US-Changes on the Western Frontier

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(1)Changes on the Western Frontier Chapter 13.

(2) Cultures Clash on the Prairie.

(3) The Culture of the Plains Indians  Native. Americans lived on the Great Plains.  The. Great Plains were grasslands in the westcentral portion of the United States..

(4) The Culture of the Great Plains  Horses. and buffalo were central in Native American survival.  Horses allowed them to hunt more easily and to travel further.  Buffalo provided food, clothing, shelter, and other important items..

(5) The Culture of the Plains Indians  The. Indians of the Great Plains lived in small extended family groups. • The men hunted for. food. • The women helped butcher the game and prepare the buffalo hides that the men brought back to camp. • Children learned the skills they would need as adults..

(6) Settlers Push Westward  After. the Civil War, thousands of white settlers moved to the Great Plains. • Some went. in search for gold while others wanted to own land..

(7) The Government Restricts Native Americans.  After. the Great Plains, Native Americans and white settlers often clashed—mainly over land and resources..

(8) The Sand Creek Massacre The Sand Creek Massacre occurred in 1864.  The army was on the side of setters.  The Cheyenne, living in an area of the Colorado Territory known as Sand Creek, had attacked settlers.  In response, the army attacked and killed about 200 Cheyenne. .

(9) Chief Sitting Bull  In. the Treaty of Fort Laramie, most Sioux agreed to live on a reservation near the Missouri River..  But. Sitting Bull, an important Sioux leader, never signed the treaty..

(10) The Battle of Little Big Horn  After. refusing to sign the treaty Sitting Bull also defeated army troops led by George A. Custer in 1876, at the Little Big Horn River..

(11) The Battle of Little Big Horn  The. Sioux won decisively, killing Custer, and all his soldiers..  Month. later, the army recovered and defeated the Sioux..

(12) The Government Supports Assimilation  To. deal with the Native American problem, the US government adopted a plan of assimilation. • Assimilation A. plan to make Native Americans part of the white culture..

(13) Pushing Assimilation  To. push assimilation, Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887..  The. act broke up reservations and gave some land to each Native American family for farming..

(14) The Dawes Act . The plan however, failed.. . Native Americans were cheated out of the best land and as a result their farming suffered.. . Also, by 1900, whites had killed nearly all the buffalo..  And. Native Americans depended on buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter..

(15) The Ghost Dance  The. Sioux adopted a ritual called the Ghost Dance which they hoped would bring the buffalo back..

(16) The Dance Leads to Battle  The. performance of the Ghost Dance made the army nervous.  In 1890 they rounded a group of Sioux including Sitting Bull.  When they tried to take the Sioux’s weapons a fight broke out..

(17) The Battle of Wounded Knee  Army. troops killed 300 unarmed Sioux in the Battle of Wounded Knee..

(18) Cowboys and Big Business 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. How did the growth of railroads and cities impact the cattle business? Describe a “day’s work” for a cowboy. What was the “roundup” season for a cowboy? What was the long drive? What factors helped bring an end to the open range?.

(19) Settling on the Great Plains.

(20) Transcontinental Railroads . From 18501871, the federal government gave huge tracts of land to companies ready to lay tracks through the West..

(21) Transcontinental Railroads  In. 1867, the Central Pacific company began laying tracks east from Sacramento, California.  Another Railroad company, the Union Pacific, began laying tracks west from Omaha, Nebraska.  Much of the work was done by Irish and Chinese immigrants; African Americans and Mexican Americans also did some of the backbreaking work..

(22) In 1869, the two tracks met in Utah, creating America’s first transcontinental railroad..

(23) The Homestead Act  Under. this law. the government offered 160 acres of free land to anyone who would farm it for five years. By 1900, the Great Plains were filled with more than 400,000 homesteaders..

(24) The Land Rush.

(25) The Exodusters were several thousand African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas..

(26) Soddy-homes dug into the side of hills or made from sod..

(27) Dugouts.

(28) Farmers and the Populist Movement.

(29) Farmers Unite and Address Common Problems  Farmers. faced serious problems after the Civil War. • Prices they could sell. their crops for kept going down.  This was because the United Sates was withdrawing greenbacks- money printed after the war from circulation..

(30) Farmers Address Problems  The. decline in prices also meant that farmers had to pay back their loans in money that was worth more than when they borrowed it..

(31) Farmers Address Problems  Farmers. were also having to pay high prices to transport grain.  Often they paid a much to ship their crops as they received for them..

(32) Farmers and Reform Many farmers joined together to push for reform.  Oliver Hudson Kelley started an organization that became known as the Grange in 1867. . • Its original purpose was to. provide a place for farm families to discuss social and education issues. • By the 1870s, the Grange spent most of its time fighting with the railroads..

(33) Farmers and Reform  The. Grange gave rise to other organizations including: • The Farmers’. Alliance.  This organization educated farmers about how to obtain lower interest rates and ways to protest the railroads. ..

(34) The Rise and Fall of Populism  Alliance. leaders realized that to make a far-reaching changes, they needed political power.  So in 1892, the created the Populist Party, or the People’s Party..

(35) The Populist Party  The. Populist Party was the beginning of Populism. • Populism was a movement to gain more political. and economic power for common people..

(36) The Populist Party  Most. Americans thought the populist’s beliefs were too radical.  However, the party appealed to many struggling farmers and laborers and was becoming a political force..

(37) The Panic of 1893  An. economic crisis took place in 1893.  During this decade many companies and individuals had borrowed too much money. • As a result many of. these companies went bankrupt and many people lost their jobs..

(38) The Panic of 1893  The  As. panic continued into 1895.. a new election season came into play, parties began to choose candidates for the presidential election..

(39) The Election  One. important issue was whether the country’s paper money should be backed with silver or gold..

(40) The Election  On. one side were the “silverites” who favored bimetallism, a monetary system in which the government would give people either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks..

(41) The Election  On. the other side were the “gold bugs” who favored the gold standard— backing dollars solely with gold..

(42) Silver or Gold  “Gold. Bugs” favored gold because it would keep prices from rising..  “Silverites”. favored bimetallism because it would make more dollars available and therefore prices and wages would rise..

(43) “Gold Bugs”  Republicans. were. “gold bugs.”  They. elected William McKinley for President..

(44) “Silverites”  The. Democrats and the Populists both were in favor of bimetallism.  They selected William Jennings Bryan.  Bryan is most known for his “Cross of Gold” speech..

(45) Cross of Gold.

(46) The 1896 Election  McKinley. won the election and brought an end to populism..  This. movement left a powerful legacy. • A message that poor. people and less powerful groups in society could organize and have a political impact..

(47) The Wizard of OZ.

(48) The Wizard of Oz Populism Theory.

(49)  Populism: A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite..

(50) Background: The depression of the 1890s was the worst in U.S. history up to that time. Farm prices sunk to new lows. Unemployment caused havoc, desperation and union militancy among the urban working class..

(51) L. Frank Baum, author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , written in 1900, was a supporter of the Populist and supported presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.

(52) The 1896 election, between Republican William McKinley and Populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan, Congressman from Nebraska, revolved around the issue of gold vs. silver..

(53) Populists saw silver as the answer to America’s problems, offering free and unlimited coinage of silver. The republican party disagreed and wanted to remain with the gold standard..

(54) The Land of Oz.

(55) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was written as an allegory to the situation that was happening in the Midwest. Every main character can be traced to either a particular person or group of people. Even the word “Oz” is used to represent the measurement of gold..

(56) Dorothy: Represents everyman. She is an innocent Midwest girl who is able to see what is really going on in Oz..

(57) Munchkins: Represent the common people, controlled by the Wicked Witch of the East (who represented the Eastern Industrialists and Bankers..

(58) Scarecrow: Represents the wise but naïve western farmer, taken advantage of by the industrialists and bankers..

(59) Tinman :. Represents the dehumanized industrial worker. He is turned into a machine back the industrialists because of his hard work ethic and not having another craft to succeed in. He eventually becomes unable to love..

(60) Cowardly Lion: Represents William Jennings Bryan, having a loud roar but was unable to back it up (bite)..

(61) Wicked Witch of the West: Represents the Western industrial influence and is ultimately destroyed by water (representing pure nature, a removal of machines)..

(62) "Your Silver Shoes will carry you over the desert.....If you had known their power you could have gone back to your Aunt Em the very first day you came to this country.". Glinda explains, "All you have to do is knock the heels together three times and command the shoes to carry you wherever you wish to go." (p.257)..

(63) "The Silver Shoes had fallen off in her flight through the air, and were lost forever in the desert" (p.259). The drive for the gold standard to be replaced with silver was lost when Bryan lost the election and the Populist party lost its motivation or drive..

(64) Although the silver had been lost, the important message is a return to the Midwest farmer/family. It is where true happiness remains. Back in Oz, the Scarecrow now runs the Emerald City, the Tinman rules in the west, and the Lion rules over smaller animals in the forest. Power has been returned to the people..

(65) Sources Used: http://www.wccusd.k12.ca.us/elcerrito/history/oz. htm http://www.amphigory.com/oz.htm http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rgs/wizoz10.html http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm http://images.google.com/images? q=Wizard+of+Oz&hl=en.

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