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© 2018 IJSRSET | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099 Themed Section : Engineering and Technology

ikr¥~ty;ksx % ,d leh{kk

jkekuUn ¼'kks/kPNk=½

laLd`r rFkk izkd`r Hkk"kk&foHkkx

y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ

Email-ramanandlu@gmail.com

Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa ;ksx&lk/kuk dk vR;f/kd egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa pkokZd n'kZu ds vfrfjDr lHkh nk'kZfud lEiznk; vkRelk{kkRdkj ;k bZ'ojykHk ;k eks{k dh izkfIr ds fy, ;ksx&lk/kuk dh vko';drk dks fufoZokn :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSaA ;|fi Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa ;ksx&lk/kuk dk bfrgkl vR;Ur izkphu gS] mifu"kn~] egkHkkjr] Hkxon~xhrk] tSu vkSj ckS) erksa esa ;ksx lEcU/kh fØ;kvksa dk foospu izkIr gksrk gS rFkkfi loZizFke egf"kZ ir¥~tfy us gh lqlEc) nk'kZfud fl)kUr ds :i esa ;ksx dk foospu fd;kA blhfy, bls ^ikr¥~ty;ksx* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA mUgksaus ml vLi"V ijEijk dks] tks thou rFkk vuqHko ds ncko ls fodflr gqbZ] ,d fo/kku dk :i fn;kA blesa riL;k rFkk xgu fpUru fo"k;d mu fopkjksa dk fupksM+ ik;k tkrk gS tks ml le; vLi"V vkSj vfuf'pr :i ls fo|eku FksA

Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa ^;ksx* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fofHkUu vFkksZa esa gqvk gSA lkekU;r;k ;ksx 'kCn √;qt~

/kkrq esa ?k¥~ izR;; ds ;ksx ls fu"iUu gksrk gSA ikf.kuh; O;kdj.k esa √;qt~ /kkrq lekf/k] ;ksx ,oa la;eu

bu rhu vFkksZa esa O;oâr gksrh gSA ikr¥~ty;ksx esa ;ksx 'kCn √;qt~&lek/kkS /kkrq ls ?k¥~ izR;; yxkdj

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fl)kUr dk izfriknu djuk ugha gS] cfYd ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd fdl izdkj fpÙk dh o`fÙk;ksa ds fujks/k }kjk dSoY; izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

egf"kZ ir¥~tfy dk ;ksxlw= gh bl n'kZu dk vk/kkjHkwr xzUFk gSA mUgksaus blesa loZizFke ;ksx dk O;ofLFkr <ax ls nk'kZfud izfriknu fd;kA ;ksxlw= pkj iknksa ¼v/;k;ksa½ esa foHkDr gSA ;s pkj ikn gSa&lekf/kikn] lk/kuikn] foHkwfrikn vkSj dSoY;iknA lekf/kikn esa ;ksx ds Lo:i] mn~ns';] y{k.k vkSj mlds lk/ku dk foospu gSA lk/kuikn esa deZ] Dys'k] deZQy dk foospu gSA foHkwfrikn esa ;ksx ds v³~xksa ,oa ;ksxkH;kl ls izkIr gksus okyh flf);ksa dk foospu izkIr gksrk gSA dSoY;ikn esa dSoY; ds Lo:i dk foospu gSA ir¥~tfy ds ;ksxlw= ij O;kld`r Hkk"; lokZf/kd izkekf.kd xzUFk ekuk tkrk gSA bls ^O;klHkk";* ;k ;ksxHkk"; Hkh dgrs gSaA O;kl ds ;ksxHkk"; ij okpLifr feJ dk Hkk"; ^rÙooS'kkjnh* bl n'kZu dh tkudkjh ds fy, ,d vU; izkekf.kd xzUFk gSA blds vfrfjDr foKkufHk{kq ds ^;ksxokfrZd* vkSj ^;ksxlkjlaxzg* ;ksx n'kZu ds vU; mi;ksxh xzUFk gSaA Hkkstd`r ^jktekrZ.M* Hkh bldk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk gSA blds vfrfjDr jkekuUn dh ^ef.kizHkk*] lnkf'kosUnz ljLorh dk ^;ksxlq/kkdj* rFkk jk?kokuUn ljLorh dk ^ikr¥~tyjgL;* vkfn Vhdk,¡ Hkh izfl) gSaA vksekuUnrhFkZ us ^ikr¥~ty;ksx&iznhi* uked ,d ljy vkSj lqcks/k xzUFk fy[kdj ir¥~tfy ds ;ksx dk lkekU; ifjp; fgUnh ds ikBdksa dks fn;k gSA

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ds ;ksX; gksrk gS vU;Fkk xfr djus ds Hkh v;ksX; gSA8 fdlh eU= ds ti ds }kjk ijey{; dh izkfIr djus dks ti;ksx dgrs gSaA ;ksxlw=ksa esa Hkh egf"kZ ir¥~tfy us eU= flf)ekuh gS9 rFkk dgk gS fd b"V eU= ds ti ls b"Vnso dh izkfIr gksrh gSA10 ;ksxn'kZu esa iz.ko dks bZ'oj dk okpd ekuk x;k gS11 vkSj mlds vFkZ dh Hkkouk djrs gq, mldk ti djus ls flf) gksrh gS ,slk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA12 y;;ksx fpÙk dk fujks/k gSA ftl fdlh mik; ls fpÙk dk fujks/k gks vkSj rRi'pkr~ ijekRek dk /;ku gks og lc y;;ksx ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA yksde;kZnk dks NksM+dj b"Vnso ds izfr gkfnZd iw.kZ leiZ.k gh izse;ksx gSA ;g Hkkouk iz/kku ;ksx gSA ehjkckbZ] pSrU; egkizHkq] lwjnkl vkfn blh lk/kuk ls gh vkxs c<+s FksA egk;ksx ds izorZd egf"kZ je.k ekus tkrs gSaA blesa fufn/;klu gh eq[; lk/ku gSA blesa vius okLrfod Lo:i ij fufn/;klu djuk gksrk gSA dq.Mfyuh&;ksx esa dq.Mfyuh 'kfDr gh y{; izkfIr djkus dk eq[; lk/ku gSA blesa dq.Mfyuh 'kfDr dks tkx`r fd;k tkrk gSA

egf"kZ ir¥~tfy ds vuqlkj ;ksx fpÙko`fÙk;ksa dk fujks/k gS&^;ksxf'pÙko`fÙkfujks/k%*A13 lkekU;r% fpÙk 'kCn ls cqf) dk cks/k gksrk gS tks izd`fr dk izFke fodkj gSA okpLifr feJ us fpÙk 'kCn dk vFkZ vUr%dj.k fd;k gSA vUr%dj.k ds vUrxZr eu] cqf) vkSj vgadkj ;s rhuksa lekfo"V gSaA ;|fi fpÙk dks f=xq.kkRed ekuk x;k gS fQj Hkh mlesa lÙo xq.k dh iz/kkurk gSA lÙo xq.k dh iz/kkurk gksus ds dkj.k fpÙk LoPN niZ.k ds leku iq#"k ds izfrfcEc dks xzg.k djrk gS ftlls mlesa pSrU; dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA fpÙko`fÙk dk rkRi;Z gS fpÙk dk fo"k;kdkj gksuk tc fpÙk bfUnz;kFkZ lfUud"kZ }kjk fo"k;ksa ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS rc og fo"k;kdkj gks tkrk gSA ;ksx'kkL= ds Hkk";dkj egf"kZ O;kl us fpÙk dh ikap voLFkkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS ftUgsa fpÙkHkwfe dgrs gSaA bu ikap Hkwfe;ksa esa orZeku lk/kkj.k /keZ gh fpÙk dh LokHkkfod voLFkk gSA ftl le; tho dh fpÙko`fÙk;k¡ iw.kZ :i ls fu:) gks tkrh gSaA ml le; mldk fpÙk vius LokHkkfod voLFkk vFkok ;ksx dh voLFkk esa fLFkr gks tkrk gSA f{kIr] ew<+] fof{kIr] ,dkxz vkSj fu:) ;s fpÙk dh ik¡p Hkwfe;k¡ gSA fpÙk dh bu ik¡p Hkwfe;ksa esa ls izFke rhu esa ;|fi dHkh&dHkh o`fÙk dk fujks/k n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS fdUrq os ;ksx lk/ku ds fy;s mi;qDr ugha ekuk x;k gSA ,dkxz ,oa fu:) ;s nks Hkwfe;k¡ gh okLro esa ;ksx dh lEizkfIr ds fy;s mi;qDr gSA ,dkxz Hkwfe dh izkfIr gksus ij lk/kd ijekFkZ fo"k; dh vksj izo`Ùk gksrk gS rFkk mlds vfo|k] dke] dekZfn Dys'k cU/kuksa dk VwVuk vkjEHk gks tkrk gS fu:) voLFkk dh izkfIr gksus ij lk/kd lekf/k esa fLFkj gksdj iw.kZ fujks/k dks izkIr djrk gSA tks dSoY; dh fudVre lh<+h gSA

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dks izkIr djrk gSA15 foi;Z;] fo"k;ksa ds lEcU/k esa feF;k Kku gS tSls jTtq&liZ Kku] foi;Z; izek.k o`fÙk ds }kjk ckf/kr gksrk gSA fodYi 'kCn Kku ls mRiUu gksus okyh o`fÙk gSA blls ,sls fo"k; dk Kku gksrk gS ftldk bl lalkj esa vHkko gksrk gSA tSls&cU/;k&iq=A O;kl Hkk"; esa ^pSrU;a iq:"kL; Lo:i* ;g mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ pSrU; vkSj iq#"k esa vHksn gksus ij Hkh pSrU; dks iq#"k ls fHkUu le>uk fodYi gSA lq"kqIrkoLFkk dh o`fÙk;ksa dks funzk dgrs gSaA Le`fr laLdkj tU; Kku gSaA

vc iz'u gksrk gS fd fdl dkj.k euq"; dk fpÙk v'kq) gksdj lalkj ds fo"k; ds izfr izsfjr gksrk gSA ;ksxn'kZu ds vuqlkj tc fo"k;kdkj fpÙk dk iq#"k dk izdk'k iM+rk gS rc og mlls viuk rknkRE; LFkkfir dj ysrk gS vkSj tUe ej.k ds pØ ls xqtjrs gq, vusd vfo|k] vfLerk] jkx] }s"k ,oa vfHkuos'k ;s ikap Dys'k ekus x;s gSaA vfo|k ls jkx vkfn dh mRifÙk gksrh gS vkSj jkxkfn ls vfo|k dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA bl izdkj ;s ikjLifjd lg;ksx ls tho ds deZ foikd dks mRiUu djrs gSa

ikr¥~ty;ksx n'kZu esa fpÙk dh ifj'kqf) ds fy;s vkB lk/kuksa ;e] fu;e] vklu] izk.kk;ke] izR;kgkj] /kkj.kk] /;ku vkSj lekf/k dk tks foospu fd;k x;k gS mUgsa v"Vk³~x;ksx dgk tkrk gSA fpÙko`fÙk;ksa ds fujks/k ds fy, lk/kuk i)fr esa vkB lksiku gSaA blesa ;e] fu;e] vklku] izk.kk;ke vkSj izR;kgkj ls ikap cfgj³~x lk/ku gSa vkSj /kkj.kk] /;ku vkSj lekf/k vUrj³~x lk/ku gSA vfgalk] lR;] vLrs;] czãp;Z vkSj vifjxzg ls ikap ;e gSa&^vfgalklR;kLrs;czãp;kZifjxzgk% ;ek%*A16 'kkSp] lUrks"k] ri] Lok/;k; vkSj bZ'ojizf.k/kku fu;e gSa&^'kkSplUrks"kri% Lok/;k;s'ojizf.k/kkukfu fu;ek%A17 ;e vkSj fu;e dks ;ksx n'kZu dk nl egkns'k dgk tk ldrk gSA budh izo`fÙk lkekU;r% oSjkx dh vksj gSA ;e vkSj fu;e dk vkpj.k ;ksxkH;kl ds fy, vko';d gSA

vklu dk vFkZ gS 'kjhj dks ,slh fLFkfr esa j[kuk ftlls og fu'py gksdj nsj rd lq[kiwoZd jg ldsA /;ku ds fy, ogh vklu mÙke gS ftlls 'kjhj dk lq[k vkSj fpÙk dh fLFkjrk cuh jgs&^fLFkjlq[keklue~*A18 in~eklu] ohjklu] Hknzklu] LofLrdklu] n.Mklu] lksikJ;] i¸;Z³~dklu] ØkSPpfu"knu] gfLrfu"knu] m"Vªfu"knu vkSj lelaLFkku vkfn izeq[k vklu gSaA

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bfUnz;ksa dks ckg~; fo"k;ksa ls gVkuk ^izR;kgkj* dgykrk gSA ;g bfUnz;ksa dk la;e gSA bfUnz;k¡ LoHkko ls gh cfgeZq[kh gksrh gSA mudh cfgeqZ[kh o`fÙk dks vUreqZ[kh cukuk izR;kgkj gSA bfUnz;ksa dks fpÙkkdkjkuqdkjh cukuk gh mudk vUreqZ[kh dkj.k gSA blls /kkj.kk fu"iUu gksrh gSSA

fdlh LFkku&fo'ks"k ij fpÙk fLFkj djus dks /kkj.kk dgrs gSa&^ns'kcU/kf'pÙkL; /kkj.kk*A19 ;g eu dh fLFkjrk gSA ;ksx n'kZu esa /kkj.kk ds fy;s vusd LFkku crk;s x;s gSa tSls&ukfHkpØ] ukfldk] ftg~ok dk vxzHkkx] ân;&iq.Mjhd] vf{kiqrfydk vkfnA foKkufHk{kq dk dFku gS fd /;s; inkFkZ ;k /;s; fo"k; ds :i xq.kkfn dh dYiuk u djds dsoy o`fÙk dk ml izns'k rd izlkj djds ogha fLFkj djuk gh /kkj.kk gS&^o`fÙkek=s.k u rq /;s;dYiu;sR;FkZ% rsu /;kukfnO;ko`fÙk%*A

ml /kkj.kk okys fo"k; esa Kku dh ,drkurk gh ^/;ku* gS& ^r= izR;;Sdrkurk /;kue~*A20 /;ku dk y{k.k ,dkxzrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS] /;s; oLrq dk fujUrj euu] /;s; fo"k; dks ysdj fopkj dk vuofPNUu izokgA /;ku esa ,d le; esa ,d gh Kku dk izokg gksrk gS vkSj og vU; izdkj ds Kku ls fefJr ugha gksrkA blesa dsoy /;s;&fo"k; izdkf'kr gksrk gSA tc /;ku vkH;Urj ;k ckg~; fo"k;ksa dh vksj izsfjr gksrk gS rc vlk/kkj.k 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gksrh gSaA

^lekf/k* dk vFkZ gS /;s; oLrq esa fpÙk dh fo{ksijfgr ,dkxzrk& ^rnsokFkZek=fuHkkZla Lo:i'kwU;feo lekf/k%*A21 lekf/k esa /;ku /;s; oLrq dk vkdkj xzg.k dj ysrk gSA /;ku vkSj /;s; dh ,drk gksus ij /;krk Hkh /;s;kdkj gks tkrk gSA lekf/k esa /;krk] /;ku vkSj /;s; dh f=iqVh esa /;s; gh 'ks"k jg tkrk gS rFkk /;krk ,oa /;ku /;s;kdkj gks tkrs gSaA lEizKkr vkSj vlEizKkr ;s lekf/k ds nks Hksn Lohdkj fd;s x;s gSaA lEizKkr lekf/k esa dsoy /;s; fo"k; dk Kku gksrk gS vkSj vlEizKkr lekf/k esa fpÙk loZFkk fu:) gks tkrk gSA lfordZ] lfopkj] lkuUn vkSj lkf"er ;s lEizKk lekf/k ds pkj izdkj gSa tcfd ^HkoizR;;* ,oa mik;izR;; vlEizKk lekf/k ds nks Hksn gSaA lEizKk lekf/k dks lcht vkSj vlEizKk lekf/k dks fuchZt Hkh dgrs gSaA

;ksxn'kZu ds vuqlkj ;ksxkH;kl }kjk lk/kd dh jtl~ ,oa rel~ tU; efyurk {kh.k gks tkrh gS vkSj lÙoxq.k dk mnzsd gksus ls fpÙk 'kq) ,oa fueZy gks tkrk gSA lk/kd lÙoxq.k dh mPpre voLFkk dks izkIr djus ij vn~Hkqr 'kfDr;ksa dk vuqHko djrk gSA bu 'kfDr;ksa dks foHkwfr ;k ,s'o;Z dgrs gSaA bu foHkwfr;ksa esa vf.kek] yf?kek] efgek] xfjek] izkfIr] izkdkE;] of'krk rFkk bZf'krk bu v"Vflf);ksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bu vykSfdd foHkwfr;ksa dks dSoY; izkfIr esa ck/kd ekuk tkrk gSA ;ksxn'kZu ds

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lUnHkZ&lwph

1- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk 2@50 2- ogh 2@48

3- Kku;ksxsu lka[;kuka deZ;ksxsu ;ksfxuke~A ogh 3@3 4- vkuUnkRed czãkokfIr'p eks{k% 'kksd fuo`fÙk'pA

osnkUr ifjHkk"kk O;k[;kdkj Jh xtkuu'kkL=h ewlyxkaodj] i`"B 353 5- Lokeh foosdkuUn] foosdkuUn lkfgR;] prqFkZ [k.M] i`"B 4

6- lk rfLeu ijeizse:ik] ukjn&lw= 1@2 7- u fg df'pR{k.kefi tkrq fr"BR;deZd`r~A

dk;Zrs áo'k% deZ loZ% izd`frtSxqZ.kS%AA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk 3@5 8- f'ko% 'kDR;k ;qDrks ;fn Hkofr 'kDr% izHkforqeA

u psnsoa nsoks u [kyq dq'ky% LifUnrqefiAA lkSUn;Zygjh 'yksd 1 9- tUeks"kf/keU=ri% lekf/ktk% fl);%A ;ksxlw= 4@1

10- Lok/;k;kfn"VnsorklEiz;ksx%A ;ksxlw= 2@27 11- rL; okpd% iz.ko%A ;ksxlw= 1@27

12- rTtiLrnFkZHkkoue~A ;ksxlw= 1@28 13- ;ksxlw= 1@2

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