Pages: 157-164 157-164 :ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ
Abstract
Introduction: Literature indicates the enhancement of attention and remembering positive emotional materials in older age. Also researchers believe that increase emotional memory is not related to age, socio- economic status and sex. So the aim of this study is the investigation of differences between verbal and facial emotional memory in younger and older females.
Methods: Samples of this study was younger and older females (41 young & 40 old) in 50-70 and 18-27 years-old. Materials recruited for assessment of emotional memory was 22 emotional faces (positive, negative and neutral) and 68 words with different emotional valence.
Results: Data showed that recall of negative words (P< 0.000) and positive faces (P< 0.000) among younger group was significantly more than older ones.
Conclusion: It seems that enhancement of emotional memory is not apart from sex and cultural effect. And also it seems that some factors such as depression and anxiety which is related to emotion & memory must be evaluated more accurately.
Key words: Emotional Memory, Emotion Regulation, Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory.
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﺖﺒﺜﻣﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺭﺎﺑﺎﺑﺩﺍﻮﻣﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻭﻪﺟﻮﺗﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ:ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻪﻛﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖــﺳﺍﻯﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻦﻴﻨــﺳﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭﺲﻨﺟﻭﻯﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ -ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻂﻳﺍﺮــﺷ،ﻦــﺳﻪﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻰﻣﻼﻛﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗﻰــﺳﺭﺮﺑﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍﻑﺪﻫﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣﻦﻴﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎﻧﺯﻩﻭﺮﮔﻭﺩﺭﺩﻯﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗﻭ (ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ 40 ﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟ 41) ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎﻧﺯﺍﺭﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ :ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍﺩﺭﻮﻣﻯﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ 27-18 ﻭ 70-50 ﻦﻴﻨــﺳﺭﺩ ،ﺖﺒﺜﻣﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺕﻻﺎﺣﺎــﺑﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ 22 ﺰﻴﻧﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻰــﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ .ﺩﻮﺑﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺭﺎﺑﺎﺑﻪﻤﻠﻛ 68 ﻭﻰﺜﻨﺧﻭﻰﻔﻨﻣ (P<0/000) ﻰﻔﻨﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻪﻛﺪﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ :ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺯﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻦﻴﺑﺭﺩﻯﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑ (P< 0/000) ﺖــﺒﺜﻣﻩﺮــﻬﭼﻭ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑﻰﻣﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗﺯﺍﻯﺍﺪﺟﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻪﻛﺪــﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑ :ﻯﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺮﻴﻈﻧﻰﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋﻪﻛﺪــﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪــﺷﺎﺑﻰﻤﻧﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓﻭﺲﻨﺟ ﻩﺩﻮﺑﺮﺛﻮﻣﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑﻰﻣﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻭﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﺑﻪﻛﺏﺍﺮﻄﺿﺍﻭﻰﮔﺩﺮــﺴﻓﺍ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑﻰﻣﺮﺗﻖﻴﻗﺩ ﻯﺎﻫﻰﺳﺭﺮﺑﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧﻪﻛﺖﺳﺍ
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ،ﻰــﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ،ﻰــﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ :ﻯﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻯﺎـﻫ ﻩژﺍﻭ
.ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ -ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ
ﻭ
ﻥﺍﻮﺟ
ﻥﺎﻧﺯ
ﺭﺩ
ﻯﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ
ﻭ
ﻰﻣﻼﻛ
ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ
Facial and verbal Emotional memory
in younger and older women
Ziaei, M., M.Sc. Amiri, S. Ph.D.
Jokar, S. M.Sc. ،
*ﻯﺮﻴﻣﺍﻪﻠﻌﺷﺮﺘﻛﺩ،"ﻰﻳﺎﻴﺿﻢﻳﺮﻣ
**ﺭﺎﻛﻮﺟﺯﺎﻧﺎﺳ
# Corresponding author:Department of psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN.
E-mail: maryamziae@gmail.com
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ،ﻰﺘﺸﻬﺑﺪﻴﻬﺷﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩﻰﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭﻩﻭﺮﮔ: ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ"
ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ،ﻰﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭﻩﻭﺮﮔﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ *
ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩﻰﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭﻩﻭﺮﮔ ** 86/11/30 :ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺭﺩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑﺚﺤﺑﻯﺎﻫﻪﻄﻴﺣﺯﺍﻰــﻜﻳﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷﻰﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﻰﺳﺎﺳﺍﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﺯﺍﻯﺭﺎﻴــﺴﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍﻯﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﺎﺑﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
.ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩﻰﻣﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟﺯﺍﻯﺍﻭﺰــﻧﺍﻭﺩﻮــﻛﺭﺍﺭﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻰــﮔﺪﻧﺯ
ﻦﻴﻨﭼﺎﺑﺍﺭﻯﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﺎﻬﻨﺗﻪﻧﺮﻴﺧﺍﻪــﻫﺩﺪﻨﭼﻯﺎﻬﻴــﺳﺭﺮﺑﺎﻣﺍ
ﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩﻪﻛﻰﺘﺒﺜﻣﻯﺎــﻫﻪﺒﻨﺟﻪﻜﻠﺑ،ﺪﻨــﺳﺎﻨﺷﻰﻤﻧﻰﻳﺎﻫﺩﻮﺒﻤﻛ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩﻰﻣﺮﺗﻪﺘــﺴﺟﺮﺑﺍﺭﺪﺘﻓﺍﻰﻣﻕﺎــﻔﺗﺍﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ
ﻯﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﺖﺒﺜﻣﻯﺎﻫﻪﺒﻨﺟﺯﺍﻰﻜﻳﺮﺑﺖﺳﺍﻥﺁﺮﺑﻰﻌــﺳ
ﺖﺒﺜﻣﺭﺎﺑﺎﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎــﻳﺭﺩﻰﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻰﻨﻌﻳ
.ﺩﺮﻴﮕﺑﺕﺭﻮﺻﻯﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ
ﺮﻴﻏ) ﺪﻨﻤﺷﻼﺗﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﻯﺎﻫﺶﻨﻛﻢﻈﻨﻣﻝﻼﺤﻤﺿﺍ،ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
،2ﻰﻳﺎﻀﻓ-ﻯﺭﺍﺪﻳﺩﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ،1ﻰﻣﻼﻛﻯﺭﺎﻛﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺮﻴﻈﻧ (ﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ
،ﻩﺪﺷﻢﻴــﺴﻘﺗﻭﻰﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍﻪﺟﻮﺗ،ﺩﺍﺯﺁﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ
ﻥﺎﺑﺯﻙﺭﺩ،ﻝﻻﺪﺘﺳﺍ،ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣﻞﺣ،ﻰﻣﻼﻛﻰﻧﺍﻭﺭ،ﻰﻨﻫﺫﻢﺴﺠﺗ
ﻰﻳﺎﻬﻣﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ،ﺎﻫﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧﺯﺍﻯﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣﻥﺎﻴﺑﺍﺭﻥﺎﺑﺯﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗﻭ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛﻝﻮﺌــﺴﻣﺍﺭﻰــﺴﺣﺵﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘﺖﻋﺮــﺳﻭﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋﺮﻴﻈﻧ
ﺭﺩﺮﮕﻳﺩﻑﺮــﻃﺯﺍ .ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔﻰﻣﺮــﻈﻧﺭﺩﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷﻯﺎــﻫﻰﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻯﺮﺘﻤﻛﻰﺷﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧﻪﻛﺪﻨﻤــﺷﻼﺗﺮﺘﻤﻛﻯﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋﻪﺑ .ﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣﺮﺘﻤﻛ،ﻦﺳﻪﺑﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭﺶﻫﺎﻛﺖﺳﺍ
ﻰﻳﺎﻬﻴﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗﻪﻠﻤﺟﺯﺍ4ﻯﺪﻧﻭﺭﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻭ3ﺭﺎﻜﺷﺁﺎﻧﻯﺮﻴﮔﺩﺎﻳ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ
.[6] ﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﻆﻔﺣﻰﺑﻮﺧﻪﺑﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩﻪﻛﺖﺳﺍ
ﻪﺑﻪﻛﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ -ﻰــﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﺎﺑﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍﺭﺩﺎــﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﺎــﻣﺍ
5ﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﻥﺪﺷﺮﻴﭘﺯﺍﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣﺪﺘﻓﺍﻰﻣﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍﻦﺳﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ
ﺮﮔﺍﻦﻴﻨــﺳﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗﻭﻰــﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ .ﺖــﺳﺍ
.ﺪــﺷﺎﺑﻰﻣﻰﻧﺍﻮﺟﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﻰــﺑﻮﺧﻥﺎﻤﻫﻪﺑﺎــﻣﺍ،ﺮﺘﻬﺑﻢــﻴﻳﻮﮕﻧ
ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻰﮔﺪﻧﺯﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﻩﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎﺸﻧ،ﻰﻫﺎﮕــﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺮﻈﻨﻣﺯﺍﻰﺘﺣﺎﻳﺩﺭﺍﺩﺎﻫﺮﺘﻧﺍﻮﺟﺎﺑﻯﺩﺎﻳﺯﺖﻬﺑﺎــﺸﻣﻦــﺴﻣﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻰﺳﺎﺳﺍءﺍﺰﺟﺍ .ﺖــﺳﺍﺎﻫﺮﺘﻧﺍﻮﺟﺯﺍﺮﺗﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ
ﻰﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘﻭﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺮﻫﺎﻈﺗ،ﻰﺼﺨــﺷﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﻩﻭﻼﻋ .[5] ﺪﺑﺎﻳﻰﻣﺮــﻴﻴﻐﺗﻰﻛﺪﻧﺍﻦــﺳﺎﺑﻰﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ،ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻦﺴﻣﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﻥﺎﻴﻣﺭﺩﻪﻛﺪــﺳﺮﻴﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑ
1 Verbal Working Memory 2 Viso- Spatial Memory 3 Implicit Learning 4 Procedural Learning 5 Cognitive Aging
ﻭﺖﺒﺜﻣﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋﻯﺭﺍﺪــﻬﮕﻧﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣﺎﻳﺖــﺒﺜﻣﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋ،ﻰــﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﺪــﺷﺎﺑﻰﻧﺍﻮﺟﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﺯﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ،ﺮﺗﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘﻯﺎﻫﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ
.[11]
ﺢﻄــﺳﻪﻛﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘﻦﻳﺍﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩﻪﺑﻯﺩﺎﻳﺯﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺭﺩﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍًﺎــﺻﻮﺼﺧﻭﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﻦــﺳﺎﺑﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ
.ﺪﻧﻮﺷﻰﻣﺮﺗﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑﺮﻤﻋﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ
ﻰــﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧﻚﻳﻪﻛ6ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ-ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍﻪــﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻚﻳﺭﺩﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ؛ﺖــﺳﺍﻰﮔﺪﻧﺯﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﻝﻮﻃﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺖﻠﻋﻪﺑﺦﺳﺎﭘﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷﻰﻣﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻰﻧﺎﻣﺯﺖﻓﺎﺑ
ﺮﺑﻥﺎﻣﺯﺯﺍﺩﺍﺮــﻓﺍﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧﻦــﻳﺍ،ﺖــﺒﺜﻣ
،ﻰﻟﺎــﺴﮔﺭﺰﺑﻞﺋﺍﻭﺍﺭﺩ .ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔﻰﻣﺮﺛﺍﻥﺎﻧﺁﻯﺎﻫﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍﻭﻑﺍﺪــﻫﺍ
ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍﻭﺶﻧﺍﺩﺐــﺴﻛﻪﻛﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﺐﺒــﺳ،ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﺗﺯﺎﺑﻖﻓﺍ
ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣﻥﺎﻣﺯﻰــﺘﻗﻭﻪﻜﻴﻟﺎﺣﺭﺩﺪــﺷﺎﺑﻪﺘــﺷﺍﺩﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍﺮﺗﺪﻳﺪﺟ
ﺮﺗﺵﺯﺭﺍﺎﺑﻰﺷﻮﺧﺮﺳﻭﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﺎﺑﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍ
ﻰﺼﺨﺷﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗﻯﻭﺭﻰﻠﻌﻓﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍﻪﻛﺎﺠﻧﺁﺯﺍ .ﺪﻧﻮــﺷﻰﻣﻰﻘﻠﺗ
ﺮﺛﺍﺩﺭﺍﺩﺩﻮﺟﻭﻥﺎــﺷﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﻪﻛﻰﻳﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭﻭ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍﻪﺑﻪﻛﺮﺗﻦﺴﻣﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔﻰﻣ
ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎــﻳ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣﻪﺟﻮﺗﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍﺯﺍ
ﻝﺎﺜﻣﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋﻪﺑ .[4ﻭ9]ﺖﺳﺍﻰﻧﺍﻮﺟﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﺯﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﺎﻬﻧﺁﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﻯﺮﺗﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﻭﺖﺒﺜﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺯﺍﻰﻳﻻﺎﺑﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧﻯﺭﻮﻓﻭﻯﺮﻴﺧﺎﺗﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻯﺎﻫﺖﺴﺗﺭﺩﺍﺭﻰﻔﻨﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺯﺍ
ﺭﺩﻰــﺸﻳﺍﺮﮔﻪﻛﺪﻧﺍﻩﺩﺮﻛﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺩﻮﺟﻭﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻦﻴﺑﺭﺩﺖﺒﺜﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﻰــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺯﺎﺑ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧﻰﺳﺎﻨﺷﺯﺎﺑﻯﺎﻫﺖــﺴﺗﺭﺩﺍﺭﻰﺗﻭﺎﻔﺗﺎﻫﺮﺘﻧﺍﻮﺟﻪﻜﻴﻟﺎﺣﺭﺩ
ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺕﻻﺎﺣﺎــﺑﺲﻜﻋﻯﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﻯﺍﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﺭﺩ .ﺪــﻨﻫﺩﻰﻤﻧ
ﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﻭﺪــﺷﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﻪــﺑﻰﺜﻨﺧﻭﻰﻔﻨﻣ،ﺖــﺒﺜﻣ
ﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎﺸﻧﻰﺳﺭﺮﺑﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ؛ﺪــﺷﻝﺍﺆــﺳﺎﻬﻴﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁﺯﺍﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩﻦــﺴﻣﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﺭﺩﻰﻔﻨﻣﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﻰــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺯﺎﺑﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﻪﻛ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩ .ﺪــﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺶﻫﺎﻛﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﺮﮕﻳﺩﻰــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺯﺎﺑﺎﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ،ﺰﻴﻧﻰﻓﺍﺮﮔﻮﻴﺑﻮﺗﺍﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎــﻳ
ﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﻭﺪﻨﻨﻛﻒــﻳﺮﺤﺗﺖﺒﺜﻣﺖﻬﺟﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩﻮــﺧﺕﺍﺮﻃﺎﺧﻪــﻛ
ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﻰﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍﺎﺑﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍﺭﺩ .[3] ﺪﻧﺭﺎﭙﺴﺑﻰــﺷﻮﻣﺍﺮﻓﻪﺑﺍﺭﻰﻔﻨﻣ
ﺮﺗﺩﺎﺷﺍﺭﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩﻦﻳﺍﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﻩﺪــﺷﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔﺰﻴﻧﻰﻛﺩﻮﻛ
.[8] ﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣﻩﺮﻤﻧ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ،ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﻰــﮕﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑءﺰﺟﻚﻳﻪﻛﺪــﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑ
ﺮــﺳﺍﺮﺳﺭﺩًﻼﺒﻗﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﻯﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻭﻯﺯﺎــﺳﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ
،ﺰﻐﻣﺭﺩﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻯﺎﻫﻢﺘــﺴﻴﺳ .ﺖﺳﺍﻪﺘــﺷﺍﺩﺩﻮﺟﻭﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛ
،ﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﻞﻣﺎــﺷﻢﻫﺎﺑﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣﻯﺎــﻫﻪﺧﺮﭼﺯﺍ
.ﺖﺳﺍﻩﺪﺷﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗﻰﻣﺍﺪﻗﺖﻴﻟﻮﮕﻨﻴﺳﺞﻨﻜﺷﻭﻝﺍﺪﮕﻴﻣﺁ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗﺭﺩﺍﺭﺶــﻘﻧﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣﻝﺍﺪــﮕﻴﻣﺁﻪﻛﺪــﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪــﺑ
ﻭﻰﻧﻭﺭﻮﻧﻯﺎﻬﻣﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ .ﺪــﻨﻛﻰﻣﻯﺯﺎﺑﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻭﻥﺎــﺠﻴﻫﻦﻴﺑ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺐﺟﻮﻣ،ﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗﻝﺍﺪﮕﻴﻣﺁﻂــﺳﻮﺗﻪﻛﻰﻧﻮﻣﺭﻮﻫ
ﺲﭘﻢﻴﻜﺤﺗﻩﺭﻭﺩﺭﺩًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ،ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻙﺮﺤﻣﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ
ﻭﻯﺮﺸﻗﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﺎﺑﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧﻦﻳﺍ .[10] ﺩﻮــﺷﻰﻣﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻌﻗﺍﻭﺯﺍ
ﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﻰﻠﺤﻣﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩﻭﺩﺭﺍﺩﻯﻮﻗﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍﻯﺮــﺸﻗﺮﻳﺯ
ﺎﺑًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣﻪﭼﺭﺎﭙﻜﻳﺍﺭﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋﻭﺶــﻧﺍﺩﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
،ﻰﻧﺎﻴﻣﻰﻫﺎﮕﺠﻴﮔﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﺮﮕﻳﺩﻭﭗﻣﺎﻛﻮﭙﻴﻫﺎﺑﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻯﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓﻯﻭﺭﻪﻛﺖﺳﺍﻰﺗﺭﻮﺻﻪﺑﻝﺍﺪﮕﻴﻣﺁﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
.ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔﻰﻣﺮﺛﺍ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛﺰﻐﻣﻢﺠﺣ،ﻦــﺳﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺎﺑﻪﻛﺪﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﻚــﻳﻪﺑﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﻪﻤﻫﺭﺩﺶﻫﺎﻛﻦــﻳﺍﺎﻣﺍﺪــﺑﺎﻳﻰﻣ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍﺪﮕﻴﻣﺁﻢﺠﺣﻯﻭﺭﻰﻜﭼﻮﻛًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧﺮﺛﺍﻥﺪﺷﺮﻴﭘ .ﺪﺘﻓﺍﻰﻤﻧ
ﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﻞــﺜﻣﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﺮﮕﻳﺩﻰﻓﻭﺮﺗﺁﺎــﺑﻰﺘﻗﻭًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﻢﺠﺣﺶﻫﺎﻛ،ﺕﺎــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ .ﺩﻮــﺷﻰﻣﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘ
ﺎﻣﺍﺪﻧﺍﻩﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎــﺸﻧﻦــﺳﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺎﺑﺍﺭﭗﻣﺎﻛﻮﭙﻴﻫﻭﻝﺍﺪــﮕﻴﻣﺁ
ﻡﺪﻋﻰﺘﺣﺎﻳﻢــﻛﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑﺰﻐﻣﺯﺍﺮﺗﻩﺩﺮﺘــﺴﮔﻯﺎﻬﻴــﺳﺭﺮﺑ
-ﻝﺍﺪﮕﻴﻣﺁﺲﻜﻠﭙﻤﻛﻰــﺣﺍﻮﻧﺮﮕﻳﺩﻪﺑﺖﺒــﺴﻧﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧﻦﻳﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧﻦﻳﺍﻢﺠﺣﺶﻫﺎﻛﺮــﮕﻳﺩﺕﺭﺎﻴﻋﻪﺑﺎﻳ .ﺖــﺳﺍﭗﻣﺎﻛﻮﭙﻴﻫ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻰﻠﻛﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑ .ﺖــﺴﻴﻧﺰﻐﻣﻞﻛﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍﺶﻫﺎﻛﺯﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ
ﻭﻝﺍﺪﮕﻴﻣﺁﻦﻴﺑﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗﺯﺍﻰــﺷﺎﻧﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺩﺍﻮﻣﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﻪــﻈﻓﺎﺣ
ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧﻦﺴﻣﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﺭﺩﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﻦﻳﺍﻪﻛﺖﺳﺍﻩﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎﺸﻧ،ﭗﻣﺎﻛﻮﭙﻴﻫ
.[10] ﺪﻧﺎﻣﻰﻣﻰﻗﺎﺑﻩﺩﺭﻮﺨﻧﺖﺳﺩ
ﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﺶﻘﻧﺮﺑﻯﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘﺕﺎــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺐــﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣﺎﻧﻭﻩﺩﺮﺘــﺴﮔﺶﻫﺎﻛ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩﻰﺻﺎﺧﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘ
ﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﺎﺑﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩ،ﻦــﺳﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺎﺑﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛ
ﺭﺩﻰﻤﻬﻣﺶﻘﻧﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧﻦﻳﺍﻪﻛﺪﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧ،ﻰﻧﺎﻴﻣﻰﻫﺎﮕﺠﻴﮔ
ﺰﻐﻣﻯﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗﺕﺎــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣﻯﺯﺎﺑﻰﻔﻃﺎﻋﺵﺯﺍﺩﺮــﭘ
ﻰﻔﻨﻣﻭﺖﺒﺜﻣﺕﺎﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗﻝﻮــﻃﺭﺩﺍﺭﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧﻦﻳﺍﺖــﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋﻝﻼﺘﺧﺍ .ﺪــﻧﺍﻩﺩﺮﻛﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣﻞﺘﺨﻣﺍﺭﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭﻭﻰــﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ
،ﻰﻧﺎﺸﻴﭘﺐُﻟﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﺮﮕﻳﺩﺯﺍﺮﺘﻤﻛﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧ،ﻦــﺳ
ﻰﺣﺍﻮﻧﻪﻛﺪــﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﺖﻴﻟﻮﮕﻨﻴﺳﺞﻨﻜــﺷﻭﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﻰﺒﻧﺎﺟﻭﻰﻧﺎﻴﻣ
.ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﺑﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗﺖﺤﺗﻦــﺳﺎﺑﻪﻛﺩﺭﺍﺩﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﻰﻣﺍﺪﻗ
ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧﻚﻳﻢﺠﺣﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣﻪﻛﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ
ﺎﺑﺩﺭﺍﺩﺶﻘﻧﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﺭﺩﻪﻛﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﺯﺍ
.[10]ﺪﺑﺎﻳﻰﻣﺶﻫﺎﻛًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ،ﻦﺳﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺞﻨﻜــﺷﻪﻛﺪﻨﻨﻜﻴﻣﺩﺎﻬﻨــﺸﻴﭘﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗﻭﻱﺮــﻈﻧﻱﺎــﻫﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
.ﺪﻨﻛﻲﻣﻱﺯﺎﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺵﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘﺭﺩﻲﻤﻬﻣﺶﻘﻧﻰﻣﺍﺪﻗﺖﻴﻟﻮﮕﻨﻴﺳ
ﺞﻨﻜــﺷﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﻩﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺰﻐﻣﺯﺍﻯﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺵﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘﻯﺍﺮﺑﻰﻧﺎــﺸﻴﭘﺶﻴﭘﺲﻜﺗﺭﻮﻛﻭ ﻰﻣﺍﺪﻗﺖﻴﻟﻮﮕﻨﻴــﺳ
.ﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎﺸﻧﺍﺭﻯﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓﻩﺪﺷﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛﻪﺟﻮﺗﻭﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ
ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫﻰﻣﺍﺪﻗﺖﻴﻟﻮﮕﻨﻴﺳﺞﻨﻜﺷﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓﻪﻛﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻱﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺯﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻱﺎﻬﺨــﺳﺎﭘﻪﺑﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍﻪﺟﻮﺗ
.[10] ﺩﻮﺷﻲﻣﻝﺎﻌﻓﺎﻬﻛﺮﺤﻣﻭﺎﻬﺨﺳﺎﭘ
ﻪﻛﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ [9] ﻩﺪﺷﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻯﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ -ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ،ﻦــﺳﻪﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍﻑﺪﻫﺱﺎــﺳﺍﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧﻪﺘــﺴﺑﺍﻭﺲﻨﺟﻭ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻰﻣﻼﻛﻭﻯﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻯﺍﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﻰــﺳﺭﺮﺑ
.ﺖﺳﺍﻰﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎﻧﺯ
ﺵﻭﺭ
ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ
ﻯﺎﻬﻫﻭﺮﮔﺯﺍ (ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻥﺯ 40 ﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺯ 41) ﻰــﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ 81
ﺯﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻥﺎﻧﺯﻩﻭﺮﮔ .ﺪﻧﺪــﺷﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ 18-27 ﻭ 50-70ﻰﻨــﺳ
ﺯﺍﺰﻴﻧﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎــﻧﺯﻩﻭﺮﮔﻭﻯﺭﻮــﺸﻛﻰﮕﺘــﺴﺸﻧﺯﺎﺑﻯﺎﻫﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ
.ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔﺭﺍﺮﻗﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﺩﺭﻮﻣﻭﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ
ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻒﻴﻠﻜﺗ
22 ﺯﺍﻰﺳﺭﺮﺑﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍﻩﺪﺷﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣﻯﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍﺯﺍ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣﺕﻻﺎﺣﺎﺑ (ﺩﺮــﻣﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ 11 ﻭﻥﺯﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ 11) ﺮــﻳﻮﺼﺗ
...ﻭﺐﺠﻌﺘﻣ،ﺲﭘﺍﻮﻟﺩ،ﻑﻮﻌــﺸﻣ،ﺏﺮﻄﻀﻣ،ﻩﺩﺯﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﺮــﻴﻈﻧ
،ﻕﻼﺧ،ﻞﮔ،ﻕﻼﺗﺎﺑ،ﻥﺎﺑﺮﻬﻣﻞﻣﺎﺷﻪﻤﻠﻛ 68 ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫﻭ
ﺎﻫﻩﺮﻬﭼ .ﺪﺷﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ...ﻭﻚﻨﻴﻋ،ﻭﺭﻭﺩ،ﻮﺳﺮﺗ،ﺪﻴﻠﻛ،ﻢﻴﺴﻧ،ﻩﺭﺩ
ﻲﻔﻨﻣ،(ﺭﻭﺮﺴﻣ،ﻩﺩﺯﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ،ﻑﻮﻌﺸﻣﺮﻴﻈﻧ) ﺖﺒﺜﻣﻪﺘﺳﺩﻪﺳﻪﺑ
.ﺪﻧﺪﺷﻯﺪﻨﺑﻪﺘﺳﺩﻲﺜﻨﺧﻭ (ﺏﺮﻄﻀﻣ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ،ﻦﻴﮕﻤﺸﺧﺮﻴﻈﻧ)
ﺍﺮﺟﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭ
ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍﺎﻬﻴﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁﻪﺑﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺖﺴﻴﻟﺲﭙﺳﻭﻩﺮﻬﭼﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍﺭﺩ
ﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﻞﻛﻪﺑﻥﺩﺮﻛﻩﺎﮕﻧﻯﺍﺮﺑﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ 3 ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺕﺪﻣ .ﺪﺷ
ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻥﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧﻯﺍﺮﺑﻩﺪﺷﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩﻥﺎﻣﺯﺕﺪﻣ .ﺪﺷﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﻯﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍﺎﺗﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍﺯﺍ) ﺎــﻬﻴﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁﻥﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧﺖﻋﺮــﺳﺎﺑﺐــﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣﺰﻴﻧ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﻱﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺑ (ﻰﻠﺒﻗﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻪﺑﺖــﺸﮔﺯﺎﺑﻥﻭﺪﺑﺖــﺴﻴﻟ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗﻩﺮﻬﭼﺕﻻﺎﺣﺎﻳﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ
ﻥﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧﻪﺑﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁﺪــﻧﻭﺭﺯﺍﻉﻼﻃﺍﻥﻭﺪﺑﺎﻬﻴﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁﻭﺪــﺷﻰﻤﻧ
ﻥﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺯﺍﺲﭘ .ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘﻰﻣﺮــﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﻥﺪــﻳﺩﺎﻳﺕﺎــﻤﻠﻛ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﺮﻫﻪﻛﺪــﺷﻲﻣﻪﺘــﺳﺍﻮﺧﺎﻫﻰﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁﺯﺍ،ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻭﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺕﺪﻣ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻥﺎﻴﺑﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁﻲﻣﺩﺎــﻳﻪﺑﻪﻛﺍﺭﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗﺎﻳﻪــﻤﻠﻛ
ﻩﺮﻬﭼﺕﻻﺎﺣﻯﺍﺮﺑﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ 3 ﻭﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎــﻳﻯﺍﺮﺑﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ 5
ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍﺮﻳﺯﺭﺩﻩﺪﺷﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﺯﺍﻯﺍﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .ﺩﻮﺑﻩﺪــﺷﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﺵﻭﺭﺯﺍﺰﻴﻧﺎﻫﻩﺩﺍﺩﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣﻪﺑ .ﺩﻮــﺷﻰﻣ
.ﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧﺶﺨﺑﺭﺩﻪﻛﺖﺳﺍﻩﺪﺷﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ
ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻯﺎﻬﻳﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍﻭﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍﺶﺨﺑﻦــﻳﺍﺭﺩ
ﻭﺩﻮــﺷﻰﻣﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ (ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟ) ﻩﻭﺮﮔﻭﺩﺮﻫﻩﺮﻬﭼﻭﻪﻤﻠﻛ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔﻭﺩﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗﻰﺳﺭﺮﺑﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣﻪﺑﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧﺲﭙﺳ
.ﺩﻮﺷﻰﻣﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ،ﺖﺳﺍﻩﺪــﺷﻩﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎــﺸﻧﻝﻭﺪﺟﺭﺩﻪﻛﺭﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ
ﺯﺍﺮﺗﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘﻩﺮﻬﭼﻭﻪﻤﻠﻛﻪﺘــﺳﺩﻪﺳﺮﻫﺭﺩﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ
ﺭﺩﺖﺒﺜﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﻦــﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖــﺳﺍﻩﺩﻮﺑﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ
ﺭﺩﺎﻣﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍﻩﺩﻮﺑﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺮﮕﻳﺩﻪﺘﺳﺩﻭﺩﺯﺍﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﻩﻭﺮﮔﻭﺩﺮﻫ
ﻩﺮﻬﭼﺭﺩﺍﺭﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﻦﻳﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎﻧﺯ،ﻩﺮﻬﭼﺩﺭﻮﻣ
.ﺪﻧﺍﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩﻰﻔﻨﻣﻩﺮﻬﭼﺭﺩﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻥﺎﻧﺯﻭ،ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﺭﺩ (ﻰﻧﺍﻮﺟﻭﻯﺮــﻴﭘ) ﻩﻭﺮﮔﺮﺛﺍ،ﻝﻭﺪــﺟﻯﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎــﺑ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣﺖﺒﺜﻣﻩﺮﻬﭼﻭﻰﻔﻨﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ
ﻪﺑﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎﻧﺯﻪﻛﺖــﺷﺍﺩﻥﺎﻴﺑﻥﺍﻮﺗﻰﻣﺎﻫﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣﻝﻭﺪﺟﻪــﺑ
ﺖﺒﺜﻣﻯﺎﻫﻩﺮﻬﭼﻭﻰﻔﻨﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻯﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﻯﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣﺭﻮﻃ
.ﺪﻧﺍﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻪﺑﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻩﻭﺮﮔﺎﺑﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩﺍﺭ
ﻯﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻭ
ﺚﺤﺑ
ﺩﺎﻳﻪﺑﻰــﺜﻨﺧﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﺯﺍﺮــﺘﻬﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﻪــﻛﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋﻦــﻳﺍ
ﻦﻳﺍﻪﺑﻯﺩﺎﻳﺯﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩﻰﻘﻴﻤﻋﻪــﺸﻳﺭﺪﻧﺎﻣﻰﻣ
ﺮﻃﺎﺧﻪﺑﻰﻔﻨﻣﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﺯﺍﺮﺘﻬﺑﺖﺒﺜﻣﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﻪﻛﺪﻧﺍﻩﺩﺮﻛﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍﺮﻣﺍ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﻯﺎﻬﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘﺭﺩﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗﻦﻳﺍﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣﻪﺑ .[2] ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣﻰﻣ
ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧﺍﻪــﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻰــﺳﺭﺮﺑﻪﺑ ...ﻭﻪــﻤﻠﻛ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﺠﻨﺳﺯﺍ؛ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻰــﺳﺭﺮﺑﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣﻪﺑﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ،ﻯﺮﻴﺧﺎﺗﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎــﻳ،ﻚــﻴﻓﺍﺮﮔﻮﻴﺑﻮﺗﺍ ...ﻭﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻙﺮــﺤﻣﻰــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺯﺎﺑ،ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻙﺮﺤﻣﻪﺑﻪــﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛﺪﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎﺸﻧﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗﻦﻳﺍﻯﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ .ﺪﻧﺍﻩﺩﺮﻛﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺍﺭﺖﺒﺜﻣﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭﻰﻠﻛﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﺎﺑﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﻪﺑﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗﻰﻣﺮﺛﺍﻦــﻳﺍﻪﻛ [3ﻭ8] ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁﻰﻣﺮﻃﺎﺧﻪﺑﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ
.ﺪــﺷﺎﺑﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣﻥﺎﻣﺯﻖﻓﺍﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍﺯﺍﻰــﺷﺎﻧﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻑﺍﺪــﻫﺍﺭﺩ
ﺭﺩﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻪﻛﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ [7] ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜــﻤﻫﻭﻯﺪﻳﺮﮔﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﻩﻭﻼــﻋ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﺍﺭﻯﺍﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺮﺛﺍ،ﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻭﻰــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺯﺎﺑﻒﻴﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﺭﺩﺮﺛﺍﻦﻳﺍﻪﻛﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎﺸﻧﻰﻔﻨﻣﻯﺎﻫﻪﻨﺤﺻﻭﻪﻤﻠﻛ،ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺯﺍﺰﻴﻧﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮــﺷﻰﻤﻧﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣﻯﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳ ﻥﺎﻧﺯﺯﺍﻩﻭﺮﮔﻭﺩﻦﻴﺑﺭﺩﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺭﺎﺑﺎﺑﻩﺮﻬﭼﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﻭﺕﺎــﻤﻠﻛ ﻪﻛﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎﺸﻧﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﺷﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻭﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩﺍﺭﻯﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﺖﺒﺜﻣﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﻭﻰﻔﻨﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻥﺍﻮﺟﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧﺎﻫﻪﻤﻠﻛﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﻭ .ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁﻰﻣﺩﺎﻳﻪﺑﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻥﺎﻧﺯﺎﺑ
ﺎﻣﺍﺖﺳﺍ [7]ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫﻭﻯﺪﻳﺮﮔﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧﺎﺑﻥﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍ
ﻯﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﺎﺑﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣﺶــﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﻯﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﺎﻫﻩﺮﻬﭼﺩﺭﻮــﻣﺭﺩ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗﻪﻛﻰﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘﺭﺩ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑﻰﻣ [3ﻭ4ﻭ 8ﻭ9] ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻥﺎﻧﺯﻪﻛﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ،ﺖﻓﺮﮔﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ [1] ﻯﺮﻴﻣﺍﻭﻰﻳﺎﻴﺿ
ﺎﺑﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩﺍﺭﻰﻔﻨﻣﻩﺮﻬﭼﻭﺖﺒﺜﻣﻪﻤﻠﻛﻯﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﻯﺎﻫﺶﻘﻧﻪﺑﺍﺭﺮﺛﺍﻦﻳﺍﻥﺍﻮﺗﻰﻣ .ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁﻰﻣﺩﺎﻳﻪﺑﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧﺏﻮــﭼﺭﺎﻬﭼﺭﺩﻰﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍﻭﻰــﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋﻪﺑﻰﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓﺭﺩﻥﺎﻧﺯﻪﻛﺪﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑ .ﺖــﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻭﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧﻯﺎﻫﺶﻨﺗﺶــﻫﺎﻛﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣﻪﺑﺖﺒﺜﻣﻡﻼﻛﻪــﺑ،ﺭﺩﺎــﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎﺸﻧﺍﺭﻯﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﻰﻔﻨﻣﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺭﺎﺑﺎﺑﻯﺎﻫﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ؛ﺖﺳﺍﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺭﺩﺎﻫﺶﻘﻧﻦﻳﺍﻪﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻪﻛﺪﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑﻩﺪﺷﺡﺮﻄﻣﻪﻨﻴــﺸﻴﭘﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑﻦﻳﺍ ﻰﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓﺯﺍﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗﻰﺑ؛ﻦﺳﺶﻳﺰﻓﺍﺎﺑﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻪﻛﺪﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑﺮﮕﻳﺩﻑﺮﻃﺯﺍ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻯﺎﻫﺶﻘﻧﻭ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ ﻯﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ :1 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
ﺎﻬﺼﺧﺎﺷ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺩﺍﻮﻣﻱﺪﻨﺑﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﺖﺒﺜﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ 5/63 4/82 2/29 3/20 ﻰﻔﻨﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ 4/85 3/15 1/85 2/16 ﻰﺜﻨﺧﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ 2/41 1/75 1/61 1/35 ﺖﺒﺜﻣﻩﺮﻬﭼ 5/07 3/1 1/55 1/35 ﻲﻔﻨﻣﻩﺮﻬﭼ 4/85 4/07 1/89 1/84 ﻲﺜﻨﺧﻩﺮﻬﭼ 0/56 0/25 0/50 0/43
ﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻯﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ ﺭﺩ ( ﻰﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻭ ﻯﺮﻴﭘ ) ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ :2 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
ﻪﺑﻰﻔﻨﻣﻭﺖﺒﺜﻣﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﻭﻩﺮﻬﭼﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﺭﺩﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗﻭﺮﺛﺍﻦــﻳﺍ
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑﺲﻨﺟﻪﺑﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭﻰﻳﻻﺎﺑﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﻰﻳﺍﺮﭼﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩﻰﻳﺎﻫﺽﺮﻓﻥﺍﻮﺗﻰﻣﺰﻴﻧﻰﺳﺎﻨﺷﺐﻴﺳﺁﺮﻈﻨﻣﺯﺍ
ﻯﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧﺡﺮﻄﻣﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣﻡﺪﻋ
ﻯﺭﺎﻛﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ؛ﺖﺒﺜﻣﻖﻠﺧﻪﻛﺖــﺳﺍﻩﺩﺍﺩﻥﺎﺸﻧﻩﺪﺷﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﺍﺭ8ﺎــﻄﺧﻒــﺸﻛﻭﻰﻣﻼﻛﻰﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ،7ﻰــﻣﻼﻛ
ﻰﻔﻨﻣﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋﻪــﻛﺪﻫﺩﻰﻣﻥﺎــﺸﻧﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪــﻫﺩﻰﻣ
ﻭﻰﻣﻼﻛﻰﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻭﻰﻣﻼﻛﻯﺭﺎﻛﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻫﺎﻛﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﻯﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺭﺩﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻭﻰﻳﺎﻀﻓﻯﺭﺎﻛﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﻪﺘﻜﻧﻦﻳﺍﻪﺑﺕﺎــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻰﻠﻛﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑ .ﺩﻮــﺷﻰﻣﺹﺎﺧﻰــﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻭﺕﻭﺎﻀﻗ،ﺵﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓﻯﻭﺭﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻛﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ
ﻯﺮﺘﻤﻛﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻪﻛﺎﺠﻧﺁﺯﺍ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺮﺛﺍ
ﺮﻃﺎﺧﻪﺑﻥﺍﻮﺟﻩﻭﺮﮔﻪﺑﺖﺒــﺴﻧﺍﺭﺖﺒﺜﻣﺮﻳﻭﺎﺼﺗﺎﻳﻭﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛﺯﺍ
ﻰﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑﻰﺳﺎﻨﺷﻪﻧﺎــﺸﻧﺮﻈﻧﺯﺍﻩﻭﺮﮔﻦﻳﺍﻪﻛﺎﺠﻧﺁﺯﺍﻭ،ﺪﻧﺍﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﻪﺑﻰﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻥﺍﻮﺗﻰﻣﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ؛ﺪــﻧﺍﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧﺭﺍﺮﻗﻰــﺳﺭﺮﺑﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﺎﺑﻥﺁﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍﻭﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳﻩﻭﺮﮔﻖﻠﺧﻰﺳﺭﺮﺑﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓﺕﺭﻮﺻﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩﻪــﻛﺩﺍﺩﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﻩﺮﻬﭼﺎﻳﻭﻪــﻤﻠﻛ
.ﺪﺷﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧﺭﺎﻜﺷﺁﺶﻴﭘﺯﺍﺶﻴﺑﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘﻦﻳﺍﻚﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺗﺎﭘ
ﻢﻏﺮﻴﻠﻋﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻪﻛﺖﺷﺍﺩﻥﺎﻴﺑﻥﺍﻮﺗﻰﻣﺮﺧﺁﺭﺩ
ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟﻭﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗﺯﺍﻯﺍﺪﺟﻩﺪﺷﺡﺮﻄﻣﺕﺎﺷﺭﺍﺰﮔﺯﺍﻰﻀﻌﺑ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﻯﺎﻬﻴﺳﺭﺮﺑﻯﻮﺳﻪﺑﺖﺳﺍﻰﻫﺍﺭﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘﻦﻳﺍﻭﺪﺷﺎﺑﻰﻤﻧ
ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍﻦﺳﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫﻪﺑﻪﻛﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷﻭﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯﺭﺩ
ﺏﺍﺮﻄﺿﺍﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯﺭﺩﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑﻯﺎﻬﻴــﺳﺭﺮﺑﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺘﻓﺍﻰﻣ
ﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑﻭﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻯﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ،ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯﺭﺩﻪﻛﻰﮔﺩﺮــﺴﻓﺍﻭ
ﻪﺑﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺶﻘﻧﻰﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗﻭﻰﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭﻰــﺷﻮﺧﺮﺳﻰﻠﻛ
.ﺪﺳﺭﻰﻣﺮﻈﻧﻪﺑﻯﺭﻭﺮﺿﺮﺗﻰﻌﻄﻗﻯﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﻭﻥﺎﻧﺯﺭﺩﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫﻪــﻈﻓﺎﺣﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗﻲــﺳﺭﺮﺑ» .ﺵ،ﻱﺮﻴﻣﺍ،.ﻡ،ﻲــﻳﺎﻴﺿ -1
.ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ،ﻰﻣﻼﺳﺍﻥﺪﻤﺗﻭﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓﺭﺩﻥﺯﺶﻘﻧﺶﻳﺎﻤﻫ .«ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎــﺳﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ
1385
2- Arntz, A., Groot, C. D. and Kindt, M..
7 Verbal Working Memory 8 Error Detection
Emotional memory is perceptual. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2005; 36: 19-34.
3- Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L.. Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2003; 132: 310-324.
4- Carstensen, L. L. and Mikels, J. L.. At the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition; Aging and positivity effect. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 2005; 14: 117-121. 5- Carstensen, L. L., Mikele, J. A. and Mather, M.. Aging and intersection of cognition, motivation and emotion.Handbook of the psychology of aging, 2006; chapter 15, academic press.
6- Driscoll, I., Hamilton, D. A., Petropoulos, H., Yeo, R. A., Brooks, W. M., Baumgartner, R. N. and Sutherland, R. J.. The Aging Hippocampus: Cognitive, Biochemical and Structural Findings. Cerebral Cortex, 2003; 13: 1344-1351.
7- Grady, C. L., Hongwanishkul, D., Keightley, M., Lee, W. and Hasher, L.. The Effect of Age on Memory for Emotional Faces. Neuropsychology, 2007; 21: 371-80.
8- Kennedy, Q., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L.. The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 2004; 15: 208-214. 9- Knight, M. and Mather, M.. The Affective Neuroscience of Aging and its Implication for cognition, 2006; chapter 8.
11- Mather, M. and Carstensen, L.L.. Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in cognitive science, 2005; 9: 496-502
