Dash 200 had more fuel through the activation of centre fuel tank, increasing fuel capacity from 3,429 imperial gallons (15,590 L) to The Dash 200 had more fuel through the activation of centre fuel tank, increasing fuel capacity from 3,429 imperial gallons (15,590 L) to The Dash 200 had more fuel through the activation of centre fuel tank, increasing fuel capacity from 3,429 imperial gallons (15,590 L) to The Dash 200 had more fuel through the activation of centre fuel tank, increasing fuel capacity from 3,429 imperial gallons (15,590 L) to 5,154 imperial gallons (23,430 L).

5,154 imperial gallons (23,430 L).5,154 imperial gallons (23,430 L).

5,154 imperial gallons (23,430 L).[21][21][21][21] enabling to fly up to 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km). enabling to fly up to 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km). enabling to fly up to 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km). enabling to fly up to 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km).[19][19][19][19] The aircraft would measure 118 feet 3 inches (36.04 m) and The aircraft would measure 118 feet 3 inches (36.04 m) and The aircraft would measure 118 feet 3 inches (36.04 m) and The aircraft would measure 118 feet 3 inches (36.04 m) and 128 feet 9 inches (39.24 m), respectively.

128 feet 9 inches (39.24 m), respectively.128 feet 9 inches (39.24 m), respectively.

128 feet 9 inches (39.24 m), respectively.[19][19][19][19] Airbus then had to decide on a cross-section for the A320. It considered a fuselage diameter of "the Boeing Airbus then had to decide on a cross-section for the A320. It considered a fuselage diameter of "the Boeing Airbus then had to decide on a cross-section for the A320. It considered a fuselage diameter of "the Boeing Airbus then had to decide on a cross-section for the A320. It considered a fuselage diameter of "the Boeing 707 and 727, or do something better".

707 and 727, or do something better".707 and 727, or do something better".

707 and 727, or do something better".[12][12][12][12] It eventually settled on a wider diameter, with the internal width at 3.7 metres (12 ft 2 in), It eventually settled on a wider diameter, with the internal width at 3.7 metres (12 ft 2 in), It eventually settled on a wider diameter, with the internal width at 3.7 metres (12 ft 2 in), It eventually settled on a wider diameter, with the internal width at 3.7 metres (12 ft 2 in),[12][12][12][12] compared to 3.45 compared to 3.45 compared to 3.45 compared to 3.45 metres (11 ft 4 in)

metres (11 ft 4 in)metres (11 ft 4 in)

metres (11 ft 4 in)[12][12][12][12] of the Boeing aircraft. Although heavier, this specification allowed the aircraft to compete more effectively with the 737. The A320 of the Boeing aircraft. Although heavier, this specification allowed the aircraft to compete more effectively with the 737. The A320 of the Boeing aircraft. Although heavier, this specification allowed the aircraft to compete more effectively with the 737. The A320 of the Boeing aircraft. Although heavier, this specification allowed the aircraft to compete more effectively with the 737. The A320 wing went through several stages of design, finally settling on 33.91 metres (111 feet 3 inches).

wing went through several stages of design, finally settling on 33.91 metres (111 feet 3 inches).wing went through several stages of design, finally settling on 33.91 metres (111 feet 3 inches).

wing went through several stages of design, finally settling on 33.91 metres (111 feet 3 inches).[21][21][21][21] It is longer and thinner, offering better aerodynamic It is longer and thinner, offering better aerodynamic It is longer and thinner, offering better aerodynamic It is longer and thinner, offering better aerodynamic efficiency because of higher

efficiency because of higher efficiency because of higher

efficiency because of higher aspect ratioaspect ratioaspect ratioaspect ratio than the competition, namely the 737 and MD-80. than the competition, namely the 737 and MD-80. than the competition, namely the 737 and MD-80. than the competition, namely the 737 and MD-80.

With the A320, Airbus made a controversial decision. For the first time, digital With the A320, Airbus made a controversial decision. For the first time, digital With the A320, Airbus made a controversial decision. For the first time, digital

With the A320, Airbus made a controversial decision. For the first time, digital fly-by-wirefly-by-wirefly-by-wirefly-by-wire (FBW) (FBW) (FBW) (FBW) flight control systemflight control systemflight control systemflight control system would be incorporated into a would be incorporated into a would be incorporated into a would be incorporated into a commercial airliner,

commercial airliner,commercial airliner,

commercial airliner,[22][22][22][22] although it was previously successfully proven on military fighter aircraft, although it was previously successfully proven on military fighter aircraft, although it was previously successfully proven on military fighter aircraft, although it was previously successfully proven on military fighter aircraft,[22][22][22][22] such as the such as the such as the such as the Vought F-8 CrusaderVought F-8 CrusaderVought F-8 CrusaderVought F-8 Crusader. Aside from associated . Aside from associated . Aside from associated . Aside from associated reduction in weight and cost, this system would provide

reduction in weight and cost, this system would provide reduction in weight and cost, this system would provide

reduction in weight and cost, this system would provide flight envelope protectionflight envelope protectionflight envelope protectionflight envelope protection....[23][23][23][23] The pilot, in essence, places inputs into the flight control computer, The pilot, in essence, places inputs into the flight control computer, The pilot, in essence, places inputs into the flight control computer, The pilot, in essence, places inputs into the flight control computer, which interprets these actions and moves the

which interprets these actions and moves the which interprets these actions and moves the

which interprets these actions and moves the flight control surfacesflight control surfacesflight control surfacesflight control surfaces. FBW also allows Airbus to make flying characteristics similar to later models,. FBW also allows Airbus to make flying characteristics similar to later models,. FBW also allows Airbus to make flying characteristics similar to later models,. FBW also allows Airbus to make flying characteristics similar to later models,[24][24][24][24] such such such such as the

as the as the

as the Airbus A330Airbus A330Airbus A330Airbus A330, , , , A340A340A340A340, , , , A380A380A380A380, and the upcoming , and the upcoming , and the upcoming , and the upcoming A350A350A350A350. It would feature . It would feature . It would feature . It would feature side-stickside-stickside-stickside-stick control for the first time on a commercial aircraft. control for the first time on a commercial aircraft. control for the first time on a commercial aircraft. control for the first time on a commercial aircraft. Bernard ZieglerBernard ZieglerBernard ZieglerBernard Ziegler, son , son , son , son of the former Airbus CEO,

of the former Airbus CEO, of the former Airbus CEO,

of the former Airbus CEO, Henri ZieglerHenri ZieglerHenri ZieglerHenri Ziegler, was the initiator of the aircraft's revolutionary fly-by-wire flight controls with side-stick cockpit controller and full , was the initiator of the aircraft's revolutionary fly-by-wire flight controls with side-stick cockpit controller and full , was the initiator of the aircraft's revolutionary fly-by-wire flight controls with side-stick cockpit controller and full , was the initiator of the aircraft's revolutionary fly-by-wire flight controls with side-stick cockpit controller and full glass cockpit. He successfully convinced aviation authorities of the concept's validity.

glass cockpit. He successfully convinced aviation authorities of the concept's validity.glass cockpit. He successfully convinced aviation authorities of the concept's validity.

glass cockpit. He successfully convinced aviation authorities of the concept's validity.[[[[citation neededcitation neededcitation neededcitation needed]]]]

During the A320 development programme, Airbus considered During the A320 development programme, Airbus considered During the A320 development programme, Airbus considered

During the A320 development programme, Airbus considered propfanpropfanpropfanpropfan technology, backed by technology, backed by technology, backed by technology, backed by LufthansaLufthansaLufthansaLufthansa....[25][25][25][25] At the time unproven, it was essentially a fan At the time unproven, it was essentially a fan At the time unproven, it was essentially a fan At the time unproven, it was essentially a fan placed outside the

placed outside the placed outside the

placed outside the engine nacelleengine nacelleengine nacelleengine nacelle, offering speed of a turbofan at , offering speed of a turbofan at , offering speed of a turbofan at , offering speed of a turbofan at turbopropsturbopropsturbopropsturboprops economics; eventually, Airbus stuck with turbofans. Power on the A320 would economics; eventually, Airbus stuck with turbofans. Power on the A320 would economics; eventually, Airbus stuck with turbofans. Power on the A320 would economics; eventually, Airbus stuck with turbofans. Power on the A320 would be supplied by two

be supplied by two be supplied by two

be supplied by two CFM56-5-A1sCFM56-5-A1sCFM56-5-A1sCFM56-5-A1s rated at 25,000 lbf (112.5 kN). rated at 25,000 lbf (112.5 kN). rated at 25,000 lbf (112.5 kN). rated at 25,000 lbf (112.5 kN).[21][21][21][21] It was the only available engine at launch until the It was the only available engine at launch until the It was the only available engine at launch until the It was the only available engine at launch until the IAE V2500IAE V2500IAE V2500IAE V2500, offered by International , offered by International , offered by International , offered by International Aero Engines, a group composed of Rolls Royce,

Aero Engines, a group composed of Rolls Royce, Aero Engines, a group composed of Rolls Royce,

Aero Engines, a group composed of Rolls Royce, Pratt & WhitneyPratt & WhitneyPratt & WhitneyPratt & Whitney, , , , Japanese Aero Engines CorporationJapanese Aero Engines CorporationJapanese Aero Engines CorporationJapanese Aero Engines Corporation, , , , FiatFiatFiatFiat and and and and MTU Aero EnginesMTU Aero EnginesMTU Aero EnginesMTU Aero Engines (MTU). The first V2500 (MTU). The first V2500 (MTU). The first V2500 (MTU). The first V2500 variant, the V2500-A1, has a thrust output of 25,000

variant, the V2500-A1, has a thrust output of 25,000 variant, the V2500-A1, has a thrust output of 25,000

variant, the V2500-A1, has a thrust output of 25,000 pounds-forcepounds-forcepounds-forcepounds-force (110 (110 (110 (110 kNkNkNkN),),),),[26][26][26][26] hence the name, and is marginally more efficient than the CFM56, with hence the name, and is marginally more efficient than the CFM56, with hence the name, and is marginally more efficient than the CFM56, with hence the name, and is marginally more efficient than the CFM56, with

specific fuel consumption specific fuel consumptionspecific fuel consumption

specific fuel consumption at 0.560, compared to 0.591 of the CFM56. at 0.560, compared to 0.591 of the CFM56. at 0.560, compared to 0.591 of the CFM56. at 0.560, compared to 0.591 of the CFM56.[27][27][27][27]

(4)

The The The

The horizontal stabilizerhorizontal stabilizerhorizontal stabilizerhorizontal stabilizer of the of the of the of the A320 is produced in Spain. A320 is produced in Spain. A320 is produced in Spain. A320 is produced in Spain. Other A320 parts are Other A320 parts are Other A320 parts are Other A320 parts are manufactured at various sites manufactured at various sites manufactured at various sites manufactured at various sites throughout Europe and the throughout Europe and the throughout Europe and the throughout Europe and the world.

world.world. world.

Production of the A320 was postponed for a number of reasons. From the start, the UK, France and Production of the A320 was postponed for a number of reasons. From the start, the UK, France and Production of the A320 was postponed for a number of reasons. From the start, the UK, France and

Production of the A320 was postponed for a number of reasons. From the start, the UK, France and West GermanyWest GermanyWest GermanyWest Germany wanted the responsibility of final wanted the responsibility of final wanted the responsibility of final wanted the responsibility of final assembly and the associated duties. These disputes were known as "work-share arguments",

assembly and the associated duties. These disputes were known as "work-share arguments",assembly and the associated duties. These disputes were known as "work-share arguments",

assembly and the associated duties. These disputes were known as "work-share arguments",[28][28][28][28] driven by, apart from money, prestige. driven by, apart from money, prestige. driven by, apart from money, prestige. driven by, apart from money, prestige.[28][28][28][28] The Germans The Germans The Germans The Germans requested an increased work-share of 40%,

requested an increased work-share of 40%,requested an increased work-share of 40%,

requested an increased work-share of 40%,[28][28][28][28] while the British wanted the major responsibilities to be swapped around to give partners production and while the British wanted the major responsibilities to be swapped around to give partners production and while the British wanted the major responsibilities to be swapped around to give partners production and while the British wanted the major responsibilities to be swapped around to give partners production and

research and development research and developmentresearch and development

research and development (R&D) experience. (R&D) experience. (R&D) experience. (R&D) experience.[28][28][28][28] In the end, British work-share was increased from that of the two previous Airbuses, In the end, British work-share was increased from that of the two previous Airbuses, In the end, British work-share was increased from that of the two previous Airbuses, In the end, British work-share was increased from that of the two previous Airbuses,[28][28][28][28] while virtually no while virtually no while virtually no while virtually no changes took place for the other three major member-countries. Another contributing factor was launch aid, or subsidies, for the aerospace companies changes took place for the other three major member-countries. Another contributing factor was launch aid, or subsidies, for the aerospace companies changes took place for the other three major member-countries. Another contributing factor was launch aid, or subsidies, for the aerospace companies changes took place for the other three major member-countries. Another contributing factor was launch aid, or subsidies, for the aerospace companies from their respective governments. France was willing to commit, while the Germans were more cautious.

from their respective governments. France was willing to commit, while the Germans were more cautious.from their respective governments. France was willing to commit, while the Germans were more cautious.

from their respective governments. France was willing to commit, while the Germans were more cautious.[29][29][29][29] The UK government, on the other hand, were The UK government, on the other hand, were The UK government, on the other hand, were The UK government, on the other hand, were unwilling to provide funding for the tooling requested by

unwilling to provide funding for the tooling requested by unwilling to provide funding for the tooling requested by

unwilling to provide funding for the tooling requested by British AerospaceBritish AerospaceBritish AerospaceBritish Aerospace (BAe). Estimated at (BAe). Estimated at (BAe). Estimated at (BAe). Estimated at ₤₤₤₤250 million, it was postponed for three years until 1 March 250 million, it was postponed for three years until 1 March 250 million, it was postponed for three years until 1 March 250 million, it was postponed for three years until 1 March 1984,

1984,1984,

1984,[21][21][21][21] when an announcement was made about the deal between government and manufacturer. The agreement dictates that ₤50 million would be paid when an announcement was made about the deal between government and manufacturer. The agreement dictates that ₤50 million would be paid when an announcement was made about the deal between government and manufacturer. The agreement dictates that ₤50 million would be paid when an announcement was made about the deal between government and manufacturer. The agreement dictates that ₤50 million would be paid whether the A320 would fly or not, while the rest would be paid as a levy of each aircraft sold.

whether the A320 would fly or not, while the rest would be paid as a levy of each aircraft sold.whether the A320 would fly or not, while the rest would be paid as a levy of each aircraft sold. whether the A320 would fly or not, while the rest would be paid as a levy of each aircraft sold.[30][30][30][30]

The programme was launched the following day The programme was launched the following dayThe programme was launched the following day

The programme was launched the following day[31][31][31][31] off the back of orders for 96 aircraft from five customers. off the back of orders for 96 aircraft from five customers. off the back of orders for 96 aircraft from five customers. off the back of orders for 96 aircraft from five customers. Air FranceAir FranceAir FranceAir France was the first customer for the type, was the first customer for the type, was the first customer for the type, was the first customer for the type, having placed an order for 50 aircraft, split evenly between firm and options, between 16 A320-100s and 34 -200s.

having placed an order for 50 aircraft, split evenly between firm and options, between 16 A320-100s and 34 -200s.having placed an order for 50 aircraft, split evenly between firm and options, between 16 A320-100s and 34 -200s.

having placed an order for 50 aircraft, split evenly between firm and options, between 16 A320-100s and 34 -200s.[22][22][22][22] However, However, However, However, British CaledonianBritish CaledonianBritish CaledonianBritish Caledonian was the was the was the was the first to place a firm order for seven back in October 1983.

first to place a firm order for seven back in October 1983.first to place a firm order for seven back in October 1983.

first to place a firm order for seven back in October 1983.[32][32][32][32]Cyprus AirwaysCyprus AirwaysCyprus AirwaysCyprus Airways became the first to place order for V2500-powered A320s in November 1984. became the first to place order for V2500-powered A320s in November 1984. became the first to place order for V2500-powered A320s in November 1984. became the first to place order for V2500-powered A320s in November 1984.

[33] [33][33] [33]_{Pan Am}

Pan AmPan Am

Pan Am also selected V2500 when it requested 16 firm orders and 34 options in January 1985, as did also selected V2500 when it requested 16 firm orders and 34 options in January 1985, as did also selected V2500 when it requested 16 firm orders and 34 options in January 1985, as did also selected V2500 when it requested 16 firm orders and 34 options in January 1985, as did Inex AdriaInex AdriaInex AdriaInex Adria....[32][32][32][32] The most significant order was to The most significant order was to The most significant order was to The most significant order was to come, when

come, when come, when

come, when Northwest AirlinesNorthwest AirlinesNorthwest AirlinesNorthwest Airlines placed an order for 100 A320s in October 1986, later confirmed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, powered by CFM56. placed an order for 100 A320s in October 1986, later confirmed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, powered by CFM56. placed an order for 100 A320s in October 1986, later confirmed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, powered by CFM56. placed an order for 100 A320s in October 1986, later confirmed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, powered by CFM56.[34][34][34][34]

An An An

An Airbus BelugaAirbus BelugaAirbus BelugaAirbus Beluga unloading unloading unloading unloading A320-family aircraft parts at A320-family aircraft parts at A320-family aircraft parts at A320-family aircraft parts at

Finkenwerder FinkenwerderFinkenwerder

Finkenwerder, northern , northern , northern , northern Germany.

Germany.Germany. Germany.

The first Airbus A320 was rolled out on 14 February 1987 amid The first Airbus A320 was rolled out on 14 February 1987 amid The first Airbus A320 was rolled out on 14 February 1987 amid

The first Airbus A320 was rolled out on 14 February 1987 amid dry icedry icedry icedry ice and laser beams as part of a spectacular unveiling ceremony. and laser beams as part of a spectacular unveiling ceremony. and laser beams as part of a spectacular unveiling ceremony. and laser beams as part of a spectacular unveiling ceremony.[35][36][35][36][35][36][35][36] A number of A number of A number of A number of high-profile figures were present, including the

high-profile figures were present, including the high-profile figures were present, including the

high-profile figures were present, including the PrincePrincePrincePrince and and and and Princess of WalesPrincess of WalesPrincess of WalesPrincess of Wales....[37][37][37][37] The The The The first flightfirst flightfirst flightfirst flight came on 22 February, came on 22 February, came on 22 February, came on 22 February,[36][36][36][36] during which the aircraft flew for 3 during which the aircraft flew for 3 during which the aircraft flew for 3 during which the aircraft flew for 3 hours 23 minutes.

hours 23 minutes.hours 23 minutes.

hours 23 minutes.[31][31][31][31] The flight marked the beginning of a flight test programme involving 1,200 airborne hours on 530 flights. The flight marked the beginning of a flight test programme involving 1,200 airborne hours on 530 flights. The flight marked the beginning of a flight test programme involving 1,200 airborne hours on 530 flights. The flight marked the beginning of a flight test programme involving 1,200 airborne hours on 530 flights.[35][35][35][35] European European European European Joint Aviation Joint Aviation Joint Aviation Joint Aviation Authorities

AuthoritiesAuthorities

Authorities (JAA) certification was received on 26 February 1988. (JAA) certification was received on 26 February 1988. (JAA) certification was received on 26 February 1988. (JAA) certification was received on 26 February 1988.[35][35][35][35] The first A320 delivery was to Air France on 26 March 1988. The first A320 delivery was to Air France on 26 March 1988. The first A320 delivery was to Air France on 26 March 1988. The first A320 delivery was to Air France on 26 March 1988.[35][35][35][35]

On 26 June 1988, a chartered Air France Airbus A320-111 (F-GFKC) On 26 June 1988, a chartered Air France Airbus A320-111 (F-GFKC)On 26 June 1988, a chartered Air France Airbus A320-111 (F-GFKC)

On 26 June 1988, a chartered Air France Airbus A320-111 (F-GFKC)[38][38][38][38]crashedcrashedcrashedcrashed into trees at the end of runway at into trees at the end of runway at into trees at the end of runway at into trees at the end of runway at Mulhouse-Habsheim AirportMulhouse-Habsheim AirportMulhouse-Habsheim AirportMulhouse-Habsheim Airport. Three out of . Three out of . Three out of . Three out of 130 passengers were killed.

130 passengers were killed.130 passengers were killed.

130 passengers were killed.[38][38][38][38] Another A320, flown by Another A320, flown by Another A320, flown by Another A320, flown by Indian AirlinesIndian AirlinesIndian AirlinesIndian Airlines, , , , crashedcrashedcrashedcrashed landed short of the airport runway in landed short of the airport runway in landed short of the airport runway in landed short of the airport runway in BangaloreBangaloreBangaloreBangalore. The ensuing fire . The ensuing fire . The ensuing fire . The ensuing fire contributed to the casualty count of ninety-two, out of 146 on board.

contributed to the casualty count of ninety-two, out of 146 on board.contributed to the casualty count of ninety-two, out of 146 on board.

contributed to the casualty count of ninety-two, out of 146 on board.[39][39][39][39] The press and media later questioned the fly-by-wire flight control system. The press and media later questioned the fly-by-wire flight control system. The press and media later questioned the fly-by-wire flight control system. The press and media later questioned the fly-by-wire flight control system.[38][38][38][38] Subsequent investigations by commission of inquiry found "no malfunction of the aircraft or its equipment which could have contributed towards a Subsequent investigations by commission of inquiry found "no malfunction of the aircraft or its equipment which could have contributed towards a Subsequent investigations by commission of inquiry found "no malfunction of the aircraft or its equipment which could have contributed towards a Subsequent investigations by commission of inquiry found "no malfunction of the aircraft or its equipment which could have contributed towards a reduction in safety or an increase in the crew's workload during the final flight phase...the response of the engines was normal and in compliance with reduction in safety or an increase in the crew's workload during the final flight phase...the response of the engines was normal and in compliance with reduction in safety or an increase in the crew's workload during the final flight phase...the response of the engines was normal and in compliance with reduction in safety or an increase in the crew's workload during the final flight phase...the response of the engines was normal and in compliance with certification requirement".

certification requirement".certification requirement". certification requirement".[38][38][38][38]

(5)

Airbus A32X family Airbus A32X familyAirbus A32X family Airbus A32X family

As of 2009, Airbus required about eight months to build an A320. As of 2009, Airbus required about eight months to build an A320.As of 2009, Airbus required about eight months to build an A320.

As of 2009, Airbus required about eight months to build an A320.[40][40][40][40] Components from various Airbus plants are transported to the final assembly plant at Components from various Airbus plants are transported to the final assembly plant at Components from various Airbus plants are transported to the final assembly plant at Components from various Airbus plants are transported to the final assembly plant at

Hamburg Finkenwerder Hamburg FinkenwerderHamburg Finkenwerder

Hamburg Finkenwerder for the A318/A319/A321 for the A318/A319/A321 for the A318/A319/A321 for the A318/A319/A321[41][41][41][41] and to and to and to and to Toulouse BlagnacToulouse BlagnacToulouse BlagnacToulouse Blagnac for the A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' for the A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' for the A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' for the A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' A300-600ST A300-600ST A300-600ST A300-600ST Beluga

BelugaBeluga

Beluga outsized transporters. Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 and 2012 are being assembled in outsized transporters. Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 and 2012 are being assembled in outsized transporters. Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 and 2012 are being assembled in outsized transporters. Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 and 2012 are being assembled in TianjinTianjinTianjinTianjin, People's , People's , People's , People's Republic of China.

Republic of China.Republic of China. Republic of China.[42][42][42][42]

[[[[

edit

] Stretching and shrinking

The first derivative of the A320 is the Airbus A321, also known as the The first derivative of the A320 is the Airbus A321, also known as the The first derivative of the A320 is the Airbus A321, also known as the

The first derivative of the A320 is the Airbus A321, also known as the Stretched A320Stretched A320Stretched A320Stretched A320, , , , A320-500A320-500A320-500A320-500 and and and and A325A325A325A325....[35][43][35][43][35][43][35][43] Its launch came on 24 November 1988 Its launch came on 24 November 1988 Its launch came on 24 November 1988 Its launch came on 24 November 1988 after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.

after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.

after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.[35][44][35][44][35][44][35][44] The aircraft would be a minimum-changed derivative, apart from a number of The aircraft would be a minimum-changed derivative, apart from a number of The aircraft would be a minimum-changed derivative, apart from a number of The aircraft would be a minimum-changed derivative, apart from a number of minor modifications to the wing, and the fuselage stretch itself. The wing would incorporate

minor modifications to the wing, and the fuselage stretch itself. The wing would incorporate minor modifications to the wing, and the fuselage stretch itself. The wing would incorporate

minor modifications to the wing, and the fuselage stretch itself. The wing would incorporate double-slotted flapsdouble-slotted flapsdouble-slotted flapsdouble-slotted flaps and minor and minor and minor and minor trailing edgetrailing edgetrailing edgetrailing edge modifications, modifications, modifications, modifications,[45][45][45][45] increasing the wing area from 124 m

increasing the wing area from 124 mincreasing the wing area from 124 m

increasing the wing area from 124 m2222 (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m2222 (1,380 sq ft). (1,380 sq ft). (1,380 sq ft). (1,380 sq ft).[46][46][46][46] The fuselage was lengthened by four plugs (two ahead and two behind the The fuselage was lengthened by four plugs (two ahead and two behind the The fuselage was lengthened by four plugs (two ahead and two behind the The fuselage was lengthened by four plugs (two ahead and two behind the wings), giving the A321 an overall length of 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.

wings), giving the A321 an overall length of 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.wings), giving the A321 an overall length of 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.

wings), giving the A321 an overall length of 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.[45][47][48][45][47][48][45][47][48][45][47][48] The length increase required the overwing exits of the The length increase required the overwing exits of the The length increase required the overwing exits of the The length increase required the overwing exits of the A320 to be enlarged and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.

A320 to be enlarged and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.A320 to be enlarged and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.

A320 to be enlarged and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.[49][49][49][49] The centre fuselage and The centre fuselage and The centre fuselage and The centre fuselage and undercarriageundercarriageundercarriageundercarriage were reinforced to accommodate the were reinforced to accommodate the were reinforced to accommodate the were reinforced to accommodate the increase in

increase in increase in

increase in maximum takeoff weightmaximum takeoff weightmaximum takeoff weightmaximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), taking the MTOW to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb). (MTOW) of 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), taking the MTOW to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb). (MTOW) of 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), taking the MTOW to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb). (MTOW) of 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), taking the MTOW to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb).[45][45][45][45]

Alitalia AlitaliaAlitalia

Alitalia was the second to was the second to was the second to was the second to receive the stretched A321, receive the stretched A321, receive the stretched A321, receive the stretched A321, after Lufthansa.

after Lufthansa.after Lufthansa. after Lufthansa.[49][49][49][49]

Final assembly for the A321 would be, as a first for any Airbus, carried out in Germany (then West Germany). Final assembly for the A321 would be, as a first for any Airbus, carried out in Germany (then West Germany).Final assembly for the A321 would be, as a first for any Airbus, carried out in Germany (then West Germany).

Final assembly for the A321 would be, as a first for any Airbus, carried out in Germany (then West Germany).[50][50][50][50] This came after a dispute between the This came after a dispute between the This came after a dispute between the This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed the move would incur $150 million, €135 million in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,

French, who claimed the move would incur $150 million, €135 million in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,French, who claimed the move would incur $150 million, €135 million in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,

French, who claimed the move would incur $150 million, €135 million in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,[51][51][51][51] and the Germans, and the Germans, and the Germans, and the Germans, arguing it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located at

arguing it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located at arguing it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located at

arguing it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located at HamburgHamburgHamburgHamburg, which would also produce the smaller , which would also produce the smaller , which would also produce the smaller , which would also produce the smaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the

Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the

Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond marketbond marketbond marketbond market, through which it raised $480 million, €475 million to finance development costs., through which it raised $480 million, €475 million to finance development costs., through which it raised $480 million, €475 million to finance development costs., through which it raised $480 million, €475 million to finance development costs.

[38] [38][38] [38]

An additional $180 million, €175 million was loaned from An additional $180 million, €175 million was loaned from An additional $180 million, €175 million was loaned from

An additional $180 million, €175 million was loaned from European Investment BankEuropean Investment BankEuropean Investment BankEuropean Investment Bank and private investors. and private investors. and private investors. and private investors.[52][52][52][52] The The The The maiden flightmaiden flightmaiden flightmaiden flight of the Airbus A321 of the Airbus A321 of the Airbus A321 of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March 1993, when the

came on 11 March 1993, when the came on 11 March 1993, when the

came on 11 March 1993, when the prototypeprototypeprototypeprototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with , registration F-WWIA, flew with , registration F-WWIA, flew with , registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500IAE V2500IAE V2500IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May.

turbofans, flew in May.turbofans, flew in May.

turbofans, flew in May.[49][49][49][49] Lufthansa and Lufthansa and Lufthansa and Lufthansa and AlitaliaAlitaliaAlitaliaAlitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively.[49][49][49][49] The first The first The first The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while over at Alitalia, the first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft was delivered on 22 March. of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while over at Alitalia, the first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft was delivered on 22 March.of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while over at Alitalia, the first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft was delivered on 22 March. of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while over at Alitalia, the first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft was delivered on 22 March.

[49] [49][49] [49]

The A319 is the next derivative of the baseline A320. The design is a "shrink" with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of the Single-Aisle studies. The A319 is the next derivative of the baseline A320. The design is a "shrink" with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of the Single-Aisle studies.The A319 is the next derivative of the baseline A320. The design is a "shrink" with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of the Single-Aisle studies. The A319 is the next derivative of the baseline A320. The design is a "shrink" with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of the Single-Aisle studies.

[51] [51][51] [51]

The SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus turned its focus back to what The SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus turned its focus back to what The SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus turned its focus back to what The SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus turned its focus back to what was then known as the

was then known as the was then known as the

was then known as the A320M-7A320M-7A320M-7A320M-7, meaning A320 , meaning A320 , meaning A320 , meaning A320 minus seven fuselage framesminus seven fuselage framesminus seven fuselage framesminus seven fuselage frames....[53][53][53][53] It would provide direct competition for the It would provide direct competition for the It would provide direct competition for the It would provide direct competition for the Boeing 737–300Boeing 737–300Boeing 737–300Boeing 737–300////-700-700-700-700....[51][51][51][51] The The The The shrink was achieved though the removal of four fuselage frames fore and three aft the wing, cutting the overal length by 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in). shrink was achieved though the removal of four fuselage frames fore and three aft the wing, cutting the overal length by 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in).shrink was achieved though the removal of four fuselage frames fore and three aft the wing, cutting the overal length by 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in). shrink was achieved though the removal of four fuselage frames fore and three aft the wing, cutting the overal length by 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in).[47][54][55][47][54][55][47][54][55][47][54][55] Consequently, the number of overwing exits were reduced from four to two. The bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in Consequently, the number of overwing exits were reduced from four to two. The bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in Consequently, the number of overwing exits were reduced from four to two. The bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in Consequently, the number of overwing exits were reduced from four to two. The bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in reduced height

reduced height reduced height

reduced height LD3-46 containersLD3-46 containersLD3-46 containersLD3-46 containers....[54][54][54][54] Minor Minor Minor Minor software programmingsoftware programmingsoftware programmingsoftware programming were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the aircraft is largely unchanged. Power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98

aircraft is largely unchanged. Power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 aircraft is largely unchanged. Power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98

aircraft is largely unchanged. Power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 kNkNkNkN (22,000 lbf), with option for 105 kN (24,000 lbf) thrust. (22,000 lbf), with option for 105 kN (24,000 lbf) thrust. (22,000 lbf), with option for 105 kN (24,000 lbf) thrust. (22,000 lbf), with option for 105 kN (24,000 lbf) thrust.[56][56][56][56]

A A A

A US AirwaysUS AirwaysUS AirwaysUS Airways A319 in A319 in A319 in A319 in America America America America West

WestWest

West heritage livery. The heritage livery. The heritage livery. The heritage livery. The A319's wingspan is longer than A319's wingspan is longer than A319's wingspan is longer than A319's wingspan is longer than the aircraft's overall length. the aircraft's overall length.the aircraft's overall length. the aircraft's overall length.

Airbus A320

A320 family

A320 family

A320 family

A320 family

A318/A319/A320/A321

A318/A319/A320/A321

A318/A319/A320/A321

A318/A319/A320/A321

Airbus A320 family

Airbus A320 family

Airbus A320 family

Airbus A320 family

Contents

Contents

Contents

Contents

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] Development

] Development

] Development

] Development

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] Origins

] Origins

] Origins

] Origins

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] Design effort

] Design effort

] Design effort

] Design effort

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] Stretching and shrinking

] Stretching and shrinking

] Stretching and shrinking

] Stretching and shrinking