Review Class Day 5
Aztecs
•
Mexico, AD1200-1500s
•
Capital city:
Tenochtitlan
founded in 1325 (now Mexico City)
(DBQ 9):
•
bustling
trade center with a large population
•
Planned city
with pyramids, canals, causeways, aqueducts
•
Used
chinampas
(= floating island gardens) to grow food
• HH: Aztec farming http
Aztecs
•
social pyramid, one Emperor with absolute power
•
military conquest and tribute from conquered people
•
loose control but harsh punishment for insubordination
•
Religion
•
major role in society
•
elaborate public ceremonies to communicate with the gods & win their favor
•
sun god nourished with human blood—large scale
sacrifices
•
Horrible Histories “Ain’t stayin’ alive
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4oPY-nDTvo
Inca
•
Andes mountains
/South America’s Pacific
coast, AD 1200s-early 1500s
• Steep, rocky, poor soil, severe climate
•
Government
• ruler descendent of the sun god: “big ears”
• DBQ 9:
• divided territory, central bureaucracy
• clever diplomats, allowed conquered to keep their
customs in order to gain loyalty
• relocated those who resisted • tribute = labor
• Controlled all resources (socialism/welfare)
Inca
•
Engineering
(DBQ9)
• roads, bridges, canals, terrace farming, irrigation
• Stone buildings
•
quipu
= knotted strings used to record data & oral history
•
Religion
• worshiped gods of the sun, moon, stars, thunder
•
Calendars
(night & day)
•
Sacrificed llamas
• HH: Inca Shopping Hour http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE3TVVetX_8
Ming China
• Overthrew the Mongols in the mid-1300s, lasted until 1644 • Economic & cultural revival
• “Middle Kingdom” ethnocentric attitude
• Repaired canal system to improve trade within country
• Landscape painting, silk cloth, poetry, fiction, drama, music, dance
• Manufacturing of porcelain, tools & paper
• Civil Service System & Confucian values
• Censors to eliminate corruption in government
• Improved agriculture (corn & sweet potatoes from the Americas)
• Zheng He (early 1400s)
• Sailor: explorer & trade (profitable for the Chinese)
• Died in 1433, then the Ming suddenly halted exploration (expensive & ethnocentrism) • Became & maintained a policy of isolationism
The
Ottoman
Empire
•
Nomadic Turkish-speaking group
•
Conquered Constantinople in 1453; empire lasted until after WWI
(1922)
•
Suleiman the Magnificent
•
Golden Age
•
Suleiman the Lawgiver
• Absolute ruler (sultan) but consulted with an advisor & council
The Ottoman Empire
•
Cultural diversity
•
Millets
= religious communities of non-Muslims within the empire
•
Janissaries
= elite soldiers in the Ottoman army formed from the
young sons of some conquered Christians (boys were converted to
Islam & trained for service)
Many Factors Encouraged European
Exploration
•
GOLD = Desire to grow rich
•
Spice & luxury good trade extremely profitable
•
Hope to bypass the Muslims & Italians to increase profit
•
GOD = spread Christianity
•
Fight Muslims & win converts
•
GLORY = Renaissance encourages a new spirit of
adventure & curiosity
Advances in sailing & technology
•
A result of the Scientific Revolution
•
By 1492 everyone accepted that the earth was round, the question was
the size
of the earth
•
Triangular sails & the caravel
(quicker, sturdier, could sail against the wind)
•
astrolabe
(location at sea)
Early Leaders in Exploration
•
Portugal
•
Prince Henry
established a
navigation school
: mapmakers, instrument makers &
shipbuilders worked together to perfect their trade
•
Established trading posts along the shores of Africa
•
Bartholomeu Dias
(1488) was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa
•
Vasco da Gama
(1497-98) reached the port of Calcut (India): found spices, rare silks
& precious gems
•
Gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
Early Leaders
in Exploration
•
Spain
• Wanted to find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean • Columbus 1492: exploration (later to colonize)
• Voyage by Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated = go all around the world (1519-1521) *Claimed the Philippines in 1521
• Cortes 1519
•
The Race Begins
• Columbus’ trip increased tension between Spain & Portugal
• 1493: Pope drew a line of demarcation; Portugal complained, so compromised with the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Primary source document
English
•
Cabot explored Nova Scotia in 1497-98
•
Sir Frances Drake
also
circumnavigated
the world in 1577
•
Around 1600, they started to challenge Portugal’s dominance over
the Indian Ocean trade & were able to take over control of the area
•
The English East India Company established outposts in India (not as
Dutch
•
Owned the largest fleet of ships in 1600 (
20,000
)
•
Became stronger than the English, drove them out and established
dominance over the Indian Ocean
•
By 1700, ruled much of Indonesia and also the
Cape of Good Hope
(Southern
Africa)
•
Dutch East India Company’s
purpose was to establish direct trade with Asia.
Had the power to:
French
•
Entered the Asia trade in 1664; by the 1770s they had established an
outpost in India (but never really made a strong profit)
•
Verrazano
(1521) Traveled to NYC
•
Cartier
(1534) explored the St. Lawrence Seaway
Conquest & Slavery in
the Americas
•
Conquistador =
carved out colonies in North & South America, goal
was to bring wealth & power to Spain
• Superior weapons, enlisted help of enemy natives & disease helped the Spanish to take control
•
Cortez
burned his ships when he arrived in Mexico; destroyed Tenochtitlan
when the Aztecs refused to surrender
• Montezuma II tried to reason with the Spanish
Keeping Power over the Natives
•
The Spanish lived among and intermarried native people
•
The
Encomienda
system
= native Latin Americans farmed, ranched or
mined for Spanish landlords who often abused & worked them to
death
•
The natives often rebelled against their Spanish oppressors
•
Spanish priests spoke out against the oppression of natives—suggested that
Bartolomé de las Casas
•
Spent 50 years (1515-1566) trying to convince the Spanish court to
adopt a more humane policy of colonization
•
Improved the legal status of the natives, later spoke out against all
slavery
•
Increased focus on the ethics of colonialism
•
Considered one of the first advocates for
universal human rights
From de las Casas’ Account of the Devastation of the Indies (1552):Imperialism in
Latin America
• The Spanish & Portuguese Quickly took control of
Latin America
• “Importance of Sugar” Warm Up #66
• First introduced to Europe from the Muslims during the Crusades
• Grown in North Africa & the Mediterranean, but a shorter growing season
• January 1013 Regents, p. 15 Question5:
http://www.nysedregents.org/globalhistorygeogra phy/113/glhg12013-examw.pdf
• High demand but needed cheap labor to maximize
exports
The Columbian Exchange
•
Dfn =
global transfer of foods plants & animals during the colonization
of the Americas
•
New foods
•
Corn & potatoes to Europe (inexpensive & nutritious)
•
Bananas, yams & black eyed peas to the Americas
•
Boosted the world’s population
•
Livestock to the Americas
•
Horses, cattle, pigs
•
Disease
Triangular
Trade
The Americas
Europe
Africa slaves
guns Raw materials: sugar,
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Background—In the Americas there was a great demand for a large supply of cheap labor to keep sugar plantations and tobacco farms profitable.
• Slavery in Africa was very different
• Not based on race
• Slaves could achieve freedom (marriage, money) • Children of slaves were not slaves (NOT hereditary)
• There was a desire for Africans, in particular, because the Native Americans that the Europeans had originally enslaved died from disease and escaped because they knew the land well.
• Africans didn’t know the land & often didn’t speak the same language
• Africans were immune to diseases like smallpox
• At first African rulers were cooperative
• They assumed slavery in the Americas would be similar to Africa
• Later on they realized the devastating affect it was having on African society
The Middle Passage
•
The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies (Caribbean),
North & South America
•
Middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle
•
Sickening cruelty, many Africans died aboard the ships, some committed
suicide
Consequences of the African slave
trade
•
In Africa
•
Numerous cultures lost generations of their fittest members
•
Families torn apart
•
Introduced guns to the continent, spread war & conflict
•
In the Americas
• Economic & cultural development of the Americas
Commercial Revolution (1500-1800)
•
New ways of doing business & trade; similar to today’s economy
•
Capitalism
= economic system based on private ownership and the
investment of wealth for profit
•
Now
merchants
, as well as those in gov’t were
wealthy
•
Increased money supply
•
Inflation
= supply of goods is less than the demand; goods become scarce &
more valuable; prices rise
Commercial Revolution (1500-1800)
• Joint-stock company = very much like a modern-day corporation
• A number of people pool their wealth for a common purpose • Establishing colonies in the Americas, e.g. Jamestown, VA
• Mercantilism = a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth-made it possible to build a strong navy & purchase vital goods (in previous times the goal would be
territory or land)
• Became a main focus/goal for all nations
• Achieved by obtaining as much gold & silver as possible OR by establishing a favorable balance of
trade = country sells more goods than it buys
• Become self-sufficient
• Colonies provided gold, silver & raw materials (e.g. furs & wood) as well as a market = a place to
sell goods
• Changes in European society
The Age of Kings in Europe
• During the 1500s, many European monarchs experienced
unrest within their kingdoms.
• Conflicts such as religious and territorial warfare and
peasant revolts threatened the power and prosperity of the monarchs.
• Imposed order by increasing power and ruling their
kingdoms more forcefully
• These rulers considered themselves absolute monarchs • They declared that they had obtained the right to rule by
way of divine right = the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth
• The Prince
Absolute Monarchs
•
All power rests with the monarch
•
The monarch controls all aspects of society
•
The monarch’s power came from God and the monarch answered only to Him
•
How could they get away with this?
• The middle class backed the monarchs because the kingdom was likely to be safer, which promoted business
• Money flowing in from the colonies in N & S America supported the monarchs financially
• The decline of feudalism, the rise of cities and the growth of national kingdoms helped
centralize authority
• The power of the Roman Catholic Church continued to weaken
“L’etat c’est moi”
(I am the state)
Absolute
Monarchs
•
Ivan III (1462-1505)
• Conquered territory around Moscow • Broke with the Mongols
• First ruler to call himself czar = Russian for Caesar (nod to Rome)
•
Louis XIV (1661-1715)
• The “Sun King”• A revolt at the beginning of his reign caused him to mistrust the nobility;
vowed to become so strong that they would never threaten him again
• Centralized the government, reorganized the French army
• Fought wars to get more land, but this drained the French treasury; at the end of his reign France was in serious debt
Absolute Monarchs
•
The Holy Roman Empire
• Charles V (1519-1558)
• Ferdinand of Aragon was his father
• Controlled Spain, American colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, the Netherlands & much of Germany
• “Holy Roman Emperor”
• Retired in 1556, divided his empire
• Ferdinand (brother of Charles V) 1558-1564
• Eastern part of empire: Austria & Germany (HRE)
•
Spain
• Philip II (Son of Charles V) 1556-1598
• Spain, the Netherlands, American colonies
• Conquered Portugal on his own
• Ruled the seas
Quiz
1. The location of the Inca civilization of South America demonstrates the (1) Importance of trade with western Europe
(2) Ability of humans to adapt the environment (3) Influence of cultural diversity
(4) Complexity of indigenous belief systems
2. Which achievement played an important role in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations? (5) Use of gunpowder
(6) Production of corn
(7) Domestication of horses
3. A study of the achievements of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures would show that they (1) sustained dense populations through intensive agriculture
(2) engaged in an extensive exploration of the Pacific Ocean (3) built vehicles with wheels to transport goods
(4) developed rice paper and wood-block printing
4. Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre-Columbian South America?
(1) trade agreements (2) geographic features
(3) imported religious ideas (4) peasant revolts
5. DBQ p. 15 Question #4 http://
2. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?
I.
A. Writings of Thomas Hobbes
B. Divine right theory
C. Centralization of political power
D. Reign of Louis XIV
(1) Beginning of Global Trade
(2) Growth of Democracy in Europe
(3) Rise of Absolutism
3. One similarity in the policies of Louis XIV and of Suleiman
the Magnificent is that both leaders
(1) expanded their empires in the Americas
(2) encouraged the growth of democracy
(3) increased the power of their central governments
(4) abolished the bureaucracy
4. A main goal of the monarchs of Europe during the Age of
Absolutism was to
(1) establish legislative bodies
(2) centralize political power
Lesson Quiz
1. Which technological development enabled European navigators to determine their location during the Age of Exploration?
(1) Lateen sail (2) cross bow (3) Astrolabe (4) caravel
2. In the late 1400s and early 1500s, what was a major reason for the European voyages of exploration?
(1) introduction of Enlightenment ideas (2) desire to control Constantinople
(3) rapid industrialization
3. Why is the year 1492 considered a turning point in history?
(1) The Spanish established an exchange between Europe and the Americas.
(2) The Ming dynasty launched expeditions to the east coast of Africa. (3) Muslim Arab armies succeeded in conquering Egypt and Syria.
(4) The British established control over new territories in India.
4. What was a result of the efforts of Prince Henry of Portugal, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan?
(1) The importance of Mediterranean trade routes was established. (2) The modern concept of universal human rights was promoted. (3) The European view of the physical world was transformed.
5. Which statement accurately reflects population changes that occurred as a result of the Age of Exploration?
(1) Most Latin American populations became more culturally diverse. (2) One third of Europe’s population died due to exposure to diseases from the Americas.
(3) The introduction of goods from the Americas caused a decline in Asian populations.
(4) Native Americans migrated to Africa causing increases in African populations.
6. What was one effect of the Columbian exchange on European society? (1) Migration to the Americas declined.
(2) Horses were acquired for the first time.
(3) The population increased with the introduction of new foods.
7. The use of the terms Encounter and Columbian Exchange represents attempts to describe the
(1) nature of cultural interactions (2) establishment of land grants (3) results of scientific innovations (4) origins of divine right theory
8.Which idea is most closely associated with the economic concept of mercantilism?
(1) Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for a colonial power.
9. Prices in Spain rose as colonies supplied large amounts
of gold and silver. This suggests that Spanish imports of
gold and silver led to
(1) food shortages (3) inflation
(2) unemployment
(4) self-sufficiency
10. What was a direct result of the trans-Atlantic slave
trade on African cultures?
(1) Many African communities faced economic disaster.
(2) European industrial factories were established
throughout Africa.
(3) Animism was no longer practiced in Africa.
From the August 2014 Regents:
1. Which situation came first?
(1) Spain introduced the encomienda system.
(2) Portugal claimed Brazil.
More Regents Questions
2. What was one reason the Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec Empire? (1) The Spanish soldiers made effective use of their military technology against the Aztecs. (2) Aztec religious beliefs promoted nonviolence.
(3) Spain joined the Incas in their fight against the Aztecs. (4) The Spanish cavalry outnumbered the Aztec warriors.
3. The Spanish encomienda system in the Americas resulted in (1) the strengthening of indigenous cultures
(2) political independence for the colonies (3) the exploitation of natives
Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.
“… In addition, after the last battle they were afraid of the horses and guns, of our swords and crossbows and our good fighting. Above all was the great mercy of God, Who gave us the strength to keep on.…”
— Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Bernal Díaz Chronicles,
4. In this passage about a conflict in Mexico, whose perspective is being expressed? (1) Aztec warrior
(2) Spanish conquistador (3) Portuguese explorer (4) Inca emperor
5. According to this author, which factors were influencing the outcome of the conflict? (1) efficiency and education
2. A DEO REX, A REGE LEX —“the king is from God, and
law is from the king.”
— James I
This quotation best reflects the concept of
(1) constitutional monarchy
