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Class IX: Chapter 4
(Climate) Question &
Answer
Answer the following questions briefly Q1. What are the controls affecting the climate of India? Ans: Latitude, Altitude and Pressure & Winds are the main controls affecting the climate of India. Q2. Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?Ans: In India we find monsoon type of climate, following are the factors responsible for these monsoons:
(a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water.
(b) The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
(c) Presence of high pressure in the east of Madagascar.
(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summers.
(e) Movement of westerly jet streams to the north of Himalayas and the presence of tropical
Q3. Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why? Ans: Diurnal range of temperature is the difference between maximum and minimum temperature of a day. Diurnal range of temperature is high in the deserts like Rajasthan, Thar Desert and interior parts of Rann of Kutch. In these sandy areas the day temperature may raise upto 50 C and by night the temperature drops down to nearly freezing point. This happens because during the
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day time, sand absorbs heat very fast and at the same time loses heat very fast at night.
Q4. Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?
Ans: Monsoon winds are accountable for rainfall along the Malabar coast.
Q5. What are Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?
Ans: Fast flowing and narrow air currents are called jet streams. The streams flow at high altitudes (about 12,000 feet) in the troposphere. The westerly jet streams are responsible for western cyclonic disturbances in the north and northwestern parts of India. The subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. The tropical jet stream (an easterly jet stream) blows over the Indian Peninsula; approximately over 14° north during the summer months.
These jet streams are amongst one of the major factors in determining the movement of monsoons winds towards India subcontinent.
Q6. Define monsoons. What do you understand by "break" in monsoon?
Ans: The seasonal reversal in wind direction during a year is called monsoon. Monsoon tends to have 'breaks' in rainfall; which means that there are wet and dry spells in between. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time and then come the rainless intervals.
Q7. Why the monsoon is considered a unifying bond?
Ans: Although there are wide variations in weather patterns across India, the monsoon brings some unifying influences on India. Following are few of the reasons why the monsoon is considered as a unifying bond in India:
(a) The Indian landscape, its flora and fauna, etc. are highly influenced by the monsoon.
(b) The entire agricultural calendar in India is governed by the monsoon.
(c) Most of the festivals in India are related to agricultural cycle. These festivals may be known by different names in different parts of the country, but their celebration is decided by the monsoon. (d) It is also said that the river valleys which carry
the rainwater also unite as a single river valley unit.
Q8. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?
Ans: The Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon winds moves towards northeast and return westwards covering the northern plains. While they move towards west, their moisture contains tends to reduce with subsequent rains. Hence the rainfall decreases from east to west in northern India.
Give reasons as to why.
Q9. Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent?
Ans: Seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent takes place due to pressure differential. El Nino has major role to play in the seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent.
Q10. The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.
Ans: The monsoon begins from the first week of June and advances quite rapidly to cover almost the whole country by midJuly. Hence, the bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over the months of a few months; mainly June to August.
Q11. The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.
Ans: The Tami Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of movement of lowpressure conditions to the Bay of Bengal.
Q12. The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
Ans: The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes and hence there is always a chance of development of cyclone. Due to this, the delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
Q13. Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought prone.
Aravalli. Hence, they are drought prone and don't receive much of rainfall.
Q14. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.
Ans: There is regional variation in the climatic conditions of India. Temperature and Precipitation vary from place to place and season to season. (a) In summers the temperature rises up to 50°C in parts of Rajasthan, whereas it may be around 20°C in Pahalgam in Kashmir.
(b) In winters night temperature in Drass in Kashmir may be minus 45°C, whereas in Tiruvanantapuram in Kerala may have a temperature of 20°C.
(c) In Andaman Islands the difference between day and night temperature may be hardly 7° 8°C. (d) Coastal areas experience less contrast in the temperature, whereas seasonal contrasts are more in the interior of the country.
(e) There is decrease in rainfall generally from east to west in the northern plains.
(f) Most part of India get rainfall from June – September, whereas Coromandel Coast gets rainfall in winter season. Q15. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons. Ans: Following are the factors responsible for the mechanism of monsoon: (a) The Sun causes differential heating and cooling of land and water. This creates low pressure on the landmass of India and high pressure over the ocean surface.
(b) The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It shifts over the Ganga plains during summer. It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season.
(c) The high pressure area, east of Madagascar is approximately 20°S over the Indian Ocean. This area affects the Indian Monsoon.
(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer. This results in strong vertical air currents and formation of high pressure over the plateau. This high pressure zone is about 9 km above the sea level.
(e) The westerly jet stream move to the north of the Himalayas, and the tropical easterly jet stream
moves over the Indian Peninsula during summer. (f) The periodic change in pressure conditions between Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean that is known as the Southern Oscillation or SO also affects the monsoon.
(g) The difference in pressure over Tahiti and Darwin is computed to predict the intensity of the monsoons. Tahiti (18°S/149°W) lies in the Pacific Ocean and Darwin (12°30'S/131°E) lies in northern Australia. If the pressure differences are negative, it means a below average and late monsoon.
Q16. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season. Ans: Following are the features of the cold season: (a) The winter season begins from midNovember and till February; in northern India. (b) December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.
(c) The temperature ranges between 10°15°C in the northern plains, while it ranges between 24°25°C in Chennai.
(d) The northeast trade winds prevail over the country in this season. As these winds blow from land to sea, most parts of the country experience a dry season.
(e) The weather is usually marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity and weak variable winds.
(f) The inflow of the cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest is a characteristic feature of the cold weather over the northern plains.
(g) These lowpressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and move into India. They cause winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.
(h) The winter rainfall is in small amount but is very important for the rabi crop. This rainfall is locally known as mahawat.
(i) The peninsular region does not get a well defined winter because of the moderating influence of the sea.
Q17. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.
Ans:
India:
(a) The duration of the monsoon varies from 100 to 120 days from early June to mid September. (b) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increase suddenly and continues regularly for several days. This is called the 'burst' of the monsoon.
(c) They are distinguished from the premonsoon showers because of their increase in rainfall amount and regularity.
(d) The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsular generally by the first week of June. (e) The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the country. Effects of the monsoon rainfall in India: (a) Agriculture in India largely depends on Indian monsoons for water. Late, Low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops.
(b) Due to uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are few places that are drought prone and few are flood affected.
(c) The monsoon provides India with a diverse climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people.
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