100924Bio Climatic Cn

a Bioclimatic Design Strategy (BDS)

生物气候设计策略

ir. Tjerk Reijenga MSc

KOW DDC Architects & Urban Planners Shanghai

建筑学硕士 Tjerk Reijenga MSc KOW DDC 建筑师兼城市规划师 上海

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Introduction Tjerk Reijenga MSc

建筑师Tjerk Reijenga介绍

• architect at BEAR Architects Gouda (NL) from 1985 – now • 1985至今于高达必雅建筑工作室任建筑师（荷兰）

• since 2008 at KOW The Hague (NL) - director of sustainability • 自2008年于海牙KOW（荷兰）任可持续部门总监

• since 2009 at KOW DDC Shanghai (CN) - architect & director • 自2009年于上海KOW DDC（中国）任建筑师兼总监

• involved in solar architecture for over 25 years • 拥有超过25年的太阳能建筑设计经验

• member of advisory board of Dutch Green Building Council • 荷兰绿色建筑委员会顾问

KOW office The Hague – restructure

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KOW office The Hague – restructure

ECN Research

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ECN Research

ECN Research

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The Small Earth

City of the Sun Heerhugowaard

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Carbon Neutral housing - Groene Kreek Zoetermeer (NL)

Mammoet office – Schiedam

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Middle – East

中东地区

Middle – East

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ShangriLa Yunnan (CN) - Energy efficient office

Maerkan Sichuan (CN) - Elementary school

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Tianshui, Gansu (CN) - Green Elementary school

Tianshui, Gansu (CN) - Green Elementary school

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Kunming - Yunnan Baiyao Traditional Chinese Medicine

Kunming - Yunnan Baiyao Traditional Chinese Medicine

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Kunming - Yunnan Baiyao Traditional Chinese Medicine

Bioclimatic Design Strategy

生物气候设计策略

The main objective of climatic design is to provide ‘comfortable’ living conditions

with a minimum and meaningful input of artificial energy. This reduces investments and running cost

as well as ecological damage.

生物气候设计的主要目标是以最少而有意义的人工能耗提供 舒适宜居的环境。

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Bioclimatic Design Strategy

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Climate & Shelter

气候与外墙

Melbourne 墨尔本

Shanghai 上海

Dubai 迪拜

Houston 休斯敦

Relation building + location

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Climate - according to Köppen-Geiger (1920)

《柯本气候分析法》（1920）

Am

BWh

Dfc

Cfb

Dfb

Dwa

Climate - according to Köppen-Geiger (1920)

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China’s Climate regions

China’s Climate regions

中国气候区划

• very cold region (Bwk, Bsk, Dwa, Dwb) - Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin

• cold region (Cwa, ET) - Qinghai, Xizang, Sichuan, Shandong, Henan, • warm region (Cwb) - Yunnan, Sichuan

• hot summer cold winter region (Cfa) - Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang • hot summer warm winter region (Cwa) - Guangdong, Guangxi

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Micro climate

Micro climate

微气候

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Micro climate

Micro climate

微气候

solar radiation to heat in the winter

protection against rain

防雨水

accumulated heat from the rocks

从岩石中积聚热量

shadow in summer

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Micro climate

微气候

solar radiation to heat in the winter

冬季太

辐射采暖

protection against cold north winds

遮挡北面来的寒风

natural ventilation

自然通风

Micro climate

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Micro climate

微气候

solar radiation to heat in the winter

冬季太

辐射采暖

protection against cold north winds

Relation building + location

建筑与位置的关系

insulated roof thermal mass open to the sun 保温屋顶

蓄热 日照多

insulated roof no thermal mass closed to the sun 保温屋顶 不蓄热 日照少

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Location

位置

• Topography, geomorphology, vegetation

• Orientation, to optimise sun and wind impact • Wind to achieve ventilation

• Pattern and form to optimise the impact between buildings • Possible hazards (flooding, earth sliding, etc)

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Bio-climatic approach

生态气候学方法

• sea breeze (cool) 凉爽的海风

• seawater has a stable temperature • land heats up by day

• hot air will rise and

• cool air comes from the sea • land cools off by night

• temperature is lower then above sea • warm air above sea will rise

Bio-climatic approach

生态气候学方法

• sea breeze (cool) 凉爽的海风

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Bio-climatic approach

生态气候学方法

City climate

City problems:

•

Heat island effect

•

Too much stone and concrete surface

•

Higher temperatures

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Micro climate

微气候

• The principle of using water to counter urban heat island effects and stabilise the microclimate.

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Micro climate

微气候

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• Air temperature 空气温度

• difference between day and night 白天与夜晚的温差 • between summer and winter 夏天和冬天的温差

• Air movements and winds 空气流动和风 • Solar radiation 太阳辐射

• incoming and outgoing radiation 辐射的输入与输出 • influence of sky condition 受天气环境影响

• Sun hours 日照小时数

• Humidity and precipitation (rain) 湿度和降水

Climate

Climate Data

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Climate Data

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• Temperature 温度 • Humidity 湿度

• Air movement (breeze or draught) 空气运动（微风或干旱） • Exposure to radiant heat sources 向热辐射源开敞

• Cool surfaces 凉爽表面

• to radiate to for cooling 向凉爽表面辐射

Human Thermal Comfort

Human Thermal Comfort

人居热舒适

Indoor

windspeed Mechanical effect Effect on human

Cooling effect (°C) Dry skin Cooling effect (°C) Dry skin Cooling effect (°C) Dry skin Cooling effect (°C) Dry skin Moist skin Moist skin m/sec 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C30°C 30°C

0,1 minimum - no effect Feel stuffy 0 0 0 00 0

0,25 smoke indicates _movement Only noticeable at _{low temperature} 2 1,3 0,8 0,50,5 0,7

0,5 flame from a candle _{flickers comfort temp}feels fresh at 4 2,7 17 1,01,0 1,2

1 loose paper move / _{walking speed} comfortable in _{warm area} 6,7 4,5 2,8 1,71,7 2,2

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Bio-climatic approach

生物气候学方法

Select concept for each building typology

根据不同的建筑类型选择不同的节

1

2

3

•

Relation building + location

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www.kow.nl

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• Direct sun 直射阳光

• Windows & orientation 窗户与朝向 • Deep sun 深日照

• Thermal mass 蓄热 • Indirect sun 非直射阳光

• Sunspaces 阳光间

• Covered streets 廊式街道

• Thermal storage walls 蓄热墙 • Hybrid sun 混合阳光

• Ducts & fans 管道与风扇

Passive Solar Energy & Hybrid Systems

• Windows & orientation 窗户与朝向

• Main orientation south & southeast 主要朝向为正南与东南

• Heating working / living spaces in the morning 上午可为工作、起居空间采暖 • Heat producing space on east or north 在东、北面有加热设施

• Large windows on south – southeast 在正南与东南面采用大面积的窗户 • Small windows on west & north

在西、北面采用面积小的窗户

Direct Sun

• Deep sun 深日照 • Sun trap 光接收 • Skylights 天光 • Thermal mass 蓄热 www.kow.nl

Direct Sun

直射阳光

Heat Capacity

热容

• Thermal mass in temperate areas 蓄热的温度区

• day / night cycle 日月交替

• use of passive solar energy 利用被动式太阳能

• summer night ventilation 夏季夜晚通风

www.kow.nl • Sunspaces 阳光间 • Conservatories 阳光房 • Winter garden 冬季花园 • Covered streets 廊式街道 • Malls 大型商场

• Thermal storage walls 储热隔墙 • Trombe wall 特隆布墙

• Transparent insulation 透明保温 • Hybrid sun 混合阳光

• Ducts & fans 管道与风扇 • Rock bed storage 岩床蓄热

Indirect Sun & Hybrid Sun

Summer 夏天 Winter 冬天

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Summer 夏天 Winter 冬天

Under pressure 处于压力之下

Conservatories

阳光房

+ Solar chimney

太阳能烟囱

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• Overhangs 挑檐

• Roofs 屋顶

• Outdoor shading systems 室外遮阳系统

• fixed systems 固定系统

• moveable systems 可动系统

• awnings & parapets 雨篷及女儿墙

• Lamellas 百叶

• Plants 绿植

• Integrated shading systems 集成遮阳系统

• between windows 窗间遮阳

• Indoor shading systems 室内遮阳系统

Shading

no shading

shading with overhangs

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• Heating season 采暖季节

• Controlled ventilation 可控通风 • Heat recovery 热回收

• Protected entrance - air lock 入口的保护——阻隔室

• Natural ventilation (if possible) （可能情况下的）自然通风 • Pre-heated ventilation air 预热通风

• earth heat exchangers 地热交换器 • earth ducts 覆土管道

• Summer season 夏季

• Natural Ventilation 自然通风

• Summer night ventilation 夏季夜间通风 • Passive cooling 被动式制冷

Ventilation strategy

Ventilation

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Ventilation

通风

Ventilation + Wind direction

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Ventilation

Solar chimney

太 能烟

How it works

的工作原理

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• Shady courtyards (cold pockets) 有遮蔽的庭院 • Double skin constructions 双层表皮

• Natural Ventilation 自然通风

• Evaporative cooling 蒸发制冷 • Cross ventilation 交叉通风

• Stack ventilation 热压作用下的自然通风

• Earth ducts + Wind catchers (summer winds) 覆土管道 + 风斗 （夏季风） • Summer night ventilation 夏季夜间通风

• ∆T > 5°C

• Forced ventilation 强制通风

• Accessible thermal mass 半封闭蓄热

Summer Ventilation

Summer Ventilation

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• Double skin construction 双层表皮构造 • Evaporative cooling 蒸发制冷

• Cross ventilation 交叉通风

• Stack effect 热压作用下的自然通风

• Summer night ventilation 夏季夜间通风 • Downdraught cooling 抽风制冷

Summer Ventilation

Double skin construction

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Summer Ventilation

Summer Ventilation

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Cross Ventilation

交叉通风

Nocturnal ventilation (day-night)

• Evaporation of water 水汽蒸发 • Porous pots 多孔瓶 • Charcoal on grating 木炭格栅 • Pool of water 水池 • (Wet) vegetation （潮湿的）植物 www.kow.nl

Evaporation cooling

蒸发制冷

Downdraught cooling

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Downdraught cooling

抽风制冷

Downdraught cooling

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• Window 窗户

• reflecting inside 内部反射 • light shelves 导光板

• lamellas (example : ECN 31) 百叶 • Room depth 房间深度

• Atrium 中庭

• Reflection 反射 • Pond 池塘

• bright surface outside 明亮的外部表面 • bright surface inside 明亮的内部表面

• Skylight wells - light tubes (example : ECN 42) 天光井——光管

Daylight

Daylight

日光

500 1000 1500

lux system complete_{starting point}

no grate bi.zw. +30/+30 bi.zw. +30/0 bi.zw. -30/-30 bi.zw -30/0

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• Guiding the light indoors 把光引导至室内 • Letting light come to life 使光线活跃起来 • Softening the light 使光线柔顺

• Creating from the light 从光中产生光

Daylight

Sunlight

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Daylight

Natural Ventilation

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Step 1 Measures :

• Thermal insulation of roof and walls

• Double windows for thermal insulation • Also against draft and air infiltration

• Double entrance - wind protection • Daylight in office through windows

Step 2 Measures :

• Building orientation SSE - SE (early morning sun) • Passive solar energy for heating south rooms

• Thermal mass (floors / ceiling) to buffer heat

• Active solar heating with heat storage for heating north rooms and heating on cold nights

• Solar heating for hot water • Wind turbine for electricity

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• Auxiliary heating for back-up with bio-mass • Heat storage

• Low temperature radiant heating (floor/walls) • Daylight sensors for artificial lights

• Bio-gas for cooking

• Bio mass

• Materials from forestry, fast growing trees • Materials from agriculture, straw, grasses • Waste from woodworks, chips, sawdust

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Active solar heating system

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Thank you!