Minimalism

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Like Jazz music, Minimalist music is originally an

American genre of Experimental music or

Downtown music named in the 1960s based

mostly in consonant harmony, steady pulse (if not

immobile drones), stasis and slow transformation,

and often reiteration of musical phrases or smaller

units such as figures, motifs, and cells.

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Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955. According to Cage's deﬁnition, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen" (Cage 1961, 39), and he was

speciﬁcally interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action (Mauceri 1997, 197).

In a broader sense, it is also used to mean any music that challenges the commonly accepted notions of what music is. David Cope describes experimental music as that, "which represents a refusal t o accept the status quo" (Cope, 1997, 222).

Michael Nyman (1974) uses the term "experimental" to describe the work of American composers (John Cage, Christian Wolff, Earle Brown,

Meredith Monk, Malcolm Goldstein, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Philip Glass, John Cale, Steve Reich, etc.) as opposed to the European avant-garde at the time ( Karlheinz Stockhausen, Pierre Boulez, Iannis Xenakis). The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later

judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which is unknown" (Cage 1961, 13).

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Downtown music is a subdivision of American music. The scene the term describes began in 1960, when Yoko Ono — one of the Fluxus artists, at that time still seven years away from meeting John Lennon — opened her loft at 112 Chambers Street (Manhattan) to be used as a noise music performance space for a series curated by La Monte Young and Richard Maxﬁeld. Prior to this, most classical music

performances in New York City occurred "uptown" around the areas that the Juilliard School at Lincoln Center and Columbia University would soon occupy. Ono's gesture led to a new performance tradition of informal performances in nontraditional venues such as lofts and converted industrial spaces, involving music much more experimental than that of the more conventional modern classical series' Uptown Spaces in Manhattan that supported Downtown music from the 1960s on included the Judson Memorial Church, The Kitchen, Experimental Intermedia, Roulette, the Knitting Factory, Dance Theater Workshop, Tonic, The Automation House, the Gas Station, the Paula Cooper Gallery, and others. Brooklyn Academy of Music has also shown a predilection for composers from the Downtown scene.

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John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an

American composer. A pioneer of chance music, electronic music and

non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading ﬁgures of

the post-war avant-garde and, in the opinion of many, the most inﬂuential

American composer of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the

development of modern dance, mostly through his association with

choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner

for the most part of the latter's life.

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Cage is perhaps best known for his 1952 composition 4

!

33

"

, the

three movements of which are performed without a single note

being played. A performance of 4

!

33

"

can be perceived as

including the sounds of the environment that the listeners hear

while it is performed, rather than merely as four minutes and

thirty three seconds of silence and has become one of the most

controversial compositions of the century. Another famous

creation of Cage's is the prepared piano (a piano with its sound

altered by placing various objects in the strings), for which he

wrote numerous dance-related works and a few concert pieces,

the most well-known of which is Sonatas and Interludes (1946–

48).

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A bacchanale is a dramatic musical composition, often depicting a drunken revel or bacchanal .

Well-known examples are the ba cchanales in Camille Saint-Saëns's Samson et Dalila and the Overture and Bacchanale of Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser . John Cage wrote a Bacch anale for prepared piano. The French composer Jacques Ibert wrote a Bacchanale commissioned by the BBC for the tenth anniversary of the Third Programme in 1956.

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Terry Riley (born June 24, 1935) is an American composer associated with

the minimalist school. He studied at Shasta College, San Francisco State

University, and the San Francisco Conservatory before earning an MA in

composition at the University of California, Berkeley, studying with Seymour

Shifrin and Robert Erickson. He was involved in the experimental San

Francisco Tape Music Center working with Morton Subotnick, Steve Reich,

Pauline Oliveros, and Ramon Sender. His most inﬂuential teacher, however,

was Pandit Pran Nath (1918–1996), a master of Indian classical voice, who

also taught La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela. Riley made numerous

trips to India over the course of their association to study and to accompany

him on tabla, tambura, and voice. Throughout the 1960s he traveled

frequently around Europe as well, taking in musical inﬂuences and

supporting himself by playing in piano bars, until he joined the Mills College

faculty in 1971 to teach Indian classical music. Riley was awarded an

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In C is an aleatoric musical piece composed by Terry Riley in 1964 for any number of people, although he suggests "a group of about 35 is desired if possible but smaller or larger groups will work". As its title suggests, it is in the key of C. It is a response to the abstract academic serialist techniques used by composers in the mid-twentieth century and is often cited as the ﬁrst minimalist composition

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Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3, 1936) is an American composer who pioneered the style of minimalism. His innovations include using tape loops to create phasing patterns (examples are his early compositions, It's Gonna Rain and Come Out ), and the use of simple, audible processes to explore musical concepts (for instance, Pendulum Music and Four Organs ). These compositions, marked by their use of repetitive ﬁgures, slow harmonic rhythm and canons, have signiﬁcantly

inﬂuenced contemporary music, especially in the US. Reich's work took on a darker character in the 1980s with the introduction of historical themes as well as themes from his Jewish heritage.

Different Trains (1988) has been called "the only adequate musical response—one of the few adequate artistic responses in any medium—to the Holocaust", and was credited with earning Reich a place among the great composers of the 20th century.

Reich's style of composition has inﬂuenced many other composers and musical groups, John Adams, the progressive rock band King Crimson, and the art-pop and electronic musician Brian Eno. Reich has been described by The Guardian as one of "a handful of living composers who can legitimately claim to have altered the direction of musical history", and the Village Voice ' s Kyle Gann has said Reich "may [...] be considered, by general acclamation, America's greatest living composer." On January 25, 2007, Reich was named the 2007 recipient of the Polar Music Prize, together with Sonny Rollins.

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Clapping Music is a minimalist piece written by Steve Reich in 1972. It is written for two performers and is performed entirely by clapping.

A development of the phasing technique from Reich's earlier works such as Piano Phase , it was written when Reich wanted to (in his own words)

"create a piece of music that needed no instruments beyond the human body". However, he quickly found that the mechanism of phasing slowly in and out of tempo with each other was inappropriate for the simple clapping involved in producing the actual sounds that made the music.

Instead of phasing, one performer claps a basic rhythm, a variation of the fundamental African bell pattern in 12/8 time, for the entirety of the piece. The other claps the same pattern, but after every 8 or 12 bars s/he shifts by one eighth note to the left. The two performers continue this until the

second performer has shifted 12 eighth notes and is hence playing the pattern in unison with the ﬁ rst performer again (as at the beginning), some 144 bars later.

In Reich's 1974 book "Writings about Music" there is a picture of the piece being performed at the Contemporary Arts Museum in Houston, Texas on 13 November 1973.

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Pictures from African Music by Francis Bebey

African Marimba Ensemble led by Dumisani Maraire

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Claves are very important in Afro-Cuban music, such as the Son and

Salsa. They are often used to play a repeating rhythmic ﬁgure

throughout a piece, known as the clave, of which there are several

different variations, each used for different styles of music.

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Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American classical music composer

who has been nominated for three Academy Awards. He is considered one of

the most inﬂuential composers of the late-20th century and is widely

acknowledged as a composer who has brought art music to the American public

(along with precursors such as Richard Strauss, Kurt Weill and Leonard

Bernstein).

His music is described as minimalist, however he wishes to distance himself

from this label, describing himself instead as a composer of "music with

repetitive structures". Although his early, mature music is minimalist, he has

evolved stylistically. Currently, he describes himself as a "Classicist", trained in

harmony and counterpoint and studied Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van

Beethoven, and Franz Schubert.

Other operas followed — more than 20 of them, including, Satyagraha, Akhnaten and The Voyage. Glass has composed eight symphonies, concerti for piano,

violin, and saxophone quartet. He's written for film, including the sonic landscape he created with filmmaker Godfrey Reggio, Koyaanisqatsi. And he's collaborated with choreographer Twyla Tharp, poet Allen Ginsberg and rocker David Bowie. A fraction of that work is included in the new 10-CD set, Glass Box. The

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Brian Peter George St. John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno (born 15 May 1948),

commonly known as Brian Eno, is an English musician, composer, producer, music

theorist, and singer, who, as a solo artist, is best known as the father of ambient music. Art-school-educated, and inspired by minimalism, he became artistically prominent as the keyboards and synthesizer player of the 1970s Glam rock and Art rock band Roxy Music. Upon leaving them, he recorded four original Rock music albums, before

concentrating upon abstract sound landscapes (ambient music) in reco rds such as Discreet Music (1975) and Ambient 1/Music for Airports (1978).

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