international
law and the
environment
Th
ird Edition
patricia birnie
alan boyle
catherine redgwell
1
3
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in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © P. W. Birnie, A. E. Boyle and C. Redgwell 2009 Th e moral rights of the authors have been asserted Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Birnie, Patricia W.
International law and the environment / Patricia Birnie, Alan Boyle, Catherine Redgwell.—3rd ed.
p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–19–876422–9
1. Environmental law, International. I. Boyle, Alan E. II. Redgwell, Catherine. III. Title.
K3585.B57 2009 344.04´6—dc22 2008048609
Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire ISBN 9780198764229
Th e development of modern international environmental law, starting essentially in the 1960s, has been one of the most remarkable exercises in international lawmaking, comparable to the law of human rights and international trade law in the scale and form it has taken. Since the Rio Conference in 1992, the subject as a whole has come of age. Its gestation may have been slow, but international environmental law has proved a very vigorous plant. If the 1980s and 1990s are best remembered for ‘treaty conges-tion’ because of the large number of multilateral environmental agreements under negotiation, the fi rst decade of the new millennium has seen an unparalleled growth in the environmental jurisprudence of international tribunals. No longer is it neces-sary to squeeze every drop of life out of the immortal trio of arbitrations—Bering Sea
Fur Seals, Trail Smelter and Lac Lanoux—which have sustained international
environ-mental law throughout most of its existence.
In this third edition we have concentrated on revising and updating the text rather than adding signifi cant amounts of new material. A small number of treaties are cov-ered for the fi rst time, but the principal additions are from the case law of the ICJ, the ITLOS, the WTO, international arbitral awards, and decisions of human-rights courts and commissions. Th e treatment of climate change and the Kyoto Protocol has been expanded, as has the introductory chapter. We have also taken the opportunity to reorganize some chapters and relocate material to places where it now seems more appropriate, including the waste bin, but the basic structure of the book remains the same. Our intention has been to cover signifi cant developments up to mid-2008, but in such a large and ever-expanding topic it is impossible to be comprehensive, and there is much more that could be said on everything. Th e book remains primarily an introduction to the general corpus of international environmental law, including the lawmaking and regulatory processes, approached from the perspective of gener-alist international lawyers rather than specigener-alist environmental lawyers. Experience of international litigation suggests that this is the right way to approach the subject, at least in that context.
Th e most signifi cant change has been the retirement from active participation by Patricia Birnie, co-author of the fi rst and second editions. Her inspiration and unrivalled understanding of the law and context of international protection of the environment have been indispensable from the very beginning of what has proved a far larger project than was ever imagined. In her place, Catherine Redgwell has taken over responsibility for revising Chapters 11 and 12, as well as Chapter 14, originally draft ed by Tom Schoenbaum. In order to keep abreast of the vitally important and fast developing subject of climate change we were very pleased when Navraj Ghaleigh of the University of Edinburgh agreed to deploy his expertise on a substantial revision of what is now Chapter 6.
We are indebted to several colleagues and friends for sharing their knowledge on various topics, but especial thanks are due to Lorand Bartels, Bradnee Chambers, Louise de La Fayette, Bill Edeson, Sebastian Lopez Escarcena, David Freestone, James Harrison, Na Li, and Richard Tarasofsky.
As always we have been well served by a series of research assistants who have greatly eased the task of keeping on top of new material. Safi ya Ali, Daniela Diz, Pierre Harcourt, Bonnie Holligan, Sam McIntosh, Frida Petersson, Danielle Rached, Meerim Razbaeva, Christian Schall, Felicity Stewart, Emmanuel Ugirashebuja, and Andreas Woitecki, all of Edinburgh University, and Silvia Borelli of University College London, have been a great help. We are very grateful to them all, and to our many PhD, LLM and LLB students for asking the questions that keep any author alert and con-scious. Eleanor Williams of OUP has provided timely and above all patient support for authors who may at times have seemed unlikely ever to deliver, and our thanks go to all those working for OUP who have made this edition happen.
Alan Boyle and Catherine Redgwell 31 July 2008
Abbreviations: Journals and Reports xi
Table of Cases xix
Table of Major Treaties and Other Instruments xxvii
1
international law and the environment
11 Introduction 1
2 Lawmaking Processes and Sources of Law 12
3 Overview 37
2
international governance and the formulation of
environmental law and policy
431 Introduction 43
2 Th e Development of International Environmental Policy 48 3 Th e UN and Environmental Governance 58 4 Other International Organizations 71 5 International Regulatory Regimes 84
6 Scientifi c Organizations 99
7 Non-Governmental Organizations 100
8 Conclusions 103
3
rights and obligations of states concerning
protection of the environment
1061 Introduction 106
2 Sustainable Development: Legal Implications 115 3 Principles of Global Environmental Responsibility 128 4 Prevention of Pollution and Environmental Harm 137 5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 190 6 Military Activities and the Environment 205
7 Conclusions 208
4
interstate enforcement: state responsibility, treaty
compliance, and dispute settlement
2112 State Responsibility for Environmental Damage 214
3 Treaty Compliance 237
4 Settlement of International Environmental Disputes 250
5 Conclusions 266
5
non-state actors: environmental rights,
liability, and crimes
2681 Introduction 268
2 Human Rights and the Environment 271 3 Transboundary Environmental Rights 303 4 Harmonization of Environmental Liability 316 5 Corporate Environmental Accountability 326
6 Environmental Crimes 329
7 Conclusions 334
6
climate change and atmospheric pollution
3351 Introduction 335
2 Transboundary Air Pollution 342
3 Protecting the Ozone Layer 349
4 Th e Climate Change Regime 356
5 Conclusions 377
7
the law of the sea and protection of the marine
environment
3791 Introduction 379
2 Customary Law and the 1982 UNCLOS 386 3 Regional Protection of the Marine Environment 390
4 Marine Pollution from Ships 398
5 Pollution Incidents and Emergencies at Sea 423 6 Responsibility and Liability for Marine Pollution Damage 430
7 Conclusions 441
8
international regulation of toxic substances
4431 Introduction 443
2 International Regulation of Toxic Chemicals 445 3 Protection of the Marine Environment from Toxic Substances 451
4 International Trade in Hazardous Substances 473
5 Conclusions 486
9
nuclear energy and the environment
4881 Introduction 488
2 Th e International Regulation of Nuclear Energy 492 3 Control of Transboundary Nuclear Risks 508 4 State Responsibility for Nuclear Damage 516 5 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 520
6 Conclusions 533
10
international watercourses: environmental
protection and sustainable use
5351 Introduction 535
2 Protection of Watercourse Environments 547 3 Regional Cooperation and Environmental Regulation 572
4 Conclusions 580
11
conservation of nature, ecosystems, and biodiversity
5831 Introduction 583
2 Concepts of Nature Conservation and Natural Resources 585 3 Th e Role of Law in the Protection of Nature 593 4 Codifi cation and Development of International Law on
Nature Protection 602
5 Th e Convention on Biological Diversity 612
6 Conclusions 648
12
conservation of migratory and land-based
species and biodiversity
6501 Introduction 650
2 Implementation of Principles and Strategies through
Conservation Treaties 651
3 Signfi cance and Eff ectiveness of the Major Global
Wildlife Conventions 671
4 Post-UNCED Instruments for Conservation of
Nature and Biodiversity 692
6 Coordination of Conventions and Organs 697
7 Conclusions 698
13
conservation of marine living resources
and biodiversity
7021 Introduction 702
2 Jurisdiction over Fisheries and Marine Mammals 706 3 Th e Development of International Fisheries Regimes 711 4 Th e 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 714
5 Post-UNCLOS Developments 730
6 Conservation of Marine Biodiversity 744
7 Conclusions 751
14
international trade and environmental protection
7531 Introduction 753
2 Th e Multilateral Trading System 756 3 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Restrictions 766 4 Trade Restrictions to Protect Resources beyond National Jurisdiction 769 5 Trade Restrictions to Protect the Domestic Environment 778 6 Pollution Havens: Trade Restrictions to Improve the
Environment of Other Countries 788 7 Th e Export of Hazardous Substances and Wastes 793
8 Environmental Taxes 796
9 Th e TRIPS Agreement and the Biodiversity Convention 801
10 Conclusions 809
Bibliography 811
and reports
ACHPR African Convention/Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
AC Appeal Cases (House of Lords) (UK)
ACOPS Advisory Committee on Pollution of the Sea
All ER All England Reports
AFDI Annuaire Français de Droit International
AIR All India Reports
AJIL American Journal of International Law
ALJ Australian Law Journal
ALJR Australian Law Journal Reports
ALR Australian Law Reports
Ann Droit Mar & Océanique
Annuaire de Droit Maritime et Océanique Ann Rev Ecol Syst Annual Review of Ecological Systems Ann Rev Energy &
Env
Annual Review of Energy and Environment Ann Inst DDI Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International Ann Suisse DDI Annuaire Suisse de Droit International
Am UJILP American University Journal of International Law and Politics
ASIL American Society of International Law Proceedings
AULR American University Law Review
AYIL Australian Yearbook of International Law
BAT Best Available Techniques
BEP Best Environmental Practice
BFSP British and Foreign State Papers
Boston CICLJ Boston College International and Comparative Law Journal BISD Basic Instruments and Selected Decisions of the GATT Boston Coll Env
Aff LR
Boston College Environmental Aff airs Law Review
BTA Border Tax Adjustment
Burhenne International Environmental Law: Multilateral Treaties, ed.
W. Burhenne (Berlin, 1974)
BYIL British Yearbook of International Law
Colorado JIELP Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy
Columbia JTL Columbia Journal of Transnational Law Columbia JEL Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
CLB Commonwealth Law Bulletin
CLP Current Legal Problems
CLR Commonwealth Law Reports
CMLR Common Market Law Review
Columbia HRLR Columbia Human Rights Law Review Cornell ILJ Cornell International Law Journal
CWILJ California Western International Law Journal CWRJIL Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law CYIL Canadian Yearbook of International Law
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCAMLR Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CEC Commission for Environmental Co-operation
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CDM Clean development mechanism
CEC Commission for Environmental Co-operation
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COLREGS Collision Regulations
COP Conference of the Parties
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CTE Committee on Trade and Environment
Dal LJ Dalhousie Law Journal
Den JILP Denver Journal of International Law and Politics
DLR (AD) Dominion Law Reporter (Appellate Division) (Bangladesh)
Duke LJ Duke Law Journal
ECHR European Court of Human Rights Reports
ECJ European Court of Justice
EHRR European Human Rights Reports EJIL European Journal of International Law
ELQ Environmental Law Quarterly
ELR European Law Review
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
Emory Int LR Emory International Law Review
Envtl L Environmental Lawyer
Ency of Pub Int L Encyclopaedia of Public International Law
EPL Environmental Policy and Law
ETS Council of Europe Treaty Series Eur Env LR European Environmental Law Review Eur J of Crime,
Crim L & Crim Just
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law & Criminal Justice
EC European Community
ECHR European Convention/Court of Human Rights ECOSOC Economic and Social Committee
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EFZ Exclusive Fishery Zone
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMEP Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FC Federal Courts (Canada)
FNI Fishing News International
Fordham ELJ Fordham Environmental Law Journal
GATT General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade, 1947 Georgia LR Georgia Law Review
Georgetown IELR Georgetown International Environmental Law Review GYIL German Yearbook of International Law
Hague YIL Hague Yearbook of International Law Harv ELR Harvard Environmental Law Review Harv HRYB Harvard Human Rights Yearbook FSIC Flag State Implementation Committee
GEF Global Environmental Facility
GESAMP Group of Experts on Scientifi c Aspects of Marine Pollution Harv ILJ Harvard International Law Journal
Harv LR Harvard Law Review
HRLJ Human Rights Law Journal
HRR Human Rights Reports
Hum & Ecol Risk Assessment
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
HMS Highly migratory species
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly
Idaho LR Idaho Law Review
IJECL International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law IJMCL International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
ILA International Law Association
ILC International Law Commission
ILM International Legal Materials
ILR International Law Reports
Indian JIL Indian Journal of International Law Int Aff airs International Aff airs
Inter-American YB on Hum Rts
Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights Int Env L Reps International Environmental Law Reports Int Org International Organisation
Int Orgs LR International Organisations Law Review Ital YIL Italian Yearbook of International Law ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
IUCN Bull International Union for the Conservation of Nature Bulletin IACHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICES International Council on Exploration of the Seas
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICRW International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling IFC International Finance Corporation
INC Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee INSC International North Sea Conference
IOPC International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISBA International Seabed Authority
ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization Jap Ann IL Japanese Annual of International Law
JEL Journal of Environmental Law
J Env & Dev’mnt Journal of Environment and Development
J Eur Env & Plng L Journal of European Environmental and Planning Law JIEL Journal of International Economic Law
JIWLP Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy JIELP Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy
JLS Journal of Law and Society
JMLC Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Jnl of Bus Admin Journal of Business Administration
JPEL Journal of Planning and Environmental Law
JPL Journal of Planning Law
J Transnatl L & Pol Journal of Transnational Law and Policy
JWT Journal of World Trade Law
LGERA Local Government and Environment Reports of Australia LJIL Leiden Journal of International Law
LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series
Loyola ICLJ Loyola University International and Comparative Law Journal
LOSB Law of the Sea Bulletin
Mar Poll Bull Marine Pollution Bulletin Max Planck
YbUNL
Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law
McGill LR McGill Law Review
Melb ULR Melbourne University Law Review Mich JIL Michigan Journal of International Law Minn J Global
Trade
MLJ Malaysia Law Journal
MLR Modern Law Review
ND New Directions in the Law of the Sea (Dobbs, Ferry, 1974- ) NILR Netherlands International Law Review
NLB Nuclear Law Bulletin
Nordic JIL Nordic Journal of International Law
NRJ Natural Resources Journal
NYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International Law NYJILP New York Journal of International Law and Policy NY Law School LR New York Law School Law Review
NYUEnvLJ New York University Environmental Law Journal
NZLR New Zealand Law Reports
O&C Man Ocean and Coastal Management
Ocean YB Ocean Yearbook
ODIL Ocean Development and International Law OGTLR Oil and Gas Taxation Law Review
OJ Offi cial Journal (of the European Community)
Oregon LR Oregon Law Review
OPN Ocean Policy News
OsHLJ Osgoode Hall Law Journal
PACE ELR Pace Environmental Law Review Otago LJ University of Otago Law Journal
PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice Reports Proc ASIL Proceedings of the American Society of International Law Pub.Admin Public Administration
RBDI Revue Belge de Droit International
RECIEL Review of European Community and International Environ-mental Law
Rev Int de Droit Pénal
Revue International de Droit Pénal Rev jurid de l’env Revue juridique de l’environment Rev Espanola DI Revista Espanola Derecho Internacional Rev Eur Droit de
l’Env
Revue Européen du Droit de l’Environnement RGDIP Revue Général de Droit International Public RIAA Reports of International Arbitration Awards
Ruster and Simma International Protection of the Environment, ed. B. Ruster and B. Simma, (Dobbs Ferry, 1975- )
SALJ South African Law Journal
Scal LR Southern California Law Review
SCC Supreme Court Cases (India)
S Ct Supreme Court (US)
San Diego LR San Diego Law Review
Stanford JIL Stanford Journal of International Law Stan ELJ Stanford Environmental Law Journal
Sydney LR Sydney Law Review
Texas ILJ Texas International Law Journal Tulane ELJ Tulane Environmental Journal
Tulane JICL Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law UBCLR University of British Columbia Law Review
UCLA J Envtl L & Pol’y
University of California at Los Angeles Journal of Environ-mental Law and Policy
UCLALR University of California at Los Angeles Law Review
UKTS United Kingdom Treaty Series
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982
UN Doc United Nations Document
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNGAOR United Nations General Assembly Offi cial Records UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Commission UN Jurid YB United Nations Juridical Yearbook
UN Leg Ser United Nations Legislative Series UNTS United Nations Treaty Series
U Penn LR University of Pennsylvania Law Review
US United States Reports
USPQ United States Patents Quarterly
UST United States Treaties
UTLJ University of Toronto Law Journal Vand JTL Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law Va Envtl LJ Virginia Environmental Law Journal VJIL Virginia Journal of International Law VUWLR Victoria University of Wellington Law Review Wash & Lee LR Washington and Lee Law Review
Wis ILJ Wisconsin International Law Journal
WLR Weekly Law Reports (England)
Wm & Mary Envtl L & Pol Rev
William and Mary Environmental Law & Policy Review
Yale LJ Yale Law Journal
Ybk of the AAA Yearbook of the Hague Academy of International Law
YEL Yearbook of European Law
YbIEL Yearbook of International Environmental Law YBILC Yearbook of the International Law Commission
ZAÖRV Zeitschrift für Ausländisches und Öff entliches Recht und Völkerrecht
Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, GATT BISD (30th Supp.) 140, (1984) . . . 759
Advisory Opinions on the Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Confl ict, ICJ Reports (1996) 66 (WHO) and 226 (UNGA). See Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opnion
Advisory Opinion on the Interpretation of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1989) IACHR Series A, No. 10 . . . 275
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports (1978) 3 . . . 20
Aguinda v. Texaco Inc. 850 F.Supp. 282 (1994); 945 F.Supp.625 (1996) . . . 308, 309, 313 Air Services Arbitration, 54 ILR (1978) 304 . . .
238, 777
Alabama Claims Arbitration (1872) 1 Moore’s Int. Arbitration Awards, 485 . . . 148 Al-Adsani v. UK (2001) 123 ILR 24 . . . 236 Albert v. Frazer Companies Ltd. [1937] 1 DLR.
39 . . . 308
Allen v. Gulf Oil [1981] 1 All ER 353 . . . 525 Antonio Gramsci Case, IOPC Fund 1st Annual
Report (1990) 23 . . . 230, 437, 438 Apirana Mahuika et al v. New Zealand (2000)
ICCPR No. 547/1993 . . . 287, 295
Asahi Metal Co. Ltd. v. Superior Court, 480 US 102 (1987) . . . 313
Asbestos Case – see EC-Measures Aff ecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products Association Greenpeace France v. France,
Novartis and Monsanto (‘Transgenic maize case’) (1998) 2/IR Recueil Dalloz 240 . . . 162 Athanassoglou v. Switzerland (2001) 31 EHRR
13 . . . 290
Augsburg v. Federal Republic of Germany (‘WaMsterben case’) (1988) 103 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 232 . . . 162
Axen v. Federal Republic of Germany (1983) ECHR Ser. A/72 . . . 309–310
Barcelona Traction, ICJ Reports (1970) 3 . . . 131, 233, 136
Balmer-Schafroth v. Switzerland (1997-IV) ECHR . . . 290
Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India (1984) 3 SCC 161 . . . 159, 276, 297
Bankovic v. Belgium (2002) 41 ILM 517 . . . 299 Beef Hormones case – see EC-Measures
Concerning Meat and Meat Products Behring Sea Fur Seals Arbitration (1898) 1
Moore’s Int. Arbitration Awards 755, repr. in 1 Int.Env.L.Reps (1999) 43 . . . 38, 180–181, 190, 195, 226
Belgian Family Allowances (Allocations Familiales) GATT BISD (1st Supp.) 59 (1953) . . . 757
Belgian Waste Case – See EC v. Belgium Belize Alliance of Conservation
Non-Governmental Organizations v. Dept. of Environment (2003) JCPC . . . 174 Bhopal Case – See In re Union Carbide
Corporation Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal Biotech Case – See EC-Measures Aff ecting the
Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products Blue Circle Industries Pic v Ministry of Defence
[1998] 3 All ER 385 . . . 324
Bluefìn Tuna Cases – See Southern Bluefìn Tuna Cases
Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen VZW-Belgium, Compliance Committee, UNECE/ MP.PP/C.l/2006/4/Add.2 (2006) . . . 294 Border Tax Adjustments, GATT BISD (18th
Supp.) 97, (1972) . . . 799
Bordes v. France, UNHRC No. 645/1995, Rept. Human Rights Committee (1996) GAOR A/51/40, vol. Π . . . 284, 285
Bosnian Genocide Case, ICJ Reports (2007) . . . 148, 153, 214, 228
BP v. Libya, 53 ILR (1973) 297 . . . 191 British South Africa Company v. Compania de
Moçambique [1893] AC 602 . . . 308 Brun v. France (2006) ICCPR Communication
No. 1453/2006 . . . 301
Burnie Port Authority v. General Jones Pty. Ltd. (1994) 179 CLR 520 . . . 219
Bystre Deep-water Navigation Canal – Findings and Recommendation with regard to compliance by Ukraine, ECE/MP.PP/ C.l/2005/2/Add.3 (2005) . . . 292 Cambridge Water Co. v. Eastern Counties
Leather plc [1994] 1 All ER 53 . . . 219 Canada Beer Cases – See Import, Distribution,
and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks by Canadian Provincial Marketing Agencies
Canadian Wildlife Federation v. Minister of Environment and Saskatchewan Water Comp. (1989) 3 Federal Court 309 (TD) . . . 168 Caesar v. Trinidad and Tobago (2005) IACHR
Sers. C, No. 123 . . . 301
Cassis de Dijon Case – See Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, ICJ Reports
(1993) 322 . . . 121, 138
Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India (1986) 2 SCC 176 . . . 283, 298
Chassagnou v. France, ECHR (1999); 3 Int.Env. LR (2001) . . . 287
Chorzow Factory Case (Indemnity) PCIJ, Ser. A, No. 8/9 (1927); ibid. No. 17 . . . 27, 226, 228, 238, 257
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 US 617 (1978) . . . 796
CME Czech Republic B.V. v. Th e Czech Republic (2001) UNCITRAL . . . 327
Comitato Communa Bellis e Sanctuario v. Commune di Ostiglia (2006) Consiglio di Stato No. 5760/2006 . . . 297
Commission v. Ireland (MUX Plant Case) ECR [2006] 1–4635 . . . 298
Commonwealth of Australia v. State of Tasmania, 46 ALR (1983) 625 . . . 298, 680 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. SS Zoe
Colocotroni, 456 F. Supp. 1327 (1978); 628 F. 2d. 652 (1980) . . . 230, 324, 437, 438 Community of San Mateo de Huanchor v. Peru,
Case 504/03, Report No. 69/04, Inter-Am CHR, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.122 Doc. 5 rev. 1, 487 (2004) . . . 284
Connelly v. RTZ Corp. plc [1998] AC 854 . . . 309, 310
Continental Shelf Case (Italian Intervention) ICJ Reports (1984) 3 . . . 253
Corfu Channel Case, ICJ Reports (1949) 1 . . . 27, 144, 148, 153, 182, 183, 106, 215, 217, 221, 222, 415, 417, 425, 479, 516, 572
Cyprus v. Turkey [2001] ECHR No. 25781/94 . . . 229
Dagi v. Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd. (1997) 1 Victoria Reps. 428 . . . 308, 310
Dalma Orchards – Armenia, Compliance Committee, UNECE/MP.PP/C.l/2006/2/Add.l (2006) . . . 295
Danish Bottles Case – See EC v. Denmark Defenders of Wildlife Inc. v. Endangered Species
Authority, 659 F. 2d 168 (1981) . . . 298 Denev v. Sweden, ECHR App. No. 12570/86
(1989); 3 Int. Env,LR (2001) . . . 287
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 US 303 (1980) . . . 806
Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Case, ICJ Reports (1980) 3 . . . 148, 214, 516, 563 Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case, PCIJ
Ser. A/B, No. 70 . . . 555
Dombo Beheer v. Netherlands (1993) ECHR Sers. A/274 . . . 310
Donauversinkung Case, 1 Int.Env.LR (1999) 444 . . . 181
Drozd and Janousek v. France and Spain (1992) ECHR Sers. A/240 . . . 299
Duke Power Co. v. Environmental Study Group, 438 US 59 (1978) . . . 524
Dunne v. NW Gas Board [1964] 2 QB 605 . . . 219, 525
East Timor Case, ICJ Reports (1995) 2 . . . 131, 253
EC - Biotech Case - See EC-Measures Aff ecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products
EC - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products [‘Beef Hormones Case’] WTO Appellate Body (1997) WT/DS26/AB/R . . . 28, 108, 109, 153, 156, 158, 160, 174, 781, 782, 783
EC - Measures Aff ecting Asbestos [‘Asbestos Case’] WTO Appellate Body (2001) WT/ DS135/AB/R . . . 108, 254, 758, 761, 763, 765, 766, 773, 774
EC - Measures Aff ecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products [‘EC-Biotech Case’] WTO Panel (2006) WT/DS29l/R, WT/ DS292/R, WT/DS293/R . . . 647, 763, 776, 780, 781
EC - Trade Descriptions of Sardines, WTO Appellate Body (2002) WT/DS23l/AB/R . . . 782
EC v. Belgium, ECJ No. 2/90 [1993], 1 CMLR (1993) 365 [‘Belgian Waste Case’] . . . 796 EC v. France, ECJ No.182/89 [1990], ECR-I
[1990] 4337 . . . 298
EC v. France, ECJ Case C-239/03 [2004] . . . 298 EC v. Denmark, ΈCJ No. 382/86 [1988]; ECR
[1988] 4607; [1989] 1 CMLR 619 [‘Danish Bottles Case’] . . . 783, 785
Emilio Agustin Maff ezini v Th e Kingdom of Spain, ICS ID No. ARB/97/7 (2000) . . . 327 Environmental Defence Society v. South
Pacifi c Aluminium (No. 3) (1981) 1 NZLR 216 . . . 297
Environmental Defense Fund Inc. v. Massey 986 F. 2d 528 (1993) . . . 168
Ex parte Allen, 2 USPQ 1425 (1987) . . . 806 Fadeyeva v. Russia [2005] ECHR 376 . . . 283,
284, 320
Farooque v. Government of Bangladesh (1997) 49 DLR (AD) 1 . . . 297
Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases (UK and Germany v. Iceland) ICJ Reports (1974) 3 and 175 – See Icelandic Fisheries Cases
Fogarty v. UK (2001) 123 Int LR 54 . . . 25, 138 Fredin v. Sweden, ECHR, Sers. A/192 (1991); 3
Int.Env.LR (2001) . . . 287
Free Zones of Upper Saxony and the District of Gex Case (Second Phase) PC1J Ser. A, No. 24 (1930); (Merits) Ser. A/B, No. 46 (1932) . . . 27 Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw, 120 SCt 693
(2000) . . . 297
Fundepublico v. Mayor of Bugalagrande (1992) ECOSOC, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/7, 16 . . . 297
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Dam Case, ICJ Reports (1997) 7 . . . 2, l3, l6, 2l, 25, 28, 30, l07, 109, 110, 112, 115, 117, 124, 126, 127, 131, 139, 159, 163, 170, 175, 179, 181, 207, 213, 214, 216, 226, 227, 238, 255, 257, 279, 302, 516, 539, 542, 544, 546, 549, 551, 551, 558, 561, 562, 563, 699, 764 Gateshead Metropolitan Council v. Secretary of
State for the Environment (1995) JPL 432 . . . 162
Gatina, Gatin, Konyushkova – Kazakhstan, Compliance Committee, UNECE/MP.PP/ C.l/2006/4/Add.l (2006) . . . 294
German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia Case (1925) PCIJ Sers. A, Nos. 6 and 7 (1926) . . . 257
Great Belt Case – See Passage Th rough the Great Belt Case
Greenpeace v. Stone 748 F. Supp. 749 (1990) . . . 168
Guerra v. Italy, 26 EHRR (1998) 357 . . . 283, 284, 296
Gulf of Maine Case, ICJ Reports (1984) 246 . . . 543, 710, 716
Gut Dam Arbitration, 8ILM (1968) 118 . . . 555, 577
Handelskwekerij Bier v. Mines de Potasse d’Alsace, ECJ No 21/76, II ECR (1976)1735; (1979) Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, No. 113; 11 NYIL (1980) 326; UNYIL (1984) 471; 19 NYIL, (I988) 496 . . . 312, 314, 315
Hatton v. UK [2003] ECHR (Grand Chamber) . . . 126, 180, 287, 299
Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario v. US Environmental Protection Agency 912 F.2d 1525 (1990) . . . 307
Hesperides Hotels Ltd. v. Muft izade [1979] AC 508 . . . 308
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising, 432 US 333 (1977) . . . 783
ICAO Council Case, ICJ Reports (1972) 46 . . . 238
Icelandic Fisheries Cases (UK & Germany v. Iceland) ICJ Reports (1974) 3 & 175 . . . 175, 179, 181, 195, 196, 200, 201, 202, 204, 232, 418, 543, 569, 709, 710, 715, 777
Ilmari Lansman et al v. Finland (1996) ICCPR No. 511/1992 . . . 286, 288, 295
Import, Distribution, and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks by Canadian Provincial Marketing Agencies, GATT BISD (35th Supp.) 37 (1989) (‘Canada BeerI’) . . . 799
Import, Distribution, and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks by Canadian Provincial Marketing Agencies, GATT BISD (39th Supp.) 27 (1993) (‘Canada Beer II’) . . . 799, 800
Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WTO Appellate Body (1998) WT/DS58/AB/R; 38 ILM (1999) 118 (‘Shrimp/ Turtle Case’) . . . 20, 21, 22, 93, 108, 109, 111, 117, 127, 254, 257, 262, 742, 755, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 772, 773, 775, 776, 789, 795 Indian Council for Environmental
Action v. Union of India (1996) 3 SCC 212 . . . 298
In re Oil Spill by Amoco Cadiz 954 F.2d 1279 (1992) . . . 312
Interpretation of the Peace Treaties Case, ICJ Reports (1950) 65 . . . 257
Intertanko Case (2007) ECJ C-308/06 . . . 440 Iron Rhine Case, PCA (2005) . . . 2, 6, 16, 19, 21,
108, 109, 112, 116, 117, 119, 127, 257 Italian Discrimination Against Imported
Machinery, GATT BISD (7th Supp.) 60 (1959) . . . 758
Jacobsson v. Sweden (No.2) (1998-I) ECHR . . . 287
Jan Moyen Case, ICJ Reports (1993) 38 . . . 190, 710, 716
Jan Moyen Conciliation, 20 ILM (1981) 797 . . . 265
Japan – Measures Aff ecting the Import of Apples, WT/DS245/AJ3/R (2003) . . . 142, 174 Japan – Shochu Case – See Taxes on Alcoholic
Japanese Whaling Association v. American Cetacean Society, 478 US 221 (1986) . . . 298 Jagannath v. Union of India (1997) 2 SCC 87 . . .
276, 283, 298
Kalkar Case (1979) 49 Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 89 . . . 162 KasilikilSedudu Island Case (Botswana/
Namibia) ICJ Reports (1999) 1055 . . . 19 Katsoulis and ors v. Greece (2004) ECHR . . .
287
Katte Klitsche and de la Grange v. Italy (1994) ECHR Sers. A/293B . . . 28
Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Sekitar & Anor v. Kajing Tubek & Ors. [1997] 3 ML·J 23 . . . 297 Kichwa Peoples of the Sarayaku community and its members v Ecuador, Case 167/03, Report No. 62/04, Inter-Am CHR, OEA/Ser.L/V/ II.l22 Doc. 5 rev 1 at 308 (2004) . . . 286 Kingdom of Spain v. American Bureau of
Shipping, US Dist. Ct, SD New York (2008) . . . 439
Kyrtatos v. Greece [2003] ECHR 242 . . . 275, 285, 301
La Bretagne Arbitration (Canada/France) (1986) 82ILR 591 . . . 20
Lac Lanoux Arbitration, 24 ILR (1957) 101 . . . 38, 144, 176–179, 194, 204, 226, 478, 513, 542, 543, 550, 553, 555, 567, 568, 569, 570 Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Case
(Nicaragua Intervention) ICJ Reports (1990) 92 . . . 253
Land Reclamation Arbitration, PCA (2005) . . . 108, 227
Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits ofJohor (Provisional Measures) Case [‘Land Reclamation Case’] (2003) ITLOS No. 12 . . . 108, 140, 158, 168, 170, 172, 175, 179, 226–227, 388, 462
LandSarre v. Minister for Industry, Posts and Telecommunications, ECJ Case 187/87 (1988) 1 CMLR (1989) 529 . . . 506
Landelijke Vereniging tot Behoud van de Waddenzee, Nederlandse Vereniging tot Bescherming van Vogels v. Staatssecretaris van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij (2004) ECR (‘Waddenzee Case’) . . . 163
LCB v. United Kingdom, 27 EHRR (1999) 212 . . . 121
Leatch v. National Parks and Wildlife Service (1993) 81 LGERA 270 . . . 162
Libya-Malta Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports (1985) 13 . . . 22, 25, 418, 470, 543, 715 Lopez Ostra v. Spain (1994) 20 EHRR 277 . . .
283, 284
Lotus Case, PCIJ Ser. A, No. 10 (1927) . . . 23, 332, 401, 422, 470, 478
Loizidou v. Turkey (Preliminary Objections) (1995) ECHR, Sers. A/310; (Merits) (l996 - VI) ECHR . . . 299
Lubbe v. Cape plc [2000] 1 WLR 1545 . . . 306, 309, 310
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 504 US 555 (1992) . . . 297
Matos eSilva Lda v. Portugal (1996-IV) ECHR; 3 Int.Env.LR (2001) . . . 287
Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council, 490 US 360 (1989) . . . 174
Maya indigenous community of the Toledo District v. Belize, Inter-Am CHR, OEA/ Ser.L/V/II.122 Doc. 5 rev. 1 (2004) . . . 126, 274, 284, 285, 288 295, 320
Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v Nicaragua (2001) IACHR Ser. C, No. 20 . . . 274, 275, 284, 286
McGinley andEgan v. U.K. (1998-IΠ) ECHR . . . 296
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987) 1 SCC 395; 1 SCC 471; 4 SCC 463 . . . 297
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1997) 2 SCC 353 . . . 159, 276
M.C. Mehta v Kamal Nath (2000) 6 SCC 213 . . . 283
M.V. Saiga (Provisional Measures) ITLOS No. l (1997); 37 ILM (1998) 360 . . . 400, 401 Measures Aff ecting Agricultural Products, WTO
Panel (1998) WT/DS76/R . . . 781 Measures Aff ecting Asbestos and
Asbestos-Containing Products, WTO Panel (2001) WT/ DS135/AB/R; 40 ILM (2001) 1193 (‘Asbestos Case’) . . . 108, 254, 758, 761, 763, 765, 766, 773, 774
Measures Aff ecting the Import of Salmon, WTO Appellate Body (1998) WT/DS18/AB/R . . . 781–8
Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products, WTO Appellate Body (1997) WT/DS26/AB/R (‘Beef Hormones Case’) . . . 28, 108, 109, 153, 156, 158, 160, 174, 781, 782, 783
Merlin v. BNFL [1990] 2 QB 557 . . . 324 Metalclad Corporation v. United Mexican States,
ICSID No. ARB(AF)/97/1 (2000) . . . 326, 327 Methanex Corporation v. United States of
America, UNCITRAL Final Award (2005) . . . 111, 326
Metropolitan Nature Reserve v. Panama, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.118 Doc. 7O rev 2, 524 (2003) . . . 301
Michie v. Great Lakes Steel Division, 495 F. 2d. 213 (1974) . . . 324
Minors Oposa v. Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 33 ILM (1994) 173 . . . 122, 297, 298
Missouri v. Illinois, 200 US 496 (1906) . . . 555
MOX Plant Arbitration (Jurisdiction and Provisional Measures) PCA (2OO3) . . . 20, 140, 214, 252, 259
MOX Plant Case (Provisional Measures) ITLOS No. 10 (2001) . . . 140, 149, 156, 158, 168, 170–171, 173, 181, 204, 214, 226, 260, 298, 388, 462
Mullin v. Union Territory of Delhi, AIR 1981 SC 746 . . . 283
Namibia Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports (1971) 16 . . . 20, 253, 238
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws v. US Dept. of State 452 F. Supp. 1226 (1978) . . . 168
Natural Resources Defense Council Inc. v. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 647 F.2d 1345 (1981) . . . 168
NEPA Coalition of Japan v. Aspin 837 F. Supp. 466 (1993) . . . 168
New York v. New Jersey, 256 US 296 (1921) . . . 555
Nicaragua Case – see Paramilitary Activities in Nicaragua Case
Nicholls v. DG of National Parks and Wildlife (1994) 84 LGERA 397 . . . 162
North Dakota v. Minnesota, 263 US 365 (1923) . . . 555
North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports (1969) 3 . . . 16, 22, 24, 30 31, 179, 181, 322, 470, 543, 569
Norwegian Fisheries Case, ICJ Reports (1951) 116 . . . 190, 776, 777
Nottebohm Case, ICJ Reports (1955) 4 . . . 23, 236 Nuclear Tests Cases (Australia v. France)
(Interim Measures) ICJ Reports (1973) 99; (Jurisdiction) ICJ Reports (1974) 253 . . . 107, 131, 144, 177, 201, 228, 233–234, 490, 509, 511, 513, 518
Nuclear Tests Cases (New Zealand v. France) (Interim Measures) ICJ Reports (1973) 135; (Jurisdiction) ICJ Reports (1974) 457 . . . 131, 138, 201, 228, 233–234, 490 509, 511, 513, 518 Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France)
ICJ Reports (1995) 288 – see Request for an Examination of the Situation etc.
Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1996) 66 (WHO) and 226
(UNGA) . . . 1, 31, 59, 109, 112, 120, 138–9, 143, 169–170, 184, 185, 206, 207, 213, 253, 254, 491, 510
Öcalan v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 10 . . . 275 Ogoniland Case: see Social and Economic Rights
Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria
Ohio v. Wyandotte Chemicals Corp. 401 US 493 (1971) . . . 313
Oil Platforms Case (Jurisdiction), ICJ Reports (1996) 803 . . . 257
Oil Platforms Case (Merits), ICJ Reports (2003) 161 . . . 20, 21, 109
Ominayak and Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada (1990) ICCPR Comm. No. 167/1984 . . . 273, 288 Òneryildiz v. Turkey [2004] ECHR 657 . . . 283,
284, 287, 296
Organizión Indigena deAníioquia v. Codechoco andMadarien (1993) ECOSOC, UN Doc E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1993/7, 16 . . . 297
OSPAR Convention Arbitration, PCA (2003) . . . 21, 22, 252, 257, 291
Owusu v. Jackson (2005) ECJ C-281/02 . . . 310 Paramilitary Activities in Nicaragua Case
(Merits), ICJ Reports (1986) 14 . . . 23, 24, 33, 206, 236, 414, 510
Passage Th rough the Great Belt Case, ICJ Reports (1991) 12 and (1992) 348 . . . 138
Patmos Case, IOPC Fund, Annual Report (1990) 27 . . . 437
Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals Ltd [2004] US Dist Lexis 23041 (ED Wash) [‘Trail Smelter II’] . . . 311, 313, 578
Passage Th rough the Great Belt Case [‘Great Belt Case’], ICJ Reports (1991) 12 and ibid, (1992)348 . . . 138
People of Saipan v. US Dept. of Interior 356 F. Supp. 645 (1973) . . . 168
People United for Better Living in Calcutta v. West Bengal AIR 1993 Cal 215 . . . 298 Prineas v. Forestry Commission of New South
Wales (1983) 49 LGRA 402 . . . 174 Pfi zer Inc. v. Govt. of India 434 US 308 (1978)
. . . 307
Pfi zer Animal Health v. Council of the EU (2002) II ECR 3305 . . . 156, 157, 161, 164
Phosphate Lands in Nauru, ICJ Reports (1993) 322 . . . 121, 138
Pike v. Bruce Church Inc., 397 US 137 (1970) . . . 783 Pine Valley Developments Ltd. v. Ireland (1991)
ECHR Sers. A/222; 3 Int.Env.LR (2001) . . . 287
Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno 454 US 235 (1981) . . . 309
Port Hope Environmental Group v. Canada, ICCPR No. 67/1980, 2 Selected Decisions of the UNHRC (1990) 20 . . . 285
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay Case
(Provisional Measures)(Argentina v Uruguay) ICJ Reports (2006) . . . 81, 111, 116, 118, 119, 127, 139–140, 148–149, 158–159, 169–171, 173, 174, 176–177, 179, 181, 182, 214, 226–227, 243, 254, 258, 261, 308, 450, 561, 563
Queensland v. the Commonwealth of Australia (1989) 167 CLR 232 . . . 298
R v. Secretary of State for the Environment ex parte Rose Th eatre Trust Ltd. [1991] 1 QB 504 . . . 294
R v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Aff airs, ex parte World Development Movement [1995] 1 All ER 611 . . . 294
R v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ex parte Duddridge (1996) 2 CMLR 361 . . . 162 R v Secretary of State ex parte Greenpeace [1994]
4 All ER 352 . . . 294
R. (ex parte Greenpeace Ltd) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [2007] EWHC 311 Reparation for Injuries Suff ered in the Service of
the United Nations Case, ICJ Reports (1949) 174 . . . 46, 58
Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with the Court’s Judgment in the Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France) [‘Nuclear Tests Case’], ICJ Reports (1995) 288 . . . 112, 138, 169
Reservations to the Genocide Convention Case, ICJ Reports (1951) 15 . . . 18
Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, GATT, 30 ILM (1991) 1598 [‘Tuna/Dolphin I Case’] . . . 754, 765, 767, 768, 769, 770, 772, 773, 774, 776, 777, 778, 786, 791, 810
Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, GATT, 33 ILM (1994) 839 [‘Tuna/Dolphin II Case’] . . . 754, 765, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 776, 777, 778, 789, 795, 810
Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fur Branntwein [‘Cassis de Dijon Case’] ECJ Case 120/78 [1979] ECR 649 . . . 783 Rhine Chlorides Convention Arbitral Award
(FrancelNetherlands) PCA (2004) . . . 322 Richardson v. Tasmanian Forestry Commission
(1988) 77 ALR 237 . . . 298
River Oder Case – See Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder Case
Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 US 332 (1989) . . . 174
Rural Litigation and Entitlement Rendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1985 SC 652; AIR 1987 SC 359; AIR 1988 SC 2187 . . . 283, 297, 298 Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 . . . 219 S.S. Wimbledon Case, PCIJ Ser. A, No. 1 (1923)
. . . 234
Saugbruksforeningen Case, Norsk Retstidende (1992) 1618 . . . 307
SD Myers Inc v Canada, UNCITRAL (2000) . . . 326
Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, GATT B.I.S.D. (36th Supp.) 345 (1990) . . . 758 Shela lia v. WAPDA (1994) SC 693 (Pakistan) . . .
159, 297
Shevill v. Presse Alliance SA [1995] 2 WLR 499 . . . 314
Shrimp Turtle Case – see Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 US 727 (1972) . . . 297 Silkwood v. Kerr McGee Corp., 464 US 238 (1984)
. . . 525
Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria, ACHPR Comm. 155/96 (2002) [‘SERAC v. Nigeria’] . . . 126, 273, 277, 286, 289, 295, 320, 327
Soering v. UK (1989) 11 EHRR 439 . . . 275 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain 124 S.Ct. 2739 (2004)
. . . 327
Soucheray et al. v. US Corps of Engineers, 483 F Supp. 352 (1979) . . . 306
South West Africa Cases, ICJ Reports (1950) 128; ICJ Reports (1962) 319: ICJ Reports (1966) 9 . . . 21, 27, 220, 232, 241, 321
South West Africa (Voting Procedure) Case, ICJ Reports (1955) 67 . . . 241
Southern Bluefi n Tuna Cases (Provisional Measures) (l999) ITLOS Nos. 3&4 . . . 108, 158, 160, 163, 172, 176, 199, 204, 226, 227, 260, 388
Southern Bluefi n Tuna Arbitration, 39 ILM (2000) 1359 . . . 252, 259
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) ICJ Reports (2002) 625 . . . 19
Spiliada Maritime Corp. v. CansulexLtd. [1987] AC 460 . . . 309
Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden, EHCR Sers. A/52 (1982) . . . 287, 320
Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO Appellate Body (1996) WT/ DS2/AB/R; 35 ILM (1996) 274 (‘US
Gasoline Standards case’) . . . 760, 76l, 765, 766, 772, 773
Stichting Greenpeace Council v. EC Commission (1998) I-ECR 1651; 3 CMLR (1998) 1 . . . 297 Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC
420 . . . 283
Svidranova v. Slovak Republic, ECHR App.No. 35268/97 (1998); 3 Int.Env.LR (2001) . . . 287 Swordfi sh Case (Chile v. EC) JTLOS No. 7 (2001);
40 ILM (2001) 475 . . . 261, 766
Syndicat Professionel etc v. EDF (2004) ECJ Case C-213/03 . . . 298
T. DamodharRao v. Municipal Corporation of Hyderbad, AIR 1987 AP 171 . . . 283, 297, 298 Taskin v. Turkey [2006] 42 EHRR 50 . . . 175,
283, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 293, 295 Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported
Substances, GATT BISD (34th Supp.) 136 (1988) [‘US Superfund’ case] . . . 797, 799, 800 Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WTO Appellate
Body, WTO Doc. AB-1996–2 (1996) [‘Japan Shochu case’] . . . 758, 771, 798, 799
Tehran Hostages Case, ICJ Reports (1980) 29 . . . 148, 214, 516, 563
Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/ Chad) ICJ Reports (1994) 6 . . . 14 Territorial Jurisdiction of the International
Commission of the River Oder Case [‘River Oder Case’], PCIJ Ser. A, No. 23 (1929) . . . 542 Texaco v. Libya, 53 ILR (1977) 389 . . . 32, 191 Th omas v. New York, 802 F. 2d. 1443 (1986) . . .
305
Trade in Semi-Conductors, GATT B.I.S.D. (35th Supp.) 115 (1989) . . . 759
Trail Smelter Arbitration, 33 AJIL (1939) 182 & 35 AJIL (1941) 684 . . . 27, 38, 107, 111, 142, 143, 145, 146–147, 153, 154, 175, 180–181, 184, 186, 211, 216, 217, 218, 226–228, 230, 265, 308, 319, 344, 532, 550, 551, 555, 577
Tuna/Dolphin Cases – See Restrictions on Import of Tuna
Tunisia-Libya Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports (1982) 18 . . . 543
In re Union Carbide Corporation Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal 634 F.Supp.842 (1986; 809 F.2d 195 (1987) [Έhopal Case’] . . . 298, 309, 310, 312, 313
Unprocessed Salmon and Herring case, GATT B.I.S.D. (35th Supp.) 98 (1989) [‘Canada Herring Case’]
United Kingdom v. EC Commission (1998) IECR 2265 . . . 162
US Gasoline Standards Case – See Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline United States – Shrimp, Recourse to Art 21.5 of
the DSU by Malaysia, WTO Appellate Body (2001) WT/DS58/AB/RW . . . 767
United States – Measures Aff ecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WTO Appellate Body (2005) WT/DS285/AB/R . . . 774
Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996) 7 SCC 375 . . . 159, 222, 298
Ville de Tarbes Case, Conseil d’Etat, Decision of 26 April 1985 . . . 297
Voth v. Manildra Flour Mills (1990) 171 CLR 538 . . . 310
Th e Wagonmound (No.2) [1967] 1 AC 67 . . . 219 Western Sahara Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports
(1975) 12 . . . 254
Wilderness Society v. Morton, 463 F. 2d. 1261 (1972) . . . 168
World Wildlife Fund Geneva v. France (1997) Cahiers Juridique de l’Electricité et Gaz 217 . . . 162
YakyeAxa imligenous community of the Enxet-Lengua people v. Paraguay, Case 12.313, Report No. 2/02, Inter-Am CHR, Doc. 5 rev 1, 387 (2002) . . . 286
Yanomani Indians v. Brazil, Decision 7615, Inter-Am CHR, Inter-American YB on Hum. Rts. (1985)264 . . . 274, 285
Yemen-Eritrea Maritime Boundary Arbitration, 40 ILM (2001) 983 . . . 710
and instruments
Only those treaties and other instruments which are cited frequently in the text or are of particular signifi cance are listed here. References to other treaties will be found in the footnotes. ‘Not in force’ indicates that the treaty had not come into force by 31 December 2007. Most of the major agreements can be found in Birnie and Boyle, Basic
Documents on International Law and the Environment (Oxford, 1995)[hereaft er ‘B&B Docs’]. Almost all of these treaties and other instruments are readily accessible on the
internet via a Google search.
1909 Treaty between the United States and Great Britain Respecting Boundary Waters Between
the United States and Canada (Washington) 4AJIL (Suppl.) 239. In force 5 May 1910 . . . 265, 540, 545, 548, 553, 554, 567, 576, 577, 578
1940 Convention on Nature Protection and Wild-Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere
(Washington) 161 UNTS 193. In force 1 May 1942 . . . 599, 652, 654, 667, 696
1944 United States–Mexico Treaty Relating to the Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and
Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande, 3 UNTS 313. In force 8 November 1945 . . . 548, 570
1945 Charter of the United Nations (San Francisco) 1 UNTS xvi; UKTS 67 (1946) Cmd. 7015; 39
AJIL Suppl. (1945) 190. In force 24 October 1945 . . . 32, 33, 44, 59, 62, 63, 119, 205, 211, 250, 328
1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (Washington) 161 UNTS 72; UKTS
5 (1949) Cmd. 7604; B&B Docs, 586. In force 10 November 1948. Amended 1956, 338 UNTS 366. In force 4 May 1959 . . . 18, 85, 87, 90, 120, 243, 244, 600, 654, 657, 663,697, 724, 725
1948 Convention on the International Maritime Organization (Geneva) 289 UNTS 48; UKTS 54
(1950) Cmnd. 589; 53 AJIL (1948) 516. In force 17 March 1958 . . . 75, 76, 496, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNGA Res 217A (III) . . . 35, 604
1950 International Convention for the Protection of Birds (Paris) 638 UNTS 185. In force 17
January 1963 . . . 655
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms (Rome) 213 UNTS 221; UKTS 71 (1953) Cmd. 8969. In force 3 September 1953. Amended by Protocol No. 11, in force 1 November 1998 . . . 247, 282, 299, 306
1954 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (London) 327
UNTS 3; UKTS 54 (1958) Cmnd. 595; 12 UST 2989, TIAS 4900. In force 26 July 1958. Amended 1962 and 1969 . . . 386, 387, 403, 404
1956 Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (New York) 276 UNTS 3; UKTS 19 (1958)
Cmnd. 450; 8 UST 1043, TIAS 3873. In force 29 July 1957 . . . 77, 78, 489, 493–499, 505
1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacifi c Fur Seals (Washington) 314 UNTS 105;
8 UST 2283, TIAS 3948. In force 14 October 1957 . . . 665, 712
Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (Rome) 298 UNTS 167, UKTS 15 (1979) Cmnd. 7480. In force 1 January 1958 . . . 490, 505–507
1958 Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas (Geneva)
559 UNTS 285; UKTS 39 (1966) Cmnd. 3028; 17 UST 138, TIAS 5669. In force 20 March 1966 . . . 74, 195, 196, 199, 338, 386, 589, 590, 709, 718, 720, 742
Convention on the Continental Shelf (Geneva) 15 UST 471, TIAS 5578; 499 UNTS 311; UKTS 39 (1964) Cmnd. 2422. In force 10 June 1964 . . . 191, 382, 386, 776
Convention on the High Seas (Geneva) 450 UNTS 82; UKTS 5 (1963) Cmnd. 1929; 13 UST 2312, TIAS 5200. In force 30 September 1962 . . . 195, 201, 382, 386, 403, 422, 458, 656
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (Geneva) 516 UNTS 205; 15 UST 1606, TIAS 5639; UKTS 3 (1965) Cmnd. 2511. In force 10 September 1964 . . . 382, 386, 415, 417, 479
1959 Antarctic Treaty (Washington) 402 UNTS 71; UKTS 97 (1961) Cmnd. 1535; 12 UST 794, TIAS
4780. In force 23 June 1961. 1991 Protocol (q.v.) . . . 245, 280, 468, 509
1960 Convention on Th ird Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (Paris) 8 EYB 203; UKTS 69 (1968) Cmnd. 3755; 55 AJIL (1961) 1082. In force 1 April 1968. Amended 1964, UKTS 69 (1968) Cmnd. 3755, in force 1 April 1968; 1982, UKTS 6 (1989) Cm. 589, in force 7 October 1988. Amended by 2004 Protocol, not in force . . . 324, 325, 520, 521, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528, 530, 531, 532
1962 Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships (Brussels) 57 AJIL (1963) 268. Not
in force . . . 314, 512, 521, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 531, 532
1963 Agreement Supplementary to the Paris Convention of 1960 on Th ird Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear (Brussels) UKTS 44 (1975) Cmnd. 5948; 2 ILM (1963) 685. In force 4 December 1974. Amended 1964 UKTS 44 (1975) Cmnd. 5948, in force 4 December 1974; 1982, UKTS 23 (1983) Cmnd. 9052, in force 1 August 1991. Amended by 2004 Protocol, not in force . . . 522, 527, 528
Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna) Misc. 9 (1964) Cmnd. 2333; 2 ILM (1963) 727. In force 12 November 1977. Amended by 1997 Protocol (q.v.) . . . 521, 522, 523, 525, 531, 533
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (Moscow) 480 UNTS 3 (1964) Cmnd. 2245; 14 UST 1313, TIAS 5433. In force 10 October 1963 . . . 490, 510
1964 Convention for the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Copenhagen). UKTS
67 (1968) Cmnd. 3722. In force 22 July 1968 . . . 99
1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 6 ILM (1967) 368. In force 23 March
1976 . . . 115, 272, 281, 282, 285, 288, 290, 299, 306, 309
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 6 ILM (1967) 360. In force 3 January 1976 . . . 118, 272, 276, 278
1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer
Space, Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, 610 UNTS 205; UKTS 10 (19680, Cmnd 18 UST 2410, TIAS 6347; 6 ILM (1967) 386. In force 10 October 1967 . . . 136, 145 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco) 22 UST 762, TIAS 7137; 6 ILM (1967) 521. In force 22 April 1968 . . . 491, 510
1968 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Algiers) 1001
UNTS 4. In force 16 June 1969. Revised Convention of 2003 (q.v.) . . . 120, 192, 273, 274, 277, 286, 567, 652, 654, 656, 657, 661, 663, 666, 667, 696
1969 Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna) 8 ILM (1969) 689. In force 27 January 1980 . . .
16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 30, 36, 207, 235, 238, 257, 327, 359, 764, 765
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels) 973 UNTS 3; UKTS 106 (1975) Cmnd. 6183; 9 ILM (1970) 45. In force 19 June 1975. 1976 Protocol, UKTS 26 (1981) Cmnd. 8238; 16 ILM (1977) 617. In force 8 April 1981. Replaced by 1992 Convention (q.v.) . . . 315, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 522, 526
International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels) UKTS 77 (1971) Cmnd. 6056; 9 ILM (1970) 25. In force 6 May 1975. 1973 Protocol UKTS 27 (1983) Cmnd. 8924; 68 AJIL (1974) 577. In force 30 March 1983 . . . 426–429
1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) 996 UNTS 245 UKTS 34
(1976) Cmnd. 6465; 11 ILM (1972) 963. In force 21 December 1975. Amended 1982 and 1987, repr. in B&B Docs, 447, in force 1 May 1994 . . . 81, 561, 637, 652, 656, 657, 659, 664, 666, 669, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 677, 678, 679, 680, 683, 697
Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material (Brussels) Misc. 39 (1972) Cmnd. 5094. In force 15 July 1975 . . . 317, 521
Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels) UKTS 95 (1978) Cmnd. 7383; 11 ILM (1972) 284. In force 16 October 1978. Replaced by 1992 Convention (q.v.) . . . 434, 435, 436, 438, 440
1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm) UN
Doc.A/CONF/48/14/REV.l; B&Bdocs, 1 . . . 5, 7, 14, 26, 33, 37, 45, 48, 49, 60, 65, 75, 110, 117, 120, 128, 144, 145, 176, 188, 189, 221, 271, 274, 277, 305, 329, 339, 341, 382, 403, 466, 491 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, UKTS 2 (1985) CMND. 9424; 27 UST 37, TIAS 8225; 11 ILM (1972) 1358; B&B Docs, 375. In force 17 December 1975 . . . 56, 60, 81, 90, 91, 192, 200, 234, 280, 612, 614, 652, 657, 658, 664, 666,669, 670, 671,672, 675, 676, 677, 679, 680, 694, 697, 698
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter (London) 26 UST 2403, TIAS 8165; UKTS 43 (1976) Cmnd. 6486; 11 ILM (1972) 1294; B&B Docs, 174. In force 30 August 1975. Replaced by 1996 Protocol (q.v.) . . . 15, 145, 240, 258, 259, 330, 387, 389, 392, 394, 414, 415, 416, 417, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471 ,472
Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 961 UNTS 187; UKTS 16 (1974) Cmnd. 5551; 24 UST 2389, TIAS 7762. In force 1 September 1972 . . . 218, 229, 517, 518, 522, 524
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (London) 29 UST 441, TIAS 8826; 11 ILM 251. In force 11 March 1978 . . . 727
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, UKTS 68 (1984) Cmnd. 9340, in force 1 June 1983 . . . 401
1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(Washington) 993 UNTS 243; UKTS 101 (1976) Cmnd. 6647; 12 ILM 1085 (1973); B&B Docs, 415. In force 1 July 1975 . . . 18, 20, 70, 81, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 192, 200, 234, 240, 243, 246, 258, 280, 330, 482, 484, 599, 614, 649, 652, 657, 658, 661, 664, 665, 670, 671, 672, 678, 679, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 697, 698, 699, 700, 734, 754, 764, 766, 767
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships (MARPOL) (London) UKTS 27 (1983) Cmnd. 8924; 12 ILM (1973) 1319. Amended by Protocol of 1978 (q.v.) before entry into force . . . 76, 85, 146, 150, 207, 240, 243, 258, 259, 330, 381, 382, 387, 389, 400, 401–413, 414, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 428, 434, 440, 441, 446, 477, 479, 480, 481, 502
Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (Oslo) 27 UST 3918, TIAS 8409; ILM 13 (1974) 13. in force 26 May 1976 . . . 652, 655
1974 Nordic Convention on the Protection of the Environment (Stockholm) 13 ILM (1974) 511. In
force 5 October 1976 . . . 152, 263, 305, 307, 566
Convention on the Protection of Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki) 13 ILM (1974) 546. In force 3 May 1980. Replaced by 1992 Helsinki Conventior (q.v.) . . . 87, 395, 423, 452
Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources (Paris) UKTS 64 (1978) Cmnd. 7251; 13 ILM (1974) 352. In force 6 May 1978. Amended by Protocol of 1986,27 ILM (1988) 625, in force 1 February 1990. Replaced by 1992 Paris Convention (q.v.) . . . 87, 188, 344, 394, 572
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1184 UNTS 2; UKTS 46 (1980) . . . 76, 401, 405, 406, 411, 414, 415, 416, 419, 429, 441, 508, 512, 5l5 Cmnd. 7874 TIAS 9700. In force 25 May 1980, as subsequently amended
1976 Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (Barcelona);
Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency; Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft , 15 ILM (1976) 290. All in force
12 February 1978. 1980 and 1982 Protocols (q.v.). Revised convention and protocols 1995/6 (q.v.) . . . 395, 396, 424, 425
Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacifi c (Apia) Burhenne, 976: 45. In force 28 June 1980 . . . 652
Convention on the Protection of the Rhine Against Chemical Pollution (Bonn) 1124 UNTS 375; 16 ILM (1977) 242. In force 1 February 1979. Replaced by 1999 Convention (q.v.) . . . 87, 181, 183, 187, 325, 537, 553, 571, 573, 574
Convention for the Protection of the Rhine from Pollution by Chlorides (Bonn) 16 ILM (1977) 265. In force 5 July 1985. Amended by 1991 Protocol . . . 87, 325, 571, 575
