The
Semantic
W
e
b
Michael
Zakhar
y
asche
v
Depar
tment
of
Computer
Science
and
Inf
or
mation
Systems
Birkbec
k,
Univ
er
sity
of
London
Room
161,
Main
Building
Tel.
020
7631
6716
em
ail:
homepage:
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael
SW
module
site:
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
About
the
module
Recommended
readings:
These
slides
are
a
v
aila
ble
at
the
module
site
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
–
P
ascal
Hitzler
,
Markus
Kr
¨otzsch
and
Sebastian
Rudolph
.
The
Foundations
of
Sem
antic
W
e
b
Technologies
.
Cha
pm
an
&
Hall,
2009.
ISBN
978-1420090505
–
To
m
Heath
and
Chr
istian
Bizer
.
Link
ed
Data.
Mor
g
a
n
&
Claypool
Publisher
s,
2011.
ISBN
978-1608454303
–
Gr
igor
is
Antoniou
and
Frank
v
a
n
Har
melen
.
A
Sem
antic
W
e
b
P
rimer
.
MIT
Press
,
2004.
ISBN
0-262-01210-3
W
e
b
resour
ces
such
as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web http://www.semanticweb.org/
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/0615-
SanJose-
tutorial-IH/Slides.pdf
See
module
site
fo
r
more
links
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Assessment
Cour
se
w
o
rk
to
be
issued
on
Fr
iday
,
2
9
N
o
v
ember
2013
submission
deadline:
Fr
iday
,
1
0
Januar
y
2014
late
submission
(
≤
50%
):
Fr
iday
,
2
4
Januar
y
2014
Examination
in
May
2014
Ex
er
cises
to
prepare
for
the
cour
se
w
o
rk
and
exam
will
be
av
aila
ble
at
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Regular
tutor
ials
and
lab
sessions
Final
mark
=
CW
(20%)
+
e
xam
(80%)
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Aims
of
the
module
1.
Under
stand
the
goals
of
the
Sem
antic
W
e
b
–
What
is
it
for?
–
What
is
there
n
o
w
?
–
Where
is
it
going?
2.
Under
stand
the
foundations
fo
r
the
Sem
antic
W
e
b
–
Languages ∗
HTML
and
XML
∗
RDF
and
its
relativ
es
∗
O
W
L
and
the
Pr
ot
´eg
´e/O
WL
tools
∗
Descr
iption
logic
basics
–
Link
ed
data
–
Ontology-based
data
access
–
Ontology
design
3.
Get
exper
ience
of
practical
ontology
building
(la
b
sessions)
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Ho
w
I
o
rg
anised
m
y
tr
ip
to
Ljubljana
w
as
in
vited
to
giv
e
a
talk
at
ESSLLI
2011
http://esslli2011.ijs.si/
Finding
a
p
roper
flight
http://www.expedia.co.uk/
no
direct
flights
ho
w
a
bout
this
one
http://www.opodo.co.uk/
don’
t
lik
e
easyJet
but
surely
Lufthansa
http://www.lufthansa.com/
no
direct
flights
so,
..
.easyJet
http://www.easyjet.com/
hate
easyJet!
Finding
a
hotel
http://www.booking.com/
too
m
a
n
good
and
quiet
http://www.hilton.co.uk/
no
Hilton
there
ESSLLI
suggestions
http://esslli2011.ijs.si/?page_id=13
I’m
tired
Renting
a
car
..
.
What
a
bout
the
w
eather
,
m
a
p
s,
food
&
restaur
ants
,
city
guides
..
.?
. . .
...
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Where
w
e
a
re
today:
the
‘
Syntactic
’W
e
b
@ @
@ @
@ @R
resour
ce
resour
ce
resour
ce
resour
ce
resour
ce
A A A AU
H H
H H
H H
Hj
*
@ @
@ @
@R
6
9
href
href
href
href
href
href
href
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
The
Syntactic
W
e
b
is
...
A
place
w
here
computer
s
do
the
presentation
(easy)
and
people
do
the
linking
and
inter
preting
(har
d)
A
h
yper
media,
a
digital
libr
ar
y
A
libr
ar
y
o
f
documents
(called
w
e
b
pages)
inter
connected
b
y
a
h
yper
media
of
links
A
data
base,
an
a
pplication
platf
or
m
A
common
por
tal
to
a
pplications
accessible
thr
ough
w
e
b
pages
,
and
presenting
their
results
as
w
e
b
pages
A
platf
or
m
for
m
ultimedia
BBC
Radio
4
a
n
y
w
here
in
the
w
o
rld!
A
naming
scheme
Unique
identity
fo
r
those
documents
Wh
y
not
get
computer
s
to
d
o
more
o
f
the
har
d
w
ork?
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Har
d
w
ork
using
the
Syntactic
W
eb...
‘And
y
o
u
kno
w
sometimes
w
o
rd
s
hav
e
tw
o
meanings
.’
(Led
Zeppelin)
In
fact,
more...
Find
im
ages
of
–
Ber
ner
s-Lee
–
Zakhar
y
asche
v
(m
y
son
:-)
–
Mikul
´as
has
launched
a
n
e
w
,
more
‘intelligent,
’
sear
ch
algor
ithm
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Impossible
(?)
using
the
Syntactic
W
eb...
Complex
quer
ies
in
v
olving
bac
kgr
ound
kno
wledge
Find
inf
or
m
ation
a
bout
“anim
als
that
use
sonar
but
are
neither
bats
nor
dolphins”
(e.g.,
Bar
n
Owl)
Find
that
landm
ar
k
a
rticle
on
data
integr
ation
wr
itten
b
y
an
Indian
resear
cher
in
the
1990s
Locating
inf
or
m
ation
in
data
repositor
ies
Tr
av
el
enquir
ies
Pr
ices
of
goods
and
ser
vices
Results
of
hum
an
genome
exper
iments
Finding
and
using
“
w
e
b
ser
vices
”
Visualise
surf
ace
inter
actions
betw
een
tw
o
p
roteins
Deleg
ating
complex
tasks
to
w
e
b
“
agents
”
Book
me
a
holiday
next
w
eek
end
some
w
here
w
ar
m,
not
too
fa
r
aw
ay
,
and
w
here
the
y
speak
French
or
English
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
What
is
the
pr
oblem?
Consider
a
typical
w
e
b
page:
–
Mar
kup
consists
of:
–
render
ing
inf
or
m
ation
(e.g.,
font
size
and colour)
–
h
yper
-links
to
related
content
–
Sem
antic
content
is
accessible
to
hum
ans
but
not
(easily)
to
computer
...
On
the
Syntactic
W
eb,
hum
ans
are
implicitly
tak
en
into
account
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
What
inf
or
mation
can
a
machine
see...
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antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
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what
a
bout...
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Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Still
the
machine
only
sees
...
<
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antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Something
is
missing
Can
w
e
answ
er
the
quer
ies:
–
Where
does
he
w
o
rk
?
–
Did
he
publish
a
book?
–
What
is
his
resear
ch
area?
–
What
is
his
position?
–
...
The
W
e
b
page
contains
enough
inf
or
mation
to
answ
er
these
quer
ies
–
but
this
inf
or
m
ation
is
implicit
–
w
e
under
stand
it
because
w
e
‘kno
w’
the
conte
xt
–
w
hile
m
achines
cannot
m
a
ke
sense
of
it
Can
w
e
m
a
ke
it
e
xplicit
and
machine
readable
?
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
What’
s
missing?
wo rk s
in
published by
–
some
e
xtra
inf
or
mation
m
ust
be
added
to
links
and
data
–
this
inf
or
m
ation
links
data
to
other
data
and
giv
es
meaning
to
(char
acter
ises)
links
&
data
–
this
inf
or
m
ation
m
ust
be
machine
readable
–
this
should
be
done
in
a
standar
d
w
ay
W
e
b
o
f
Data
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Example:
data
integration
d
ataset
A
(relational
data
base)
ID
A
uthor
Title
Publisher
Y
ear
ISBN-0-00-651409-X
id
xyz
The
Glass
P
alace
id
qpr
2000
ID
Name
Home
P
age
id
xyz
Ghosh,
Amitav
http://www.amitavghosh.com
ID
Publisher
City
id
qpr
Har
per
Collins
London
d
ataset
F
(Excel
sheet)
A
B
C
D
1
ID
Titre
Traducteur
Or
ig
inal
2
ISBN0-20203886682
Le
P
alais
des
mir
oir
s
A13
ISBN-0-00-651409-X
6
ID
A
uteur
7
ISBN-0-00-651409-X
A12
11
Nom
12
Ghosh,
Amitav
13
Besse,
Chr
istianne
Quer
y:
w
hat
is
the
title
of
the
or
iginal? (no
answ
er)
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Merge
in
an
abstract
data
model
(tw
o
identical
URIs
mer
ged)
Glass
P
alace
2000
London
Har
per
Collins
http://.../isbn/000651409X
Ghosh,
Amitav
www.amitavghosh.com
a:city a:p
name
a:title
a:y ear
a:publisher
a:author
a:name a:homepage
http://.../isbn/2020386682
Le
P
alais
des
mir
oir
s
Besse,
Chr
istianne
Ghosh,
Amitav
f:original
f:tr aducteur
f:titre
f:nom
f:auteur
f:nom
Quer
y:
giv
e
m
e
the
title
of
the
or
iginal
(Glass
P
alace)
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Add
more
inf
or
mation
data
representation
on
pre
vious
page
can
be
constr
ucted
b
y
the
machine
but
the
m
achine
doesn’
t
kno
w
that
a:author
and
f:auteur
should
be
the
same
e
can
add
some
extr
a
inf
or
m
ation
to
the
mer
ged
data:
a:author
is
the
same
as
f:auteur
both
ref
e
r
to
a
‘P
e
rson’
the
ter
m
‘P
e
rson’
m
a
y
already
be
defined
b
y
the
W
e
b
comm
unity
an
yw
ay
,
w
e
m
ay
state
that
–
a
P
er
son
is
uniquely
identified
b
y
the
name
and
homepage
–
can
be
used
as
a
categor
y
for
cer
tain
type
of
resour
ces
will
pr
o
vide
answ
er
s
to
more
quer
ies
,
e.g.,
Quer
y:
giv
e
m
e
the
home
page
of
the
or
iginal’
s
auteur
The
dataset
can
be
fur
ther
combined
with
other
sour
ces
such
as
W
ikipedia
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Extending
merged
data
Glass
P
alace
2000
London
Har
per
Collins
http://.../isbn/000651409X
Ghosh,
Amitav
www.amitavghosh.com
a:city a:p
name
a:title
a:y ear
a:publisher a:author ,f:auteur
a:name a:homepage
http://.../isbn/2020386682
Le
P
alais
des
mir
oir
s
Besse,
Chr
istianne
foaf:P
er
son
f:original
f:tr aducteur
f:titre
f:nom
r:type
r:type
Quer
y:
giv
e
m
e
the
home
page
of
the
or
iginal’
s
auteur
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
What
did
w
e
do?
1.
W
e
combined
dif
fe
rent
datasets
that
–
are
some
w
here
o
n
the
W
e
b
–
are
o
f
dif
fe
rent
fo
rm
ats
(Mysql,
Excel,
HTML,
etc.)
–
hav
e
dif
fe
rent
names
fo
r
relations
2.
W
e
could
combine
the
data
because
some
URIs
w
e
re
identical
3.
W
e
could
add
some
simple
extr
a
inf
or
m
ation
(the
‘glue’),
possibly
using
common
ter
minologies
pr
oduced
b
y
the
comm
unity
As
a
result,
ne
w
relations
could
be
found
and
retr
ie
v
e
can
become
e
v
e
n
more
p
o
w
erful
if
w
e
add
extr
a
kno
wledge
such
as:
–
a
full
classification
of
v
a
rious
types
of
libr
ar
y
data
–
geogr
a
phical
inf
or
m
ation
–
etc.
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
What
is
the
Semantic
W
eb?
The
Sem
antic
W
e
b
can
be
thought
of
as
a
collection
of
standar
d
technologies
to
realise
a
W
eb
of
Data
The
example
a
b
o
v
e
sho
ws
that
w
e
need:
1.
fo
rm
al,
m
achine
under
standa
ble
languages
to
descr
ibe
(quer
y,
etc.)
the
data
and
their
connections
2.
fo
rm
al
‘r
ules’
that
allo
w
the
m
achines
to
extr
act
inf
or
m
ation
fr
om
the
data
(classify
,
quer
y,
etc.)
3.
corresponding
technologies
and
ef
ficient
tools
And
a
par
t
fr
o
m
that,
somebody
has
to
create
4.
‘
ontolog
ies
’
in
those
languages
that
descr
ibe
v
a
rious
types
of
data
In
this
module,
w
e
consider
some
fundamental
aspects
of
these
pr
oblems
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
What
is
Semantics?
Semantics
(Greek
sem
antikos
,
giving
signs
,
significant,
symptom
atic,
fr
om
sem
a,
sign)
ref
e
rs
to
the
aspects
of
meaning
that
are
expressed
in
a
language,
code,
or
other
fo
rm
of
representation.
In
other
w
o
rd
s,
sem
antics
ref
e
rs
to
the
meanings
assigned
to
symbols
and
sets
of
symbols
in
a
language.
Is
it
har
d
to
explain
the
meaning
of
,
say
,
‘a
pint
of
ale’
–
to
a
hum
an?
–
to
a
computer?
No
w
let’
s
chec
k
a
t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Ontology:
or
ig
ins
and
histor
y
Ontology
in
Philosoph
y
oν
τ
oλoγ
iα
a
philosophical
disciplin
e—ab
ranch
of
phi-losoph
y
that
deals
with
the
nature
and
the
or
g
anisation
of
reality
Science
of
Being
(Ar
istotle,
Meta
ph
ysics
,
IV
,
1)
Tr
ies
to
answ
er
the
questions:
–
What
char
acter
ises
being?
–
Ev
entually
,
w
hat
is
being?
Ho
w
should
things
be
classified?
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
Ontology
in
Philosoph
y
In
philosoph
y,
ontology
is
the
study
of
being
or
existence.
It
aims
to
find
out
w
hat
entities
and
types
of
entities
exist:
–
What
exists?
–
Is
existence
a
p
roper
ty?
–
What
is
an
object?
–
Do
non-ph
ysical
(a
bstr
act)
objects
exist?
–
Ho
w
things
should
be
classified?
Ar
istotle’
s
ontology:
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Ontology
in
Computer
Science
An
ontology
is
an
eng
ineer
ing
ar
tif
act
:
–
It
is
constituted
b
y
a
specific
v
ocabular
y
used
to
descr
ibe
a
cer
tain
reality
,
plus
–
a
set
of
e
xplicit
assumptions
reg
a
rding
the
intended
meaning
of
the
v
oca
bular
y.
(Almost
alw
ays
including
ho
w
concepts
should
be
classified.)
Thus
,
a
n
ontology
descr
ibes
a
fo
rmal
specification
of
a
cer
tain
dom
ain:
–
Shared
under
standing
of
a
dom
ain
of
interest
–
For
m
a
land
m
achine
m
anipula
ble
model
of
a
dom
ain
of
interest
“A
n
explicit
specification
of
a
conceptualization”
[
To
m
G
ruber
1993
]
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
Where
else
are
ontolog
ies
used?
Bioinf
or
m
atics
–
The
Gene
Ontology
,
The
Pr
otein
Ontology
MGED
,
etc.
Medicine –
The
System
atized
Nomenclature
o
f
Medicine
Clinical
Te
rm
s
(SNOMED
CT)
On-tology:
a
Core
ter
minology
of
o
v
er
364,000
health
care
concepts;
more
than
984,000
descr
iptions;
≈
1.45
million
sem
antic
relationships
.
P
e
ricar
dium
is-a
Tissue
and
containedIn
.
Hear
t
P
e
ricar
ditis
is-a
Inflamm
ation
and
hasLocation
.
P
e
ricar
dium
Inflamm
ation
is-a
Disease
and
actsOn
.
Tissue
Disease
and
hasLocation
.
containedIn
.
Hear
t
is-a
Hear
tDisease
and
NeedsT
reatment
Linguistics Data
base
integr
ation
User
interf
ace
design
Fr
actal
Indexing
... antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
So
wh
y
is
it
har
d?
–
Ontology
languages
are
tr
ic
ky
“All
tr
acta
ble
languages
are
useless;
all
useful
languages
are
intr
acta
ble”
–
Ontolog
ies
are
tr
ic
ky
–
P
eople
do
it
too
easily;
–
P
eople
are
not
logicians
Intuitions
har
d
to
for
m
alise
–
The
e
vidence:
The
pr
oblem
has
been
a
bout
fo
r
3000
y
ear
s
But
no
w
it
m
atter
s!
The
Sem
antic
W
e
b
means
kno
wledge
representation
m
atter
s
–
The
goal
of
this
module
Mak
e
it
easier
Sem
antic
W
e
b
2013–14
(1)
http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/
~
michael/sw/sw.html
