WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT COMPLETE LECTURE FOR PRINT

(1)

(2)

Definition of Waste

•

Useless or unwanted material

•

Has no further use

•

Mostly thrown away- litter, trash, rubbish,

refuse, garbage, junk

(3)

Natural sources of waste generation

•

Natural vegetation

•

Animals

•

Insects

–

Automatically recycled

•

Biodegradable category

•

Absorbed by soil

(4)

Artificial sources of waste generation

•

Human Activities- large scale urbanization

– _Solid – _Liquid

– _{Gaseous wastes}

• Plastics

• _{Chemical effluents} • _{Nuclear waste}

– _{During all processes leading to human progress}

and development

(5)

Types of Waste

•

Solid

–

Wastes from mines

–

Waste from construction units

(6)

Types of Waste

•

Liquid waste

–

Organic

•

Dirty water with bacteria

•

from leather industries

•

From sugar industries

–

Inorganic

(7)

Types of waste

•

Gaseous Waste

–

Harmful chemicals

•

Ammonia

(8)

(9)

Classification of each type of waste

•

Bio-degradable

– _{Food wastes} – _Paper

– _Paperboards

•

Non-Biodegradable

– _{Synthetic polymers} – _Plastics

– _{Synthetic resins}

•

Bio-Medical

•

Wastes from surgery

•

Autopsies

•

Syringes

•

Needles

•

Broken glass

•

Toxic

•

Mining wastes

•

Ammonia, hydrogen

(10)

Biodegradable waste

•

Wastes produced by

– _{Plants and animals} – _Kitchen

– _Paper

– _{Green waste} – _Humans

– _Fertilizers – _Sewage

(11)

Non-Biodegradable Wastes

•

Cant be broken down through microbial

activities

– _Plastic

– _{Styrofoam products} – _Glasses

– _Polymer

(12)

Bio-medical wastes

•

Generated in hospitals during diagnosis,

treatment or immunization process

– _{Plastic bottles} – _{Polythene bags} – _Tubes

– _Gloves – _Syringes

– _{Expired medicines} – _Pills

– _Capsules

(13)

Toxic Wastes

• _{Hazardous or radioactive waste}

–_{Radioactive metal- Uranium, plutonium} –_{Effluents- refineries and tanneries}

• _{Compounds of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg}

–_{Pesticides- DDT}

–_{E-waste- present in gadgets}

• _Lead

• _Cadmium • _Mercury

(14)

Non-Toxic wastes

•

Occur naturally

•

Mainly of plant or animal origin

•

Harmless and non-toxic

– _{Non-toxic compounds} – _Wool

– _Paper

– _{Dust rags}

(15)

Sources of wastes

• _Domestic

– _{Sewage- human excreta}

– _{Kitchen waste- vegetables and fruit peels} – _{Garbage- papers, rags,hair, house-dust} – _{Others- plastic covers, bottles, tins}

– _{Waste water contaminated with detergents} – _{Glass products}

– _{Household chemicals} – _E-waste

(16)

Industrial Wastes

•

Solid- mining waste, building

materials(cement)

•

Liquid- tanneries, distilleries, sugar factories

•

Liquid- chemical and fertilizer industries

•

Gaseous- ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, steam

•

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

(17)

Agricultural Wastes

•

Crop residue- husks, straw, fertilizers,

pesticides, insecticides etc.

•

Converted into compost and used again as

manure

•

DDT- poisonous affect men and animales

(18)

Municipality Wastes

•

Garbage rubbish or trash

– _{Packaging materials, Clothing, Furniture, Bottles,}

Appliances, Paints and batteries

– _{Wastes from offices}

– _{Wastes from construction sites}

(19)

Biomedical Wastes

•

Hospitals, clinics, pathological laboratories.

– _{Cotton bandages, soiled dressing, injections, glass}

bottles, catheters, hot water bags, tissues blood samples, body fluids, excreta.

– _{Wastes from surgery, autopsies, discarded}

instruments

(20)

Nuclear Wastes

•

Radioactive in nature

•

Waste generates from seperation and

processing of uranium to produce fuel

•

Nuclear reactors

•

Residue from processing various ores &

minerals

•

Coal ash

(21)

Waste Accumulation

•

Urban areas

•

Less space

•

More population

•

More waste

•

Community dustbin collection practices

•_{inappropriately designed}

(22)

Spoilage of landscapes

•

Heaps of trash left unattended and untreated.

– _{Spoils the beauty of the landscape} – _{Pollutes the environment}

– _{Damages flora and fauna}

– _{Breeding ground for disease spreading agents} – _{Spoils cultivable lands}

(23)

Pollution

•

Air

– _{Primary pollution- ash, carbon monoxide, sulphur}

dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, CFC’s & SPM

– _{Secondary pollution- reactions between primary}

pollutants and atmospheric compounds-Ozone

–

Effects-• _{Acid rain}

• _{Global warming}

(24)

Pollution

•

Water

– _{Sewage- diseases like diarrhoea}

– _{Eutrophication- discharge of harmful chemicals in}

water

• _{Industrial effluents} • _Fertilizers

– _{80% health problems}

(25)

Pollution

•

Oil Spills

– _{Hazardous for marine life}

– _{Oil is viscous- does not mix with water} – _{Floats on water}

(26)

Pollution

•

Soil pollution

– _{Disposal of waste in agricultural practises,}

industrial processes and sanitary habits

– _{Pollutants remain for longer periods} – _{Increases toxicity of soil}

(27)

Need for management of waste

•

Increased urbanization

– _{More pollution}

– _{Overcrowding in cities}

– _{Lack of space for disposal of wastes}

– _{Airborne and water borne new diseases} – _{Spoilage of landscapes}

– _{All types of life affected} – _{Disturbed natural balance}

(28)

Steps that can be taken

•

Developing countries must do the following

– _{Waste must be recycled}

– _{Manage increase in generation of waste} – _{Restrict population growth}

– _{Evolve proper infrastructure}

– _{Disposal of waste in covered vans} – _{Implementation of strict laws}

(29)

Methods of safe disposal of

waste

•

Collection

•

Segregation

•

Storing

•

Transfer and transportation

•

Dumping

(30)

COLLECTION OF WASTE

•

Responsibility of municipality

•

Area-wise collection by covered vans

•

Day to day collection

•

Building material debris should be separately

(31)

(32)

Recyclable waste

•

Non-combustible

– _{Metal, glass, plastic} – _{Should be recycled}

•

Combustible

(33)

Organic Matter

•

Fruit and vegetable peels

•

Leaves and garden waste

•

Biotreatment done

(34)

Debris

•

Lowgrade construction

•

Paving of roads

Hazardous waste

(35)

STORING WASTE

•

Storage facilities according to

– _{Quantity of waste}

– _{Areas in vicinity to residential locations}

•

Collection bins must be covered

•

Storage bins- easy to handle and transfer into

vehicles

(36)

TRANSFER AND TRANSPORTATON OF

WASTE

•

Specially designed vehicles

•

Covered

•

Consistent network of collection and well

planned

•

Bins must be emptied everyday to prevent

(37)

DUMPING/LANDFILLS

•

Landfills- large areas in outskirts

–

Waste is deposited, or

–

Buried and covered with earth

• _{Minimum air pollution}

(38)

Landfills- continued

•

Factors to be considered while choosing

landfills-– Land requirement and cost – _{Accessibility}

– _Cover

– _{Climatic factors} – _Topography

•

Problems

– Bad odour

(39)

METHODS USED FOR TREATING

WASTE

•

Composting

– _{Biodegradable organic waste converted to useful}

manure

– _{All such waste dumped into a pit} – _{Covered with soil}

– _{Decomposition of waste into humus}

– _{Earthworms are added- Vermicomposting} – _{With oxygen(aerobic)- very expensive}

(40)

•

Drainage- Sewage Treatment Plant

– _{Combination of filtering and chemical and}

biological technologies

– _{Some plants are so efficient}

• _{Sewage is turned into clean fertilizers}

• _{Clean water can be used in non-food farming}

– _{Cant completely solve problem}

• _{Outdated lines- storm sewers & wastewater sewers} • _{Plants cant handle both lines in case of heavy rains} • _{Water is released without treatment into waterways}

(41)

Problems with sewage water

treatment plants

•

Disposal of sludge

•

Very toxic- costly and time consuming process

•

Pathogens- can cause serious diseases

•

Sludge treatment

– _{Raw sludge packed in large airtight tanks- sludge}

digesters

– _{Anaerobic bacteria beaks organic matter} – _{Biogas obtained}

(42)

•

Incineration in Group Housings

– _{Lack of space in cities}

– _{Controlled high temperature oxidation of primary}

organic compounds

• _{Releasing thermal energy}

• _{Produce carbondioxide and water}

– _{Wastes are fed into an incineration chamber(kiln)} – _{Combustion destroys the organic component}

(43)

Incineration- continued

•

Advantages

– _{Large quantity of hazardous waste can be dealt}

with

– _{Kills pathogenic organisms}

– _{Reduces volume of waste upto 50%}

– _{Petroleum and plastic wastes in chemical}

industries can be disposed

– _{Production of tremendous heat-can be used to}

(44)

•

Disadvantages

– _{Atmospheric pollution}

– _{Cannot guarantee complete combustion of waste} – _{Costly devices}

– _{Convert biological to a chemical hazard} – _{Very expensive for medical waste}

• _{High proportion of plastic}

– _{Difficult to manage}

(45)

Need for reducing, reusing and

recycling waste

•

Universal problem

•

Especially in developing countries

•

Search for sustainable ways

(46)

The need for the 3 R’s- Reduce

•

Waste generation is human activity

•

So its obvious that we find ways to reduce waste

– _{Replace plastic bags with cloth or paper bags} – _{Awareness for judicious use of products}

– _{Purchase items which wont harm the environment} – _{Use eco-friendly and biodegradable products}

– _{Convert household waste into compost} – _{Reuse goods as far as possible}

(47)

Reuse

•

Change appearance little like

– _{Old pieces of cloth- dolls, cushion covers, doormats etc} – _{New notebooks from unused pages of old notebooks} – _{Reuse old tyres, tin can, glass bottles}

– _{Handicrafts from waste materials} – _{Flyash from cement plant-}

• _{Cement substitute}

(48)

Recycle

•

Processing waste into raw material used for

further conversion into useful materials

•

Material can be from any kind of source

•

Waste must be segregated

•

Beneficial only if the cost of reprocessing is

(49)

Advantages of recycling

•

Conserve natural resources

•

Reduce pollution

•

Examples-– _{Recycling centres- wastes are sorted and sent to}

manufacturers- usable materials

– _{Specialised recycling centres- for glass, metal cans,}

(50)

Government Initiatives

•

Both central & state government responsible

•

Ministry of Environment and Forest

– _{Generate environmental awareness} – _{Implement schemes}

– _{Making and implementing laws}

– _{Design environment friendly technologies for}

treatment, processing and recycling of waste

– _{Take steps to ensure that people strictly follow}

(51)

Steps required by governments to

ensure

•

Not building large dams

– _{Submergence of low lands and displaces people}

•

Check degradation of land and water

– _{Wasteland management}

– _{Restoration of water water programmes}

•

Decleration of reserved forests and biosphere

reserves

(52)

Actions undertaken by government

•

CNG in cities

•

National Waste Management Council 1990

•

High-powered committee under planning

commission in 1995

– _{Encourage residents to segregate waste at home} – _{Primary collection of waste}

– _{Encourage composting besides landfills} – _{Provide closed waste vans}

(53)

Social Initiatives

•

Various organizations- NGO’s

•

Focus should be on

– _{Judicious use of resources and products} – _{Electricity and water}

•

Organize activities

– _{Exhibitions, public meetings, rallies} – _{Buying only when required}

•

Use services of rag pickers for segregating waste,

(54)

Individual Initiatives

• _{Recycle organic waste by making composting pits}

• _{Safe disposal of batteries, mobiles, other e-waste}

• _{Minimize usage of chemical detergents, cleaners.}

• _{Use organic substitutes}

• _{Reuse paper envelopes, notebooks, plastic bags, cards,}

glass etc

• _{Buying recycled products, rechargeable batteries}

• _{Develop awareness- stop using polybags, styrofoam etc.}