Private International Law

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C

HANAKYA

N

ATIONAL

L

A

AW

W

U

NIVERSITY

S

UBJECT

--

P

RIVATE

I

NTERNAT

NTERNA

TIONAL

IONAL

L

AW

P

ROJECT

W

ORK

O

N

V

ALIDITY

ALIDITY OF

OF

M

ARRIAGE

S

UBMITTED

T

O

-

- D

D

R

. P.P. R

AO

S

UBMITTED

B

Y

R

OHIT

S

INHA

R

OLL

N

O

. 601

9

THTH

S

EMESTER

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A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTCKNOWLEDGEMENT

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M ,$#+% (3/$ga%$(&7 $##a3/ 3 %! #3a/ 8'#++$(&7 $+ %( (4# +43)*% %a*!# Dr Dr. P. P.P.P. Rao. Rao "!( !a+ g$&  !$+ a/4a3/ !/' $& #$a "a ,#( %! +%a#% %( %! # &. H "a+ a/"a+ "!( !a+ g$&  !$+ a/4a3/ !/' $& #$a "a ,#( %! +%a#% %( %! # &. H "a+ a/"a+ %!# %( +!(" 4+ %! #$g!% %#a* "!& " & !$+ !/'. H /&% !$+ a/4a3/ +4gg+%$(&+7 %!# %( +!(" 4+ %! #$g!% %#a* "!& " & !$+ !/'. H /&% !$+ a/4a3/ +4gg+%$(&+7 g4$a&* a& &*(4#ag&%7 $& $,,#&% a%%#+ #ga#$&g %! %('$*. H !a 3& # $& g4$a&* a& &*(4#ag&%7 $& $,,#&% a%%#+ #ga#$&g %! %('$*. H !a 3& # $& a& 'a%$&% "!$/ +4gg+%$&g  %! (4%/$&+ (, %!$+ '#()*% a& *(##*%$&g  (43%+. I %!a& a& 'a%$&% "!$/ +4gg+%$&g  %! (4%/$&+ (, %!$+ '#()*% a& *(##*%$&g  (43%+. I %!a& !$ ,(# !$+ (#a// +4''(#%+ "$%! %! !/' (, "!$*!

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TABLE OF INDEX

A. AIMS AND OB:ECTIVE-...; B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<-...; C. SOURCES OF DATA<-...; D. SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS<-...;

I. INTRODUCTION...6

II. MEANING OF MARRIAGE...7

III. FORMAL VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE...8

A. POSITION IN E NGLAND...9

B. POSITION IN COMMON LAW COUNTRIES...10

I. POSITION IN AUSTRALIA...10

II. POSITION IN CANADA...10

IV. CAPACITY TO MARRY...1

V. CONSENT OF PARTIES...11

VI. T!E C!OICE OF LAW R ULE...1" A. DUAL DOMICILE DOCTRINE...1

B. I NTENDED MATRIMONIAL HOME DOCTRINE...1

C. R EAL AND SUBSTANTIVE CONNECTION...1=

D. VALIDITY OF EITHER PARTY5S DOMICILIARY LAW...1=

E. A VARIABLE R ULE...1=

VII. MATRIMONIAL CAUSES...1#

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I. AT COMMON LAW...1> II. MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT7 19?=...1>

III. R EMAINING PROBLEMS...1;

B. :URISDICTION...1;

C. :UDICIAL SEPARATION...1?

D. NULLITY OF MARRIAGE...1?

VIII. POSITION IN INDIA...18

A. CASE LAWS IN I NDIA...1@

IX. !AGUE CONVENTION$ A WORKABLE SOLUTION OR A MYT! IN ITSELF..."

X. CONCLUSION..."

BIBLIOGRAP!Y...""

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A.

A. AIMS AND OB:ECTIVE-AIMS AND

OB:ECTIVE-T! a$ (, #+a#*!#7 $& ($&g %! #+a#*! "(# $+ %( g$ a 3#(a (4%/$& (, a/$$% (, a##$ag $& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La". T! '#()*% "$// ,4#%!# a&a/ %! a#$(4+ a+'*%+ (, a/$$% (, a##$ag $& *(&%#a+% "$%! %! a#$(4+ )4$*$a/ '#*&%+ "!$*! a# #/a&% %( %! %('$*.

B.

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<-RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY<-A+ "!(/ #+a#*! "(# ,(# %!$+ "(# $+ *(&,$& %( %! /$3#a# a& 3((+ a& &( ,$/ "(# !a+ 3& (& !&* #+a#*!# $& !$+ #+a#*! "(# !a+ ('% %! (*%#$&a/ %!((/(g (, #+a#*!. R+a#*!# !a+ a/+( ,(//(" %! 4&$,(# ( (, *$%a%$(& %!#(4g!(4% %! '#()*% "(#.

C.

C. SOURCES OF DATA<-SOURCES OF

DATA<-F(# ($&g %! #+a#*! "(# a#$(4+ +(4#*+ !a+ 3& 4+. R+a#*!# $& %! #+a#*! "(# !a+ #/$ 4'(& %! +(4#*+ /$ a& 3((+ (, P$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La"7 A#%$*/+7 a& :(4#&a/+. T! (&/$& a%#$a/+ !a 3& #a$& a+ a %#4+%"(#%! a& !/',4/ +(4#* ,(# %! #+a#*!.

D.

D. SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS<-SCOPES AND

LIMITATIONS<-T!(4g! %! #+a#*!# !a+ %#$ !$+ // 3+% %( &(% %( /,% a& +%(& 4&%4#& $& ($&g !$+ #+a#*! "(# %( !$g!/$g!% %! a#$(4+ a+'*%+ #/a%$&g %( %! %('$*7 34% %! %('$* 3$&g +( a+% a& &a$* ,$/ (, /a" a& "!(+ !(#$(& a& a3$% *a&&(% 3 *(&,$& a& &a##(" ("&7 %! #+a#*! "(# !a+ +(4g!% "$%! +( (, %! 4&a($a3/ /$$%a%$(&+.

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I

I IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION

D+'$% %! *!a&g+ $& +(*$% $& #*&% *a+7 %!# #a$&+ 4*! %#4%! $& %! L(# W+%34# + $*%4 $&‟ Shaw v. Gould 1  Marriage is the very foundation of the civil society, and

no part of the laws and institutions of a country can be of more vital importance to its subect than those which regulate the manner and condition of forming, and if necessary of dissolving, the marriage contract.! "n #nglish law, a marriage though a contract, is a contract sui generis. #ach legal system determines the attributes of a marriage$ at %ommon &aw in #ngland, it is in

essence a consensual union of a man and a woman. ' marriage was a voluntary union for life of one man with one woman to the e(clusion of others._{T!$+ *$+$(& "a+ %! ,(4&a%$(& (, %! #4/}

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%! +43)*%.

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I.

I. MMEANINGEANING OFOF MMARRIAGEARRIAGE

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5_{1@66 LR 1 P  D 1=0}

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(8)

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+43+%a&%$ #J4$#&%+ (, %! /a" a''/$*a3/ %( %! 'a#%$+ $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! *(&,/$*% (, /a" #4/+ (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%.9

II.

II. FFORMALORMAL VVALIDITY OFALIDITY OF MMARRIAGEARRIAGE

T! %# ,(#a/$%$+5 $&*/4+ +4*! J4+%$(&+ +4*! a+ "!%!# a *$$/ *#(&7 (# a& *#(& a% a// $+ #J4$#7 %! &43# (, "$%&+++ &*++a#7 %! '#$%% !(4#+ 4#$&g "!$*! %! a##$ag *a& 3 */3#a%7 "!%!# '43/$*a%$(& (, a##$ag $+ &*++a#7 a& +( (&.1; N(" a+ a g&#a/ '#$&*$'/7 %! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag $+ %#$& 4&# %! 4&$*$'a/ le( loci celebrationis (& %! a% (, %! *#(& %! '#$&*$'/ (, #&($ (+ &(% a''/ 4&/++ $% "$// #,# %( a /a" %!a% "$// a/$a% %! a##$ag7 a& %! le( domicilii (, $%!# 'a#% "$// 3 $##/a&%. T!$+ #4/ $+ +$'/ a& a+ %( a''/. I% +!(4/ 3 (3$(4+ %( 'a#%$+ "$+!$&g %( a## %!a% %! +!(4/ *('/ "$%! %! /(*a/ ,(#a/$%$+.10 _{E&g/$+! P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ ++%7 %!}

#J4$#&% %!a% a a##$ag a 3 ,(#a// a/$ 3 %! '#$&*$'/ (, le( loci celebrationis $+ $'#a%$7 "!$*! a$%+ &( a/%#&a%$ %+%. I& %! *(&%$&&%a/ E4#('7 !("#7 %! %+% $+ ,a*4/%a%$< %! #J4$#&% $+ %!a% %! a##$ag +!(4/ 3 ,(#a// a/$ $%!# 3 %! le( loci celebrationis (# 3 %! '#+(&a/ /a"+ (, %! 'a#%$+. U&# %! F#&*! /a" a a##$ag "!$*! $+ +(/&$ (4%+$ F#a&* +!(4/ 3 ,(#a// a/$ $%!# 4&# %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# $% $+ */3#a% (# 3 %! '#+(&a/ /a" (, %! 'a#%$+. T! +a $+ %! '(+$%$(& 4&# %! G#a& La". C(4&%#$+ /$ G#* a& Ma/%a /a ("& %!a% *('/$a&* "$%! %! '#+(&a/ /a" $+ &*++a# a& (3/$ga%(#7 $, %! 'a#%$+ 3/(&g %( %! O#%!((8 C!4#*!7 $& %! ,(## *a+7 a& %( R(a&

9_{A#%. = (, %! Hag4 C(&&%$(& (& %! C/3#a%$(&  R*(g&$%$(& (, %! Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag+7 19?@.}

10_{N4//$% *(&,/$*%7 aa$/a3/ a%< !%%'<&."$$'$a.(#g"$$N4//$%*(&,/$*% /a+% $+$% (& A'#$/ 07010.}

(9)

Ca%!(/$* C!4#*! $& %! /a%%# *a+. I& P(/a& a& C*! R'43/$*7 !("#7 $, a##$ag $+ ,(#a// a/$ 4&# %! '#+(&a/ /a" (, %! 'a#%$+7 %!& %! a##$ag $+ a/$7 $##+'*%$ (, %! ,a*% "!%!# $% *('/$+ "$%! %! le( loci celebrationis.11_{I& C!$&a %((7 ,(# %! +43+%a&%$}

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$+ +(/&$ (4%+$ S*(%/a& +!(4/ 3 ,(#a// a/$ 4&# %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# $% $+ */3#a%.1= _{T!4+7 $% a&+ %!a% $, %! a##$ag $+ ,(#a// a/$ $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! /a" (,}

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A

A PPOSITION INOSITIONIN EE NGLAND NGLAND

I& #*&% a#+7 %! C((& La" #4/+ !a 3& *(&+$#a3/ a#$ 3 +%a%4% +4*! *!a&g+ a# &(% $+*4++ a+ %! +%a%4%+ "(4/ !a &( a''/$*a%$(& (4%+$ E&g/a& (# U&$% K$&g(. A a##$ag $+ ,(#a// a/$ "!& a& (& (, %! ,(//("$&g *(&$%$(&+ a+ %( %! ,(# (, */3#a%$(& $+ *('/$ "$%! %!a% $+ %( +a<1>

I. I, %! a##$ag $+ */3#a% $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! ,(# #J4$# (# #*(g&$ a+ +4,,$*$&% 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag "a+ */3#a%.1;

11_{Pa#a+ D$"a&  P4+!$ D$"a&7 a% 66.}

12_{Wa&g H4$7 A R$" (, C!$&a5+ P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" D4#$&g %! =0-a# P#$( (, R,(# a&O'&$&g-U'}

Ma 009 ASLI W(#$&g Pa'# S#$+ N(. 00.

13_{T! La" C($++$(& a& T! S*(%%$+! La" C($++$(&7 P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" C!($* (, /a" #4/+$&}

Ma##$ag7 La" C(. N(. 16;  S*(%. La" C(. N(. 10;7 = :4/ 017 19@?.

14_{D$*  M(##$+7 C(&,/$*% (, La"7 %!$#%&%! &. P6;1.}

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II. I, %! a##$ag "a+ */3#a% $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! E&g/$+! *((& /a" $& a *(4&%# "!# %! 4+ (, %! /(*a/ ,(# $+ $'(++$3/.16

III. I, %! a##$ag7 3%"& 'a#%$+ (, "!( a% /a+% (& $+ U&$% K$&g( &a%$(&a/ $+ */3#a% (4%+$ %! C((&"a/%! $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! '#($+$(&+ (,7 a& %! ,(# #J4$# 37 %! F(#$g& Ma##$ag A*%+7 1@9.1?

T! /a$&g (# (#& a4%!(#$% $& E&g/a& (& %! '($&% $+ Sottomayor, otherwise De arros v. De arros ,1-_{"!# %! C(4#% (, A''a/ !/ %!a% %! /a" (, a *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag $+}

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P#$ C(4&*$/ $& a& a''a/ ,#( Ca&aa7 !/ %!a% a a##$ag "(4/ 3 #ga# a+ a/$ $, %! ,(# a('% 3 %! 'a#%$+ "a+ $& *(&,(#$% "$%! %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag %(( '/a*7 & $, $% "a+ &(% a '#('# ,(# (, /a" (, %! ($*$/ (, %! 'a#%$+.

I& E&g/$+! La"7 %"( #34%%a3/ '#+4'%$(&+ a# #a"& '#+4$&g %! a/$$% (, a##$ag<

a T!a% $, %! 'a#%$+ g( %!#(4g! a *#(& (, a##$ag a& /$ %(g%!#7 %! "# a/$/ a##$.

3 I, %! 'a#%$+ *(!a3$% a& a# #'4% %( 3 a##$7 %! #ga# a+ a/$/ a##$ %!# 4+%7 !("#7 3 +( $&* %!a% %! a##$ag *('/$ "$%! /(*a/ ,(#.0

16_{I3$7 R4/ 6?} 17_{I3$7 R4/ 6?;} 18_{1@?? = PD 17 ' ;.} 19_{19=0 AC ?97 ' @=} 20_{%ristofaro v. %ristofaro  19>@ VLR 16=.} 10 | P a g  VA L I D I T Y O F MA R R I A G E

(11)

E.

E. PPOSITION INOSITIONIN CCOMMONOMMON LLAWAW CCOUNTRIESOUNTRIES

$.

$. P(+$%$(& $& A4+%#a/$aP(+$%$(& $& A4+%#a/$a

a/ Ma##$ag 3 '#(8 "$// 3 #*(g&$ a+ a/$ $, %! a# a/$ 4&# the le( loci celebrationis.01

3 W!# %! a##$ag $+ '#,(# "$%!(4% %! '#+&* (, a& (#a$& '#$+%7 $% !a 3& !/ %!a% %! a##$ag "(4/ &(% 3 #*(g&$ $& A4+%#a/$a.

* A4+%#a/$a& C(4#% a/+( #*(g&$ a+ a a/$ a##$ag '#,(# a**(#$&g %( #/$g$(4+ *#(&$+ (, %! 'a#%$+ & $, %! ,(#a/$%$+ '#+*#$3 3 /a" (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag %(( '/a* "# &(% *('/$ "$%! $& *(&$%$(&+ '#a$/$&g a% %! %$7 "!%!# %! 'a#%$+ "# B#$%$+! +43)*% (# &(%.=

$$.

$$. P(+$%$(& $& Ca&aaP(+$%$(& $& Ca&aa

T! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag $+ g&#a// %#$& 3 %! le( loci celebrationis.>

T! /a* (, 'a#&%a/ *(&+&%7 "!& #J4$# 3 %! le( domicilii $+ %#a% $& %! Ca&a$a& C((& La" P#($&*7 a+ $& E&g/a&7 a+ a J4+%$(& (, ,(#a/ a/$$%7 a&7 %!#,(# g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! '/a* "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%.;_{I, %! le( loci #*(g$&++ a+ a/$ a}

a##$ag 3 *(!a3$%a%$(& a& #'4%7 +4*! a##$ag "$// 3 a**'% a+ a a/$ a##$ag $& Ca&aa.

I, a a##$ag7 %!(4g! $&a/$ 3 %! /8 /(*$ "!& *(&+$#7 $+ #%#(+'*%$/ a/$a% $& %! ,(#$g& *(4&%# %! a##$ag "$// #*(g&$ a+ a/$ $& Ca&aa & $, 7 3 %!&7 3(%! %! 'a#%$+ "# ($*$/ $& Ca&aa.

21_{S4'#a7 &(. 10}

22_{+ygh v. Davies7 C(&,/$*% (, La" $& A4+%#a/$a7 +&%! &7 'a#a >.1>}

23_{Sa&$+ . Sevenis, 1*2/ S'SR 32.}

24_{%astel  Wa/#+7 Ca&a$a& C(&,/$*% (, La"+7 +$8%! &7 'a#a 16. F(#3+ . F(#3+ 191 = DLR}

=>.

(12)

III.

III. CCAPACITY TOAPACITY TO MMARRY ARRY

E++&%$a/ a/$$% *(#+ a// J4+%$(&+ (, a/$$% (%!# %!a& ,(#a/ a/$$%. Ca'a*$% %( a## $+ a *a%g(# "$%!$& ++&%$a/ a/$$%. Ca'a*$% %( a## (4g!% +%#$*%/ %( 3 *(&,$& %( #4/+ "!$*! /a ("& %!a% a 'a#%$*4/a# */a++ (, '#+(& /a*+ a '("# %( a## "!$*! (%!# '('/ '(++++ ,(# $&+%a&*7 #4/ %!a% a '#+(& 3/(" a *#%a$& ag a &(% a##. I& '#a*%$*7 !("#7 *a'a*$% %( a## a/+( $&*/4+ *a++ "!# %! #a+(& ,(# %! $&a/$$%7 $+ %!a% +4*! a a##$ag #/a%$(&+!$' $+ (3)*%$(&a3/ $& %! + (, /a" ,(# $&+%a&*7 #4/+ '#(!$3$% a##$ag+ 3%"& #/a%$+ (, *#%a$& g#+. Ca'a*$% %( a## (+ &(%7 !("#7 *(# %! "!(/ ,$/

(, ++&%$a/ a/$$% $% (+ &(% $&*/4 %! *(&+&% (, %! 'a#%$+ (# %! &(& *(&+4a%$(& (, %! a##$ag.

T!# $+ g&#a/ ag#&% %!a% %!$+ %#$&(/(g $&*/4+ a%%#+ (, /ga/ *a'a*$% +4*! a+ *(&+a&g4$&$% a& a,,$&$%7 3$ga a& /a* (, ag. C(&+$#a%$(& $+ g$& /a%# %( a /a" %( g(#& a%%#+ (, *(&+&% a& '!+$*a/ $&*a'a*$%. T! ,a*% %!a% *a'a*$% a+ a %# &*('a+++ a "$ #a&g (, a%%#+ (+ &(% &*++$%a% %! *(&*/4+$(& %!a% a// a%%#+ (, *a'a*$% +!(4/ 3 +43)*% %( %! +a *!($* (, /a" #4/- a a%%# %( "!$*! " +!a// #%4#&. A ,4#%!# '#/$$&a# '($&% "!$*! (4g!% %( 3 3(#& $& $& $+ %!a%7 '#($ %!a% a '#+(& !a+ *a'a*$% 4&# %!

#/a&% /a"7 %! ,a*% %!a% ! $+7 ,(# 8a'/7 4&# ag a**(#$&g %( E&g/$+! /a" "$// &(% $&a/$a% %! a##$ag $& %! + (, E&g/$+! /a" a+ %! /a" (, %! ,(#4 a% /a+% $, %! a##$ag $+ &(% $& E&g/a&.

T!# a# %"( a$& $"+ a+ %( %! /a" "!$*! +!(4/ g(#& *a'a*$% %( a##- %! 4a/ ($*$/ (*%#$&7 a& %! $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !( (*%#$&.

IV.

IV. CCONSENT OFONSENT OF PPARTIESARTIES

T! #4/ +%a%+ %!a% &( a##$ag $+ a/$ $, 3 %! /a" (, $%!# 'a#% + ($*$/ ! (# +! (+‟

&(% *(&+&% %( a## %! (%!# .‟6 T!# a''a#+ %( 3 &( +'*$,$* a4%!(#$% $& E&g/a& (& %!

+43)*% %!(4g! (3+#a%$(& 3 %! C(4#% (, A''a/7 $& a *a+ "!# %! $++4 "a+ "!%!# aa##$ag 3 '#(8 "a+ a/$7 (3+# %!a% %! ( (, g$$&g *(&+&%7 a+ (''(+ %( %! ,a*% (, *(&+&% "(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /8 /(*$ */3#a%$(&$+. I% "a+ a/+( !/ %!a% %! *(&+&% $+

26_{Re )owe v. &ouis 19?0 1> DLR = >97 *$% $& D$*  M(##$+7 C(&,/$*% (, La"7 %!$#%&%! &}

'a#a 1>-010.

(13)

g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! ($*$/ (, %! 'a#%$+.?_{T! J4+%$(& %!a% a#$++ $+ a+ %( "!$*! /8}

($*$/$$ !a+ %( 3 *(&+$#7 (, 3(%! 'a#%$+7 (# (, %! 'a#% "!(+ *(&+&% $+ $& J4+%$(&. T! *(&+&+4+ ++ %( 37 %!(4g! %!# $+ &( *$+$(& (& %! +43)*%7 %!a% $+ +!(4/ 3 ($*$/ (, %! '#+(& "!( $+ a//g %( !a /a* *(&+&%. I& Davison v. Sweeney7@_{$% "a+ !/ %!a%}

a//g a3+&* (, *(&+&% "a+ a a%%# ,(# a ($*$/ (, %! 'a#% *(&*#&.

I& Ca&aa7 *(&+&% $+ #ga# a+ a 'a#% (, ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag a& '&+ (& %! a&% &4'%$a/ ($*$/ (, %! 'a#%$+.

V.

V. TTHEHE CCHOICE OFHOICE OF LLAWAW RRULEULE

F(#a/ a/$$% $+ g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag $+ */3#a%7 %!a% /a" $+ &(% g&#a// %!(4g!% a''#('#$a% $& %! E&g/$+! *(&,/$*% (, /a"+ %( g(#& %! ++&%$a/ a/$$%. T!$+ $+ 3*a4+ %! a##$ag a 3 */3#a% $& a *(4&%# "!$*! $& (%!# #+'*% !a+ &( *(&&*%$(& "$%! %! a##$ag (# %! 'a#%$+. N$%!# (, %! 'a#%$+ a 3 ($*$/ %!# 3,(# %! *#(& a& %! a &(% +%a3/$+! %!$# !( %!# a,%# $%. T! *!($* (, /a" #4/

(*%#$&+ a# a+ 4&#< A

A DDUALUAL DDOMICILEOMICILE DDOCTRINEOCTRINE

A**(#$&g %( %! 4a/ ($*$/ (*%#$& #4/ $+ %!a% a '#+(& + ($*$/ a% %! a% (, %!‟

a##$ag !a+ %( 3 *(&+$#. F(# a##$ag %( 3 a/$7 a*! 'a#% 4+% !a *a'a*$% 3 %! /a" (, !$+ (# !# ($*$/ %( *(&%#a*% %! a##$ag. T!$+ #4/ *(a&+ (+% $& E&g/$+! /a"7 !a+ +#a/ aa&%ag+. I& %#+ (, '#$&*$'/7 $% $+ a''#('#$a% %!a% '('/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %!$# 8$+%$&g ($*$/. T! a$& #a%$(&a/ (, %!$+ #4/ $+ %!a% a '#+(& + +%a%4+ $+ a a%%# (, ‟

'43/$* *(&*#& %( %! *(4&%# %( "!$*! ! 3/(&g+ a% %! %$ (, a##$ag a& %!#,(# %! ($*$/$a# /a" (, a*! 'a#% !a+ a& J4a/ #$g!% %( 3 !a#. A&(%!# aa&%ag (, %!$+ (*%#$& $+ %!a% $% $+ a+ %( a''/ $& '#(+'*%$ +$%4a%$(&.

27_{Wa . Wa 19>9 A// ER 9;9.}

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F.

F. II NTENDED NTENDED MMATRIMONIALATRIMONIAL HHOMEOME DDOCTRINEOCTRINE

A& a/%#&a%$ a''#(a*! $+ %!a% %! /a" (, %! $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !(+ g(#&+ %! ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a a##$ag.9_{T!$+ '#($+ a 3a+$* '#+4'%$(& $& ,a(4# (, %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# $&}

"!$*! %! !4+3a& $+ ($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! a##$ag. T!$+ '#+4'%$(& *a& 3 #34%% $, a% %! %$ (, %! a##$ag %! 'a#%$+ $&%& %( +%a3/$+! a a%#$(&$a/ !( $& a $,,#&% *(4&%# a& $, %! $'/&% %!a% $&%&%$(& "$%!$& a #a+(&a3/ %$.=0

G.

G. R R EAL ANDEALAND SSUBSTANTIVEUBSTANTIVE CCONNECTIONONNECTION

A&(%!# '(++$3$/$% $+ %!a% %! ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag +!(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "$%! "!$*! %! a##$ag !a+ $%+ (+% a& #a/ a& +43+%a&%$a/ *(&&*%$(&. A+ "$%! %! $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !( (*%#$& %!$+ #4/ $+ %#$&g %( *(&&*% %! a##$ag "$%! %! *(4&%# %( "!$*! $% 3/(&g. N(#a//7 %! *(4&%# "$%! "!$*! a a##$ag $+ (+% */(+/ *(&&*% "$// 3 %! *(4&%# "!# %! a%#$(&$a/ !( $+ +$%4a%.=1_{F4#%!#7 "!$/ %! #a/ a& +43+%a&%$a/}

*(&&*%$(& %+% !a+ $%+ +4''(#%#+7 $% $+7 $& #a/$%7 a J4+%$(&- 3gg$&g %+%. T! J4+%$(& $& "!$*!7 *!($* (, /a" #4/ "$// 3+% /a %( %! a''/$*a%$(& (, %! /a" %( "!$*! %! 'a#%$+ a& a##$ag+ 3/(&g. T!$+ %+% (+ &(% a&+"# %! J4+%$(&7 34% #a%!# +$'/ #+%a%+ %! '#(3/.=

H.

H. VVALIDITYALIDITY OFOF EITHER EITHER PPARTYARTY55SS DDOMICILIARYOMICILIARY LLAWAW

U&# %!$+ %+% a a##$ag "(4/ 3 #ga# a+ ++&%$a// a/$ $, $% "# a/$ 4&# $%!# 'a#%5+ a&% &4'%$a/ ($*$/$a# /a". T!$+ '#('(+a/ !a+ %! aa&%ag %!a% $% "(4/ '#((% %! '(/$* $& ,a(4# (, a/$$% (, a##$ag7 34% !a+ /$%%/ /+ %( *(& $%.==

29_{C!+!$#  N(#%!7 P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La"7 +&%! &7 ' ?6.}

30_{C((7 T! L(g$* a& Lga/ Ba++ (, %! C(&,/$*% (, La"+ 19> ' >>@.}

31_{La"#&* . La"#&* 19@; 1 A// ER ;06.}

32_{Da$7 T! B#a$&g U' (, %! E++&%$a/ Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag C!($* (, La" R4/+ $& E&g/$+!}

C(&,/$*% (, La"+5

33_{Ha#%/7 T! P(/$* Ba+$+ (, %! E&g/$+! C(&,/$*% (, La"+ (, Ma##$ag5 19? =; MLR ;?1.}

(15)

I.

I. A VA VARIABLEARIABLE R R ULEULE

I& (## %( %#$& %! (+% a''#('#$a% *!($* (, /a" #4/7 (& +!(4/ 8a$& "! a 'a#%$*4/a# $'$&% 8$+%+ a& "!$*! /a" !a+ %! (+% $&%#+% $& %! a/$$% (, %! a##$ag. O& %!$+ 3a+$+7 %! ($,$ $&%& a%#$(&$a/ !( #4/ '#('(+ a3( ++ %! (# a''#('#$a% %( g(#& $&*a'a3$/$%$+ "!$*! a# $'(+ %( '#(%*% %! '43/$* $&%#+% (, *(4&%#$+7 #a%!# %!a& %! $&%#+% (, %! 'a#%$+ %( %! a##$ag.=>

VI.

VI. MMATRIMONIALATRIMONIAL CCAUSESAUSES

Ma%#$(&$a/ *a4++ a# &(" g&#a// %a& %( $&*/4 '%$%$(& ,(# $(#*7 &4//$% (, a##$ag7 )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(& a& '#+4'%$(& (, a%! a& $++(/4%$(& (, a##$ag a+ "// a+ +$$/a#

,(#$g& '#(*$&g+ "!$*! a ,a// #*(g&$%$(& !#. T! #4/+ #/a%$&g %( %! )4#$+$*%$(& (, %! *(4#%+ a& %( %! #*(g&$%$(& (, %! ,(#$g& $(#*+7 a&&4/&%+ a& )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&+ a#7 $& ++&*7 %! +a ,(# a// %!# a%#$(&$a/ *a4++7 a& %!#,(# 3 8a$& %(g%!#7 $&%$,$&g "!# a''#('#$a% a& #4/ "!$*! ( &(% a''/ %( a// %!#. I% "$// 3 +& %!a% %! (& a)(# a#a (, $,,#&* #a$&$&g *(&*#&+ %! %#$&a%$(& (, %! /a" %( 3 a''/$ 3 %! E&g/$+! C(4#%. I% $+ a/+( &*++a# %( $+*4++ a ,4#%!# '#/$$&a# $++47 &a/ "!%!# a& E&g/$+! *(4#% "$// a++4 )4#$+$*%$(& %( g#a&% a%#$(&$a/ #/$, $& %! *a+ (, a& a*%4a// (# '(%&%$a/ '(/ga(4+ a##$ag.

A

A PPOLYGAMOUSOLYGAMOUS MMARRIAGES ANDARRIAGES AND MMATRIMONIALATRIMONIAL R R ELIEFELIEF

$$ A% C((& La"A% C((& La"

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%!a%7 $& %! *a+ (, a '(/ga(4+ a##$ag7 %! *(4#% "(4/ g#a&% a $(#*7 a *# (, &4//$% & "!# %! '%$%$(&# */a$ /a* (, *a'a*$% %( &%# a '(/ga(4+ a##$ag7=6 _{(# a *#}

(, )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&. I% *a& 3 #a/$7 !("#7 %!a% ,4&a&%a/ #,(# "a+ *a// ,(# a $"

34_{:a,,7 T('$*+ $& C!($* (, La" 1996 '' =-?.}

35_{S4'#a &(. ;.}

(16)

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37_{A C(4#% $& E&g/a& a& Wa/+ +!a// &(% 3 '#*/4 ,#( g#a&%$&g a%#$(&$a/ #/$, (# a$&g a}

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38_{Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?=7 S*%$(& >?.}

39_{%haudhary v. %haudhary7 19?6 Fa 1>@ a% 1;1.}

40_{Ma%#$(&$a/ a& Fa$/ P#(*$&g+ A*%7 19@>7 S*!4/ 1 'a#a 1;. =9Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?=7}

S*%$(& >?=.

41_{I3$7 S*%$(& 1.}

(17)

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:.

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 D$(#* a& :4$*$a/ S'a#a%$(&

I% "a+ /a 3 %! P#$ C(4&*$/ $& &e Mesurier v. &e Mesurier, %!a% a**(#$&g %( $&%#&a%$(&a/ /a"7 %! ($*$/ ,(# %! %$ 3$&g (, %! a##$ 'a$# a,,(#+ %! (&/ )4#$+$*%$(& a& (&/ %#4 %+% (, )4#$+$*%$(& %( $++(/ %!$# a##$ag. T! ++&* (, %! #4/ $& %!$+ *a+ "a+ %!a% %!#‟

42_{I3$7 S*%$(& 1 a7 3 a& *. T!+ g#(4&+ ,(# $(#* "$// &( /(&g# 3 #/a&% $, a& "!&}

Pa#% II (, %! Fa$/ La" A*%7 1996 $+ 3(4g!% $&%( ,(#*.

43_{5nobrauche v. 5nobrauche 19?@ @ Fa La" 10?}

44_{C/$7 T! La" (, H4+3a& a& W$, $& S*(%/a&7 >%! &. 199?7 '' 109-110}

45_{Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?= S*%$(& 1  3}

46_{Gollins v. Gollins 196> AC 6>>.}

47_{Poon v 6an 19?= > Fa$/ La" 161.}

(18)

+!(4/ 3 (&/ (& %+% (, )4#$+$*%$(& a& (&/ (& *(4#% *a'a3/ (, $++(/$&g a 'a#%$*4/a# a##$ag7 %! *(4#% (, %! 'a#%$+ ($*$/. T! Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*%7 19=?7 '#($ %!a% %! C(4#% +!(4/ !a )4#$+$*%$(& %( g#a&% a $(#*7 $& '#(*$&g 3 a "$,7 &(%"$%!+%a&$&g %!a% %! !4+3a& "a+ &(% ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7 $, +! !a 3& +#% 3 !# !4+3a&7 (# %! !4+3a& !a 3& '(#% ,#( U&$% K$&g(7 a& %! !4+3a& "a+ $$a%/ 3,(# %! +#%$(& (# '(#%$(& ($*$/ $& E&g/a&.>9 _{T!+ &a*%&%+ "# *(&,$& %( '#(*$&g 3}

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B,(# 19?> %! )4#$+$*%$(& (, %! B#$%$+! C(4#% %( &%#%a$& '%$%$(&+ ,(# %! &4//$% (, a##$ag+ "a+ (& (, %! (+% 8 a& $,,$*4/% J4+%$(& $& %! "!(/ (, %! E&g/$+! *(&,/$*% (, /a"+. A& &(#(4+ +$'/$,$*a%$(& (, %! /a" "a+ ,,*% 3 +*%$(& ;= (, %! D($*$/ a&  Ma%#$(&$a/ P#(*$&g A*% 19?=. T!$+ '#($+ %!a% %! E&g/$+! C(4#% !a +4*! )4#$+$*%$(& %( &%#%a$& +4*! '%$%$(& $, a&7 +43)*% %( +*%$(& ;;7 (& $, $%!# 'a#% %( %! a##$ag<

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3 Wa+ !a3$%4a// #+$&% $& E&g/a& %!#(4g!(4% %! '#$( (, (& a# &$&g "$%! %! a%7 (#

* D$+ 3,(# %!a% a% a& $%!# "a+ a% a%! ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7 !a 3& !a3$%4a// #+$&% $& E&g/a& %!#(4g!(4% %! '#$( (, (& a# &$&g "$%! %! a% (, %! a%!.

W$%!(4% %!$+ $&+$g&$,$*a&% 8*'%$(&7 %! 3a++ ,(# )4#$+$*%$(& $& &4//$% (, a##$ag a# &(" %! +a a+ $& $(#* a& )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&. A ($a3/ a##$ag &( /(&g# *(&,#+ %! !4+3a& +‟

($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! a##$ag.; _{T! 3a++ ,(# )4#$+$*%$(& a# &(" +a "!%!# %!}

49_{S*%$(& 1=7 34% &(" #'a/.}

50_{&evett v. &evett and Smith 19;? P. 1;6}

51_{Fa$/ P#(*$&g R4/+7 1991}

52_{S*%$(& 1 (, D($*$/ a& Ma%#$(&$a/ P#(*$&g+ A*%7 19?=.}

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a##$ag $+ a//g %( 3 ($ (# ($a3/. I% $+ %!#,(# &( /(&g# &*++a# %( *(&+4/% ,(#$g& /a" $.. %! /a" (, %! !4+3a& + ($*$/ a% %! a% (, %! a##$ag.‟ ;=

C2+(3 +, L4 A. D(5+/3

T! J4+%$(& (, *!($* (, /a" !a+ &# 3& '#($&&% $& %! E&g/$+! #4/+ (, %! *(&,/$*% (, /a"+ #/a%$&g %( $(#*7 "!$*! !a+ a/"a+ 3& %#a% a+ '#$a#$/ a )4#$+$*%$(&a/ J4+%$(&. E&g/$+! C(4#% "!& *$$&g "!%!# %( #*(g&$ ,(#$g& $(#* !a &# 8a$& %! g#(4& (& "!$*! %! *# "a+ g#a&% $& (## %( !a&7 "!& E&g/$+! C(4#% !a %!+/+ a++4 )4#$+$*%$(&7 %! !a &# a''/$ a& (%!# /a" %!a& %!a% (, E&g/a&. I& E&g/$+! /a" %! (&/ '(++$3/ a/%#&a%$ %( %! /8 ,(#$ "(4/ 3 %! /a" (, %! ($*$/. N( $,,#&* 3%"& %! *(4/ 8$+% 3,(# 19=@7 3*a4+ E&g/$+! *(4#%+ $ &(% 8#*$+ )4#$+$*%$(&

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K.

K. ::UDICIALUDICIAL SSEPARATIONEPARATION

U&/$ $(#* a vinculo matrimonii, )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(& "a+ a # g#a&% 3 %! **/+$a+%$*a/ *(4#% 3,(# 1@;@. T!# $% "a+ *a// $(#* a mensa et thoro $(#* ,#( 3 a& 3(a#. T! '#$&*$'/ ,,*% (, a *# "a+ a& $+ &%$%/ %! '%$%$(&# %( /$ a a'a#% ,#( %! #+'(&&%7 34% &(% %( $++(/ %!$# a##$ag &(# &a3/ $%!# 'a#% %( #a##. T! # $+ +(4g!% *!$,/ 3 '#+(& "!( !a #/$g$(4+ +*#4'/+ a3(4% $(#*. I% !a+ &# 3& (43% %!a% %! E&g/$+! *(4#% "$// a''/ E&g/$+! (+%$* /a" a& &( (%!#7 & $, %! 'a#%$+ a# ($*$/ a3#(a.

53_{D R&$// . D R&$//7 19>@ P. 100.}

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L.

L. N NULLITYULLITY OFOF MMARRIAGEARRIAGE;;;;

A &4//$% *# $+ *(&*#& "$%! %! a/$$% (, %! *#a%$(& (, a a##$ag7 4&/$ $(#* "!$*! $++(/+ a a##$ag "!$*! $+ a$%%/ a/$/ *#a%. T!$+ a&+ %!a% %! *!($* (, /a" $++4+ $& &4//$% $+ ++&%$a// %! +a a+ %!(+ a/#a 8a$& $& *(&%8% (, a##$ag. T! #a+(& "! %! *!($* (, /a" ,(# &4//$% $+ (# $,,$*4/% a#a %!a& $(#* $+ %!a% %! ,,*% (, a&&4/&% a#$+ a**(#$&g %( %! 'a#%$*4/a# g#(4& $& $++4 a& %! a# $& #/a%$(& %( %! +a g#(4& & "$%!$& U&$% K$&g(. S( ,*% a($+ a a##$ag a3 $&$%$(7 $.. #&# $% ($7 "!$/+% (%!# #/ #&#+ $% ($a3/. I, (& 'a#% $+ 3/(" $&$4 ag (, a##$ag (# $+ a/#a a##$7 E&g/$+! La" #ga#+ %! a##$ag a+ ($.;6 I& S*(%/a&7 (& %! (%!# !a&7 /a* (, *(&+&% a/+( #&#+ %! a##$ag ($ a3 $&$%$(.;?

T!# a# ,4#%!# $,,#&*+ $& #/a%$(& %( %! ,,*% (, a& a&&4/&%. T! a&&4/&% (, a ($ a##$ag !a+ #%#(+'*%$ ,,*% $% */a#+ %! a##$ag &# %( !a 8$+%. H("# %! '(+$%$(& $+ $,,#&% $& E&g/a& $& *a+ (, a ($a3/ a##$ag. I% !a+ 3& +4gg+% %!a%7 a+

a&&4/&% (, a ($a3/ a##$ag a& $(#* *# 3(%! (&/ !a '#(+'*%$ ,,*%7 %! /a" (, %! ,(#4 +!(4/ 3 a''/$ %( %! ,(## a+ %( %! /a%%#.

VII.

VII. PPOSITION INOSITION IN IINDIANDIA

T!# ++ %( 3 (&/ (& *$+$(& (, a& I&$a& *(4#% (& %! +43)*%7 "!# %! J4+%$(& $ &(% $#*%/ a#$+7 a& $% "a+ (3+# 3 a /a#& +$&g/ )4g %!a% ,(#a/ a/$$% "(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! /8 /(*$ */3#a%$(&$+.;@

55 _{I#/a& a/+( !a+ *$ &(% %( ('% (& %( R( III< P#++ R/a+ 10 O*%(3# 0067 aa$/a3/ a%}

!%%'<""".)4+%$*.$&:ELRPagG(#&&%#)*%+EU$(#*'#('(+a/+. /a+% $+$% (& 10%! A4g4+%7 01;

56_{Ma%#$(&$a/ Ca4++ A*% 19?=7 S*%$(& 11.}

57 _{Fa$/ La" S*(%/a& A*%7 0067 S*%$(&  $&+#%$&g +*%$(& 0A $&%( %! Ma##$ag S*(%/a& A*%}

19??.

58_{+oor 9ehan egum v. #ugene 6iscen4o, AIR 19>1 Ca/ ;@.}

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T! F(#$g& Ma##$ag A*% 19697 '#($+ %!a% a a##$ag '#,(# (4%+$ I&$a "(4/ 3 #ga# a+ a/$ $, $% "a+ '#,(# $& a**(#a&* "$%! %! /a" (, %! *(4&%# "!# %! a##$ag "a+ '#,(#7 %!4+ $'/$&g %!a% %! %+% ,(# +4*! a/$$% "a+ %! /8 /(*$ */3#a%$(&$+.;9

A+ I&$a& *(4#%+ %& %( ,(//(" %! #4/+ (, E&g/$+! /a" (& (+% $++4+ $& *(&,/$*% (, /a"+7 $% $+ '#(3a3/ %!a% I&$a& *(4#%+ "(4/ !(/7 a+ a% C((& La" $& E&g/a&7 %!a% %! ,(#a/ a/$$%

(, a a##$ag "(4/ 3 g(#& 3 %! le( loci celebrationis. A

A CCASEASE LLAWSAWS ININ II NDIA NDIA

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I& I&$a7 4&# %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*%7 19;;7 a& %"( H$&4+5 *a& '#,(# %!$# a##$ag7 '#($ %!a% %! *(&$%$(&+ /a$ ("& 4&# %! A*% a# ,4/,$//. T! I&$a& C(4#%+ "(4/

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59_{T! F(#$g& Ma##$ag A*% 1969 A*% &(. == (, 19697 S*%$(& =}

60_{1991 = SCC >;17 a% >;@.}

61 _S4)a%a _Ma&(!a#7 _{I&%#-'#+(&a/} _La"+ _$& _I&$a7 _{aa$/a3/} _a%<

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(22)

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(, a##$ag $+ ++&%$a// a '#+(&a/ /a"7 $& %! +&+ %!a% %! g(#&$&g /a" (, a##$ag $+ &(% %! I&$a& La" (# %! +%a% /a" 34% %! /a" (, %! *(4&$% %( "!$*! %! 'a#%$+ 3/(&g.

I& a *a+ (, Parwatawwa v. %hannawwa,<0_{"!# a a& ($*$/ $& H#a3a a##$ a}

+*(& "$,7 "!( "a+ ($*$/ $& B(3a7 a% a %$ "!& a H$&4 *(4/ *(&%#a*% a 3$ga(4+ a##$ag $& H#a3a 34% &(% $& B(3a7 $% "a+ !/ %!a% %! J4+%$(& #/a% %( *a'a*$% "!$*! "a+ '&&% (& %! !4+3a&2+ ($*$/7 a& a+ ! "a+ &(% '#(!$3$% ,#( *(&%#a*%$&g a +*(& a##$ag 3 %! /a" (, !$+ ($*$/7 %! a##$ag "a+ a/$.

I& %! *a+ (, hagwan Ghamshamdas v %harlotte 8ingg 76=_{a H$&4 a&7 "!(+ a##$ag !a}

3& $++(/ 4&# %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*% 19;;7 a##$ a&(%!# "(a& $& S#$ La&a "$%!$& a ," (&%!+ (, %! $++(/4%$(&7 $% "a+ !/ %!a% 4&# +*%$(& 1; (, %! H$&4 Ma##$ag A*% 19;;7 a+ $% +%(( %!&7 a '#+(& *(4/ &(% #a## "$%!$& a a# (, %! $++(/4%$(& %! a&7 %!#,(#7 /a* a *a'a*$% %( a## "!$*! "a+ g(#& 3 %! /a" (, !$+ ($*$/.

VIII.

VIII. HHAGUEAGUE CCONVENTIONONVENTION: A W: A WORKABLEORKABLE SSOLUTION OROLUTION OR AA MM YTH IN YTH IN ITSELFITSELF

Hag4 C(&&%$(& (& %! C/3#a%$(& a& R*(g&$%$(& (, %! Va/$$% (, Ma##$ag6>_{%( a /a#g#}

8%&% +(/+ %! '#(3/ (, *(&,/$*% (, /a"+7 a& 3#$&g+ ,(#%! %! /a" "!$*! $+ %(. T! Hag4 C(&&%$(& $& $%+ a#%$*/ ?0 J4$% */a#/ #*(g&$+ %! '#$&*$'/ (, &e(i &oci %elebrationis, "!$*! "$// %#$& %! ,(#a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag+ $& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La". F4#%!#7 $% a/+( #(+ %! a3$g4$% (& %! '($&% %!a% "!%!# a +%a% *a& & %( &,(#* a& #*(g&$ a a##$ag *(&%#a*% (4%+$ (& %! g#(4& (, 3$&g (''(+ %( $%+ '43/$* '(/$*7 a#%$*/ ;?1 a&

62_{AIR 1966 M+ 100}

63_{19;9 ILR 1 Ca/ >}

64_{A#%$*/ 1> - A C(&%#a*%$&g S%a% a #,4+ %( #*(g&$+ %! a/$$% (, a a##$ag "!# +4*!#*(g&$%$(& $+}

a&$,+%/ $&*('a%$3/ "$%! $%+ '43/$* '(/$* (## '43/$*.

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A#%$*/ 1>? J4$% */a#/ /a+ ("& %!a% a +%a%7 'a#% %( %!$+ *(&&%$(&7 a #,4+ %( &,(#* a& #*(g&$ a a##$ag $, $% $+ (''(+ %( '43/$* '(/$* (, %!a% +%a%.

B4% (& (, %! /$$%a%$(& (, %!$+ *(&&%$(& $+ %!a% $% (+ &(% *(&%a$& a& '#($+$(& (& ++&%$a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag7 "!$*! ++ %( 3 %! (+% a3$g4(4+ '($&% $& P#$a% I&%#&a%$(&a/ La" $& #/a%$(& %( a/$$% (, a##$ag+7 "!$*! +#$(4+/ 4&#$&+ %! $'(#%a&* (, %!$+ *(&&%$(&7 a+ $%+ '(+$%$(& "$%! #ga# %( ,(#a/ a/$$% $+ (# (# /++ +a $& a/(+% a// *(4&%#$+7 "$%! *#%a$& 8*'%$(&+7 34% $& *a+ (, ++&%$a/ (# a%#$a/ a/$$% (, a##$ag $% $+ # 4&*/a# a& 4&#/('.

A&(%!# /$$%a%$(& %( %!$+ *(&&%$(& $+ %! &43# (, 'a#%$+ %( $%7 "!$*! a# (&/ %!# $& &43#.6;_{S$&* a C(&&%$(&+5 *#$3$/$% a& a''/$*a3$/$% *a& 3 )4g (&/ (& %! 3a+$+ (,}

&43# (, *(4&%#$+ 'a#% %( $%7 %!4+7 $& %! *a+ (, Hag4 C(&&%$(&7 /++ &43# (, 'a#%$+ +#$(4+/ 4&#a/4+ %! a''/$*a3$/$% a& &,(#*a3$/$% (, %!$+ C(&&%$(&

IX.

IX. CCONCLUSIONONCLUSION

A *(&%#a*% %( a## ,4&a&%a// ,#( a *(#*$a/ *(&%#a*%7 +$&* *#a%+ a +%a%4+ %!a% a,,*%+ 3(%! %! 'a#%$+ %!+/+ a& %! +(*$% %( "!$*! %! 3/(&g. I% $+ ,4/,$// (& %!

+(/&$a%$(& (, %! a##$ag *#(&7 a& %!#,(# %!# $+ a *!a&g $& %! /a" %!a% g(#& %! #/a%$(&+!$' 3%"& %! 'a#%$+.

T!# a# a& $,,#&% +$%4a%$(&+ $& "!$*! %! 8$+%&* (, a a##$ag 4+% 3 +%a3/$+! a+ a '#/$$&a# %( /ga/ '#(*$&g+. T! a%%# a *(&*#& a& $,,#&% 'a#%+ (, %! /a". T!4+ %! $&+%$%4%$(& (, a%#$(&$a/ *a4++7 +4*! a+ a '%$%$(&# ,(# $(#* a& )4$*$a/ +'a#a%$(&7 $'/$+ %!a% %! 'a#%$+ a# #/a% %( a*! (%!# a+ !4+3a& a& "$,. Ea*! /ga/ ++% 4+% %#$& %! a%%#$34%+ (, %! *(&+&+4a/ 4&$(& 3%"& a& a& "(a&7 %! *((& ,a*%(#7 $& + (, %! E&g/$+! /a"7 (, # a##$ag7 "!$*! a# &*++a# %( *#a% %! #/a%$(&+!$' (, !4+3a& a& "$,. T! a3( '#()*% *(&*/4+ %!a% %! *a+ /a" )4+% $//4+%#a%+ %! $&*$&%a/ J4+%$(& (+ &(% a%%#a*% a *!a&$*a/ #4/. T!#,(# a*! *a+ $+ *$ (& $%+ ("& ,a*%+ a& *$#*4+%a&*+.

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A+ ,a# a+ )4#$+$*%$(& (, E&g/$+! C(4#% $+ *(&*#&7 %( &%#%a$& '#(*$&g+ ,(# &4//$%7 $, $%!# 'a#% "a+ !a3$%4a/ #+$&% ,(# (& a# (# ($*$/ $& E&g/a&7 (# $, $%!# (, %! 'a#%$+ $ 3,(# %!a% a% a& $%!# "a+ a% ($*$/ $& E&g/a& (# !a 3& !a3$%4a// #+$&% ,( (& a# &$&g "$%! %! a% (, %! a%!. A &4//$% *# a */a# a a##$ag $%!# ($ (# ($a3/.

A+ $& %! *a+ (, *(&%#a*%7 %!# $+ '#('# /a" (, *(&%#a*%7 +( a/+( $& %! *a+ (, a/$$% (, a##$ag7 %!# +!(4/ 3 a *(&*'% (, P#('# La" (, Ma##$ag7 4&# "!$*! ,$#+%/7 %! /a" %( 3 a''/$*a3/ "$// 3 %!a% /a" "!$*! $+ +'*$,$ 3 %! 'a#%$+ $& %! a##$ag  (# a% %! %$ (, %! #g$+%#a%$(& +*(&/7 $% +!(4/ 3 %! /a" "!$*! *a& 3  $&,## 3 %! *(&4*% (, %! 'a#%$+ (# a**(#$&g %( %! 'a#%$*4/a#+ ,$// 3 %! 'a#%$+ 4#$&g %! #g$+%#a%$(& (, %! a##$ag %!$#/7 +$&* $& a& *(4&%#$+ %! #g$+%#a%$(& (, a##$ag+ $+ &(% *('4/+(#7 +( a& '('/ ( &(% g( ,(# #g$+%#a%$(& (, %!# a##$ag+7 $& +4*! a *a+ $% "$// 3 %! /a" "$%! "!$*! %! 'a#%$+ !a %! (+% #a/ a& +43+%a&%$a/ *(&&*%$(&. T!$+ a & a& (, %! '#(3/+ a& "$// a/+( g$ )4$*$a# "$ '("#+ %( *$ %! a%%#7 (& %! 3a+$+ &(%$(&+ (, )4+%$* "!$*! %! ,(//(".

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BIBLIOGRAPHY IBLIOGRAPHY

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A BBOOKSOOKS

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. C!+!$#7 N(#%!  Fa"*%%7 Private "nternational &aw 1>%!_{E.7 O8,(# U&$#+$% P#++<}

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M. AARTICLESRTICLES