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Communication

Navigation

Surveillance/

Air Traffic Management

Communication

Communication

Navigation

Navigation

Surveillance/

Surveillance/

Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Management

By

By ZulfiqarZulfiqar MiraniMirani

Senior Electronics Engineer

Senior Electronics Engineer

School of Electronics Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Monday;

(2)

Brief History & Introduction

Brief History & Introduction

Brief History & Introduction

(3)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

FANS (Future Air Navigation System)

FANS (Future Air Navigation System)

ICAO Council established, in 1983 1983 , the Special Committee on ,

Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) to study, identify and assess new technologies, including satellite technology, and to make recommendations for the future development of

navigation systems for civil aviation.

Shortcomings into the then air navigation system

Shortcomings into the then air navigation system

4 The propagation limitations of the line-of-sight systems;

4 The difficulty of implementing CNS systems and of operating

them in a consistent manner in large parts of the world;

4 The limitations of voice communication; and

4 The lack of digital air-ground data interchange systems to

support modern aeronautical systems.

(4)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

FANS-II

FANS

FANS

-

-

II

II

FANS committee submitted its report in May 1988May 1988 and

suggested comprehensive Communication, Navigation and Surveillance system for Air Traffic Management based on utilizing latest technologies.

FANS-II Special Committee was established, in 1989, to develop established, in 1989

international standards for air navigation and air traffic management.

(5)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Tasks of FANS-II

Tasks of FANS

Tasks of FANS

-

-

II

II

1. To identify and make recommendations for acceptable

institutional arrangements;

2. To develop a global coordinated plan;

3. To monitor the nature and direction of research and development programmes, trials and demonstrations in CNS and ATM;

4. To develop policy guidelines for the evolution of ATM; and

5. To prepare the necessary documentation to support the

(6)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

The concept of CNS/ATMCNS/ATM was adopted at the 10th Air

Navigation Meeting held in September 1991 at Montreal, Canada. Accordingly a new committee, known as FANS IIFANS II

Special Committee, was set up by the ICAO to develop international standards of air navigation.

CNS/ATM involves three major functions

4 Communication; 4 Navigation; and 4 Surveillance.

The concept is a mix of the best use of satellite technology and satellite technology the line

the line--ofof--sight systems to achieve the desired goal of sight systems

(7)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Benefits of CNS/ATM

Benefits of CNS/ATM

Benefits of CNS/ATM

4 Improve communications performance; 4 Improve navigation performance;

4 Provide visual situational awareness for the controller; 4 Provide real-time conformance monitoring;

4 Reduce human input errors;

4 Reduced Separation Between Aircraft; 4 Provide more efficient route changes;

4 Have no altitude loss when crossing tracks; and 4 Have more direct routings.

(8)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Transition to CNS/ATM

Transition to CNS/ATM

Transition to CNS/ATM

Transition to the new system will be one of the

largest undertaking ever carried out by the aviation

community.

Major elements of change

4

from ground-based to satellite based systems;

4

from limited coverage to global coverage; and

4

from analog to digital (data) communication.

There will be a great change in the pilot-controller

interaction.

(9)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Technology

Technology

Technology

Key technologies involved in CNS/ATM are:

4 Satellite Communication, Navigation and Surveillance; and 4 Data Communication

Air-Ground Communication

4 VHF or HF voice link

4 Data link via SATCOM, VDL, HFDL, or Mode-S

Satellite Navigation

4 GPS (Global Positioning System)

4 GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

ADS (Automatic Dependence Surveillance) CDTI (Cockpit Display of Traffic Information) FMCS (Flight Management Computer System) ATN (Aeronautical Telecommunication Network)

(10)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Application of IT in CNS/ATM

Application of IT in CNS/ATM

Application of IT in CNS/ATM

Information Technology deals matters concerned with computer science and technology, design, development, installation and implementation of information systems and applications

IT is involved in all the three components of CNS/ATM; that is Communication, Navigation and Surveillance.

IT makes the future ATC/ATM systems and Voice/Data

communication networks work efficiently at enormously high speeds.

Other advantages of IT based CNS/ATM systems include Reliability, Flexibility, Multi Facility Integration, Expanded Operation, User convenience, Security (of information).

(11)

Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Management

(12)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Management

Air Traffic Management

Goals : ATM systems

4 Offer users maximum flexibility and efficiency in airspace utilization,

taking into account their operational and economic needs;

4 Provide the flexibility to cater for different levels of aircraft equipage,

and allow sharing of airspace by different categories of users;

4 Allow for the implementation of ATM at varying levels of

sophistication, to provide services tailored to the needs of particular regions;

4 Provide for transitions across airspace boundaries to be transparent

to airspace users ; and

4 Ensure that present levels of safety are maintained or improved

upon, both in the final mature ATM system, and during the transition period.

(13)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Elements of ATM

Elements of ATM

Elements of ATM

4

Air Space Management (ASM)

4

Flight Operations (ATM related aspects)

4

Air Traffic Services (ATS)

(14)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

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Air Space Management

Air Space Management

Air Space Management

ASM is recognized as dynamic sharing of airspace by

civil and military users.

(15)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

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Flight Operations

Flight Operations

Flight Operations

The ATM-related aspects of flight operations are an

integral part of ATM in CNS/ATM systems.

(16)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

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Air Traffic Services

Air Traffic Services

Air Traffic Services

ATS is the prime element of ATM

ATS Sub-elements are

4

the Alerting Services;

4

Flight Information Service (FIS); and

4

Air Traffic Control.

The

main objectives of ATC

services are

to prevent

collisions

between aircrafts and between aircraft and

obstructions on the maneuvering area and

to

(17)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Air Traffic Flow Management

Air Traffic Flow Management

Air Traffic Flow Management

The objective of ATFM is to ensure an optimum flow of air traffic. ATFM should reduce delays to aircraft both in flight and on the ground and prevent system overload.

ATFM assists ATC in meeting its objectives and achieving the most efficient utilization of available airspace and airport

capacity .

ATFM is to ensure that safety is not compromised by the

development of unacceptable levels of traffic congestion and traffic is managed efficiently without unnecessary flow of

(18)

Communication

Communication

Communication

(19)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Communication

Communication

Communication

The communication element of CNS/ATM system

provides for the exchange of aeronautical data and

messages between aeronautical users and/or

automated systems.

Communication systems are used in support of

navigation and surveillance functions.

(20)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Categories Of Aeronautical Communications

Categories Of Aeronautical Communications

Categories Of Aeronautical Communications

Safety-related communications, requiring high integrity and rapid response such as

4 Communications carried out among ATS units, between ATS and an aircraft for ATC, flight information and alerting 4 Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) communication

carried out by aircraft operators for matters related to safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.

Non-safety related communications such as

4 Aeronautical administrative communications carried out by aeronautical personnel and/or organizations on

administrative and private matters

(21)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Air-Ground Communications

Air

Air

-

-

Ground Communications

Ground Communications

Most of the routine communications in the en-route

phase of flight will be via

data interchange

.

Data transfers will also take place between

automated airborne and ground systems without the

need for manual intervention.

A special communication arrangement between

controller and pilot is introduced that is named as

Controller-Pilot Digital Link Communication

(22)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Data Link: Definition and main objectives

Data Link: Definition and main objectives

Data Link: Definition and main objectives

Data link is a generic term for a communications

technique, which enables the

exchange of digitized

information

between end-users (sources and/or

consumers of information).

Data link has many different

forms

( for example;

Air-Ground, Air-Air, Ground-Ground ),

protocols,

applications ( addressable, broadcast ), and utilizes a

number of communications

media

( such as VHF, HF,

Satellite, Mode S ).

(23)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)

Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)

Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)

CPDLC will be part of the Aeronautical Data Link system and provide an additional digital communications channel to

supplement the voice frequencies.

Multiple controllers will have the capability to send Data Link messages from any given sector to any or all Data Link

equipped aircraft in that sector, and transmissions will take place simultaneously over multiple media.

A defined set of (pre-formatted) message elements is used, that correspond to existing phraseology employed by current ATC procedures.

A ‘free text’ capability is also provided to exchange information not conforming to defined formats.

(24)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

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Radio Links

Radio Links

Radio Links

Transmission of air-ground messages is carried out over one of the following radio links:

4 Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMSS) – a new standard introduced in CNS/ATM

4 VHF (analog) – traditional communication link 4 HF (analog) - traditional communication link

4 VHF digital link (VDL) – a new standard introduced in CNS/ATM

4 SSR Mode-S data link – a new standard introduced in CNS/ATM

(25)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

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CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

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VHF Digital Link (VDL)

VHF Digital Link (VDL)

VHF Digital Link (VDL)

VHF Digital Link (VDL) is a constituent mobile sub-network

of the aeronautical telecommunication network (ATN),

operating in the aeronautical mobile VHF frequency band.

Modes of VDL

Modes of VDL

4

VDL Mode-2

4

VDL Mode-4

It is assumed that only VDL Mode 4 appears to meet all

the broad requirements defined (so far) in various

(26)

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

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HF Data Link System

HF Data Link System

HF Data Link System

The HFDL service allows aircraft to send and receive

packet data via a network of HFDL ground stations.

HFDL can provide very significant improvements over

current HF Voice Communications in terms of system

availability, system capacity, ease of use, and information

integrity.

(27)

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

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Mode-S Data Link

Mode

Mode

-

-

S Data Link

S Data Link

Mode S is a type of secondary radar that can be used to exchange longer and more varied data.

Mode S transmissions between the station and the transponder use 56 or 112 bit formats called frames.

There are 24 formats. First five bits in each format define the Uplink Format No.

There are two types of Mode S data link 4 Specific

(28)

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CNS/ATM

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Mode-S : Interoperable data link

Mode

Mode

-

-

S : Interoperable data link

S : Interoperable data link

The interoperable data link was designed to allow ground-to-aircraft exchanges using Mode S as a packet switching data transmission network.

The messages (data packets) transmitted are then cut into pieces and distributed around the data fields in the frames,

which are sent from the station to the transponder (or vice-versa) where the data fields are extracted and reconstituted a little

further on at the exit from the Mode S " world ", for routing to the addressee.

The interoperable services will enable the integration of Mode S sub-networks in the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (A.T.N.). It can, truly, be used as a data communication link CPDLC.

(29)

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Pakistan

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CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

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Mode-S : Specific data link

Mode

Mode

-

-

S : Specific data link

S : Specific data link

The specific data link is more closely linked to the Mode S surveillance system. In particular there is a highly optimized "aircraft data collection" protocol using the COMM-B frames.

It is based on the following principle : in the transponder, there is a series of 256 buffers of 56 bits each, in which information

concerning the flight and aircraft status are stored and permanently refreshed. Each buffer, identified by an order

number, contains data of a precise nature formatted according to a predetermined code.

(30)

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Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

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ATN (Aeronautical Telecommunication Network)

ATN (Aeronautical Telecommunication Network)

ATN (Aeronautical Telecommunication Network)

ATN allows ground, air-ground and avionics data

sub-networks to inter-operate for the specified aeronautical

applications.

All the afore-mentioned data links are ATN-compatible and

therefore constitute ATN sub-networks.

In ATN environment, sub-networks are connected to other

sub-networks through ATN routers, which select the best

route for transmission of each data message. As such, the

choice of the air-ground data link is often transparent to

the end-user.

(31)
(32)

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CNS/ATM

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Ground-Ground Communications

Ground

Ground

-

-

Ground Communications

Ground Communications

Communications between and within ATS units may be by

AFTN, Voice, or ATS Inter-facility Data Communications

(AIDC).

The use of AIDC significantly reduces the need for voice

coordination.

The AIDC message sets and procedures are designed for

use over any ground-to-ground circuit, including the AFTN

and ATN.

(33)

Short Break

Short Break

(34)

Navigation

Navigation

Navigation

(35)

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CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

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Navigation

Navigation

Navigation

Since the 1980s, aircraft systems have evolved towards

the use of satellite navigation.

Navigation satellites or Global Navigation Satellite System

as named by ICAO SARPs are alternative to NDB, VOR

and ILS

provided they meet the required standard.

The major technological change in navigation will be the

progressive adoption of GNSS.

(36)

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CNS/ATM

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GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

Currently, GNSS

requires augmentation

systems to

monitor signal reliability and enhance accuracy to make

them suitable for civilian use.

The augmentation systems are currently being developed.

Navigation satellite is being used today for en-route

navigation, but it also assists in landing an aircraft only in

good weather conditions, so called non-precision

(37)

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GPS (Global Positioning System)]

GPS (Global Positioning System)]

GPS (Global Positioning System)]

GPS] was developed by the United States Department of

Defense for position fix coordination of the inertial

navigation systems (INS) on board military aircraft and

cruise missiles.

At present GPS is far

more accurate than NDB/ADF or

more accurate than NDB/ADF or

VOR

VOR

and certainly more accurate than necessary for VFR

flight.

Commercial airliners and military aircraft have already

demonstrated fully automatic instrument approach and

landing under Category 3B conditions

(38)

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GLONASS

GLONASS

GLONASS

GLONASS is a Soviet space-based navigation system

comparable to the US GPS system.

The operational system contains 21 satellites in 3 orbital

planes, with 3 on-orbit spares.

GLONASS provides 100 meters accuracy with its C/A

(deliberately degraded) signals and 10-20 meter accuracy

with its P (military) signals.

(39)

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Augmentation Systems

Augmentation Systems

Augmentation Systems

4

Ground based augmentation systems

4

Satellite based augmentation systems

4

Aircraft based augmentation systems

(40)

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Ground based augmentation systems

Ground based augmentation systems

Ground based augmentation systems

4

LAAS (Local Area Augmentation System)

(41)

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Satellite based augmentation systems

Satellite based augmentation systems

Satellite based augmentation systems

4

WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System )

4

EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay

Service)

(42)

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Aircraft-Based Augmentation System

Aircraft

Aircraft

-

-

Based Augmentation System

Based Augmentation System

Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS - ICAO

definition) augments and/or integrates the information

obtained from the GNSS elements with other information

available on board the aircraft.

(43)

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GNSS-II (The next generation GNSS)

GNSS

GNSS

-

-

II (The next generation GNSS)

II (The next generation GNSS)

meets the needs of the most demanding civil users

would lead to a sufficiently accurate,

redundant and

independent system

for use as the sole means of

4

positioning

4

timing

4

Navigation

allow its use as a sole means of navigation for the

Category 3B precision approach – which

allows

landings in conditions of almost zero visibility

(44)

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Geo-coordinate standard

Geo

Geo

-

-

coordinate standard

coordinate standard

ICAO has mandated the use of WGS 84WGS 84 as the common

geodetic reference system for civil aviation with an applicability from 1 January 1998.

The World Geodetic System 1984World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) is the geodetic reference system used by GPS.

(45)

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RNP (Required Navigation Performance)

RNP (Required Navigation Performance)

RNP (Required Navigation Performance)

RNP is intended to characterize an airspace through a statement of the navigation performance accuracy (RNP type) to be

achieved within the airspace.

The RNP type is based on a navigation performance accuracy navigation performance accuracy value

value that is expected to be achieved at least 95 per cent of the time by the population of aircraft operating within the airspace. Under this concept aircraft will be certified or approved as

meeting a certain RNP type.

Air Traffic Service providers will designate certain routes or airspace as specific RNP routes or airspace.

(46)

Surveillance

Surveillance

Surveillance

(47)

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Surveillance

Surveillance

Surveillance

4

Independent Surveillance (IS)

4

Co-operative Independent Surveillance (CIS)

4

Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)

(48)

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Automatic Dependent Surveillance

Automatic Dependent Surveillance

Automatic Dependent Surveillance

4

ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)

4

ADS-C (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract)

(49)

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Traffic Information Service - Broadcast

Traffic Information Service

Traffic Information Service

-

-

Broadcast

Broadcast

TIS-B is a surveillance technique that broadcasts

surveillance information from the ground

for suitably

equipped air or ground-based mobiles or Objects of

Interest (mobile: an aircraft in the air or on the ground, or a

surface vehicle equipped to receive TIS-B)

(50)

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Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS).

Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS).

Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS).

ACAS issue two types of alert:

i) Traffic Advisories (TAs), which aim at helping the pilot in the

visual search for the intruder aircraft, and by alerting him to be ready for a potential resolution advisory.

ii) Resolution Advisories (RAs), which are avoidance

manoeuvres recommended to the pilot. When the intruder aircraft is also fitted with an ACAS system, both ACAS’ co-ordinate their RAs through the Mode S data link, in order to select complementary resolution senses.

(51)

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Airborne Systems

Airborne Systems

Airborne Systems

4 Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI)

4 FMCS (Flight Management Computer System)

4 Multi-Mode Receiver (MMR)

4 Collision Avoidance Systems:

ƒ ACAS (Airborne Collision Avoidance System)

ƒ TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System)

4 Automatic Dependant Surveillance 4 Airline Operational Control Datalink 4 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Datalink

4 GNSS or Global Positioning System Receiver 4 Required Navigational Performance

(52)

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

(53)

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Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Communication

Communication

Communication

a) Voice Air-Ground Communications: VHF, UHF, Direct HF, Indirect HF and SATVOICE (SATVOICE is a satellite telephone system that is available on suitably equipped aircraft through the

Inmarsat Geostationary Satellite Network)

b) Data Link Air-Ground Communications: Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) application via data link utilising Satellite, VDL, HFDL and Mode-S subnetworks

c) ATS Ground-Ground Communications: Voice communications; ATS Interfacility Data Communications (AIDC); and AFTN.

d) DSP (Data Link Service Providers} Internetworking.

(54)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Navigation

Navigation

Navigation

The major technological changes in navigation are the

adoption of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS),

Area Navigation (RNAV) computers and databases.

The level of aircraft navigation capability required for

particular operations is expressed by Required Navigation

Performance (RNP) criteria.

(55)

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad

-

-

Pakistan

Pakistan

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

by:

by: z.miraniz.mirani

Surveillance

Surveillance

Surveillance

Surveillance information will be obtained by

4

Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)

4

SSR Mode – S

Traditional surveillance means such as Radar (both

Primary and Mode A/C) will also be used.

Traffic information will also be broadcasted from

ground ATS centers via TIS-B.

(56)

Future Environment as foreseen by

AIRBUS industries

AIRBUS

CNS/ATM

CNS/ATM

overview

overview

Communication Satellites (Satcom)

Space

Air

Ground Ground Network for

Data Communications Satcom Ground-based radios (VHF & HF) Transponder Navigation Satellites (GNSS)

Airline Host Information Service ATC Center

Differential GNSS station

(57)

FANS is no more a Future air navigation system

FANS

(58)

FLY FREE

FLY FREE

FLY FREE

(59)

This and other related information is also available at

4

http://geocities.com/zamsnet

4

http://geocities.com/zmirani

Please visit

4

http://caapakistan.com.pk

4

http://www.catipakistan.com.pk

4

http://geocities.com/catipakistan

4

http://geocities.com/caapakistan

(60)

Thank You

Thank You

(61)

Questions ?

Questions ?

References

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