Mr. Carlos
Biology B
9
thGrade
Study Guide for FINAL Exam – Cumulative
Please make sure you read Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, and 28 - 34 in your textbook. All class notes and worksheets may be included in the final exam. All diagrams and pictures during class lectures may also be included in the final exam. The following information will be included in exam.
PLEASE STUDY HARD! ! !
Units Included and any root words (Greek or Latin origin)
Chapter 5 – Cell Growth and Division (Mitosis) (starting on page 134) Chapter 6 – Meiosis and Mendel (starting on page 168)
Chapter 7 – Extending Mendelian Genetics (staring on page 200) Chapter 8 – From DNA to Proteins (starting on page 226)
Chapter 10 – Principles of Evolution (starting on page 298) Chapter 11 – The Evolution of Populations (starting on page 328) Chapter 12 – The History of Life (starting on page 360)
Chapter 13 – Principles of Ecology (starting on page 394) Chapter 15 – The Biosphere (starting on page 456)
Chapter 17 – The Tree Life (starting on page 518) – Did Not Cover, Not included Chapter 28 – 34 – Human Biology (starting on pages 850 – 1022) - Not included
Vocabulary to know:
Cell cycle, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromosome, chromatin, histones, centromere, telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telomere, apoptosis, cancer, benign, malignant,
metastasize, binary fission, asexual, sexual, tissues, organs, organ systems
Chapter 5 – Cell Growth and Division
Make sure you review your exam 9. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Know the phases of mitosis and the process of each. Know the order.
3. Be able to explain the cell cycle and draw the diagram.
4. Understand the regulation of the cell cycle.
5. Discuss the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis. Be able to compare and contrast both division processes.
6. What is cancer and the causes? Explain the different types of forms of cancer and how they spread.
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Final Exam Schedule
Fri – Periods 1, 4, 7 Mon – Periods 2, 5, 7 Tues – Periods 3, 6, 7
Exam Format: All previous exam questions
50% multiple choice
Vocabulary to know:
Somatic, gamete, homologous, diploid, haploid, meiosis, fertilization, sperm, egg, traits, heterozygous, homozygous, offspring, genotype, phenotype, recessive, dominant, law of segregation, allele, law of independent assortment, probability,
Chapter 6 – Meiosis and Mendel
Make sure you review your exam 9. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid? Be able to label the parts.
3. Be prepare to talk about Mendel’s work with respect to genetics.
4. Know the phases of meiosis and the process of each. Know the order.
5. Know how to do Punnett squares (monohybrid and dihybrid crosses).
6. Be prepare to explain Mendel’s laws.
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Vocabulary to know:
Incomplete dominance, codominance, linkage, pedigree
Chapter 7 – Extending Mendelian Genetics
Make sure you review your exam 9 & 10. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Be able solve a punnett square for incomplete dominance.
3. Understand a pedigree chart and trace the information to show the linkages between parents and offspring.
4. Understand blood typing and codominance.
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Vocabulary to know:
Bacteriophage, nucleotide, double helix, base pairing, replication, DNA polymerase, RNA, transcription, translation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, codon, anticodon, translation, mutations, mutagens, replication
Chapter 8 – From DNA to Proteins
Make sure you review your exam 10 and 11. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
2. Identify the DNA experiments conducted by various scientists. Be able to explain the purpose of each experiment and the results.
3. Who where the key players (scientist) to the discovery of DNA? Know the history.
4. Know how to match the base pairing in a DNA sequence.
5. What is a nucleotide? Which scientist informed the world.
6. Understand the DNA Replication (page 235).
7. Know which enzymes are important in DNA replication.
8. Transcription vs Translation (know the differences and location of the process)
9. Understand the central dogma and diagram.
10. Be able to read the mRNA strand and translate the amino acid from it.
11. Know how to use a genetic code chart for amino acids.
12. Know the different types of mutations, causes, and examples.
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Vocabulary to know:
Evolution, species, fossil, uniformitarianism, gradualism, variation, adaptation, natural selection, population, homologous structure, vestigial structures, biogeography,
embryology, fossil record, comparative anatomy, strata layers, paleontology
Chapter 10 – Principles of Evolution
Make sure you review your exam 11 and 12. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Be able to explain the key concepts in evolution.
3. Know the evidence used to support evolution. Give examples. (page 310)
4. Who where the key players (scientist) in evolution? Know the history.
5. What is an adaptation and the meaning?
6. Explain how variations occur in populations.
7. Be able to explain Darwin’s mechanism (theory) - natural selection.
8. What did Darwin learn while in the Galapagos Islands? Explain his work.
9. Be able to explain vestigial structures and the meaning.
Vocabulary to know:
Gene pool, genetic drift, microevolution, macroevolution, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, gene flow, founder effect, bottleneck effect, genetic drift, sexual selection, speciation, reproductive isolation, extinction, coevolution, convergent evolution, divergent evolution
Chapter 11 – The Evolution of Populations
Make sure you review your exam 11 and 12. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Understand genetic variation through mutations and recombination.
3. Understand the three types of natural selection and diagrams.
4. Be able to explain the types of genetic drifts in microevolution.
5. Explain what is gene flow and how it occurs.
6. How does sexual selection occur among populations?
7. What are the factors that lead to evolution (page 343)?
8. Understand what are some reproductive hurdles between different species (prezygotic and postzygotic barriers)
9. Be able to explain speciation, extinction, divergent evolution, and convergent evolution (pages 347 – 351)
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Vocabulary to know:
Fossil record, era, period, geologic time scale, cyanobacteria, endosymbiosis, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic,
Chapter 12 – The History of Life
Make sure you review your exam 11, 12, 13. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Understand the geologic time scale. Be able to answer questions based on the scale.
3. Know how life started on earth and its history.
4. What happened to dinosaurs?
5. Know the Pangaea event, cause, and effects of it.
Vocabulary to know: (THIS IS RECENT MATERIAL)
Ecology, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere, Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Producer, Consumer, Detritivore, Decomposers, Autotroph, Heterotroph, Biotic, Abiotic, Biodiversity, Chemosynthesis, Species, Food Web, Organism, Population
Chapter 13 – Principles of Ecology
Make sure you review your exam 12 and 13. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. What is ecology? Know the levels of organization. Be able to define each level of organization. (pg. 396 – 397)
3. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? (pg. 402)
4. Be able to discuss how energy flows through an ecological setting. (page 406)
5. Explain how energy is exchanged between producers and consumers. What are trophic levels? Be able to draw a diagram showing trophic levels. (pg. 409)
6. Be able to explain a food chain model. What are some types of consumers? Be able to draw a model of a food chain. (pg. 408)
7. What is chemosynthesis? How do these animals survive? Where do they live and why? (pg. 407)
8. What is a food web? Draw an example of a food web. Show an example with producers and consumers. (pg. 411)
9. Be able to explain the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nutrient cycles. (pages 412 – 416)
10. Be able to explain an ecological pyramid and draw it. (pages 417 – 419)
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Vocabulary to know: (THIS IS NEW MATERIAL)
Intertidal zone, plankton, kelp forest, abyssal zone, pelagic zone,
Chapter 15 – The Biosphere
This is new material being covered in class. Be sure to read and study notes. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Understand the ocean floors and zones. (pages 468 – 470)
Vocabulary to know:
taxonomy, genus, binomial nomenclature, Phylogeny, Archaea,
Chapter 17 – The Tree of Life
Make sure you review your exam 12 and 13. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above).
2. Understand Carl Linnaeus work on classification.
3. Know the eight level system. Give the Homo sapien levels.
4. Be able to interpret a family tree (cladogram)
5. What is classification? Explain.
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Vocabulary to know: There are many more words to know in each system (READ)
Tissues, organs, organ systems, homeostasis, nervous system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, skeletal system, respiratory system, endocrine system, CNS, PNS, neuron, dendrite, axon, synapse, neurotransmitter, rod & cone Cells, cerebrum,
Chapter 28 - 34 – Human Biology (Body Systems)
Make sure you review your exam 11. Any of those questions may be added to the final exam.
1. Be able to define terms (vocabulary above and much more).
2. Understand the processes, activities, and functions of each body system.
3. Identify the major parts (organs) in each system.
4. Understand and explain the pathways that each system has to maintain homeostasis conditions.
5. Be able to explain the communication pathways the body uses to function normal.
6. Be able to connect all the systems together to maintain homeostasis conditions.
Lastly, any lab questions may also be included in the final exam. Make sure you look over them.
HINT: Create index cards as a study guide. Form study groups and test each other. Go over exam questions. Start NOW. Let your mind absorb the information gradually.