vajikarana,

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(1)PHARMACEUTICAL & EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R IT’S VAJIKARANA EFFECT.. BY. Dr. S. N. GOTUR. B.A.M.S. (GULBARGA UNIRVESITY, GULBARGA, KARNATAKA). Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati” M.D. [Ayurveda] In . BHAISHAJYA KALPANA GUIDE Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI. CO-GUIDE. Prof. Dr. D. K. MISHRA. M.D (Ay)(GAU). M.D (Ay). H.O.D. Rasashastra &Bhaishajya Kalpana . Assistant Professor Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana . DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN BHAISHAJYA KALPANA, A.L.N.RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, KOPPA - 577126 CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA NOVEMBER - 2009 .

(2) . . . . Department of Post Graduate . . . . . . Memorial A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic. . . Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA . . . . Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur Karnataka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DECLARATION . I hereby Declare that this Dissertation Entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a Bonafide and Genuine Research Work Carried Out By Me Under The Guidance Of Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI, Assistant Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Bhaishajya Kalpana, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College P. G. Centre, Koppa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dr. S. N. GOTUR Place: Koppa . P. G. Scholar, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126.

(3) Department of Post Graduate Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA. A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka  . CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (MD) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.. Guide: Date:. Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI M.D (Ayu). Place: Koppa. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126.

(4) Department of Post Graduate Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA. A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka  . CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D.) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.. Co-Guide: Date:. Prof. Dr. D. K. Mishra M.D (Ayu)(GAU). Place: Koppa. H. O. D. Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126.

(5) Department of Post Graduate Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA. A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka  . CERTIFICATE. This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D.) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.. H.O.D Date: Place: Koppa. Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mishra M.D (Ayu) Professor, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126.

(6) . . . . . . . . . . . A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka . Department of Post Graduate Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENDORSEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICAL &. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘KAMADHENU CHURNA’ W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT”. Is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S. N. Gotur under the guidance of Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI, Assistant Professor, Department of Post Graduate studies in Bhaishajya Kalpana, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College and P.G Centre, Koppa. Date: Place: Koppa. Prof. Dr. Sanjaya K. S. MD (Ayu) Principal A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College. Koppa –577126 Dist: Chikmagalur.

(7) COPYRIGHT. I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic/research purpose.. Place:. Dr. S. N. Gotur P. G. Scholar. Date:. Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126. © Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka. .

(8) ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, psychological and social well being of a person. It may be due to intake of substandard food, consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and anxiety are making the man impotent. Because of this he not only loses the ability to produce healthy progeny, but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment in this connection. It becomes more important for mankind to produce therapeutic drug to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation, but also in procreation which are indicated in sexually active age. Objectives: In this connection the present drug Kamadhenu Churna has been selected to evaluate Vajikarana action on albino rats. Group one dose is according to classical reference & in Group-2 dose is double the dose of the classical reference•. To evaluate the Vajikara effect of the Kamadhenu Churna on albino-rats in dispensing. a. The dose mentioned as per classics. b. The same formula is dispensed with respect to its dose as double dose of classical reference.. •. To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best one.. •. To do pharmaceutical and physicochemical analysis of the sample of Kamadhenu Churna. Pharmaceutical study: The compound drug was prepared in the Pharmacy attached to the college and analysed for physico-chemical parameters in the Quality Control Laboratory.

(9) attached with this college. Then the standard drug is subjected to experimental trials to evaluate the effect of Vajikarana effect by following Beech and Stone 1940. Interpretation: It can be interpreted on the following basis. Predominantly all the dravyas have madhura rasa, snigdha guna & shita virya. Dhatu vruddhikara and balya properties along with vata hara gunas are an additional specialty of this preparation. Increasing the shukra dhatu and oja is possibly on the above said factors. While the drug shall be confidently used on the loss of libido on clinical evaluation since the ushna virya dravya gandhaka is also one of the major ingredients. Therefore the snigdha, madhura sheeta is shukravardhaka, dathuvardhaka, ojavardhaka and ushna veerya aids to nadibalya properties. The more significant values of Kamadhenu churna with double dose possibly is due to the above said characters. Key words: Vajikarana; Impotency; Kamadhenu churna; Stress; Vrishya; Balya; Shukra Dhathu etc.

(10) Introduction . INTRODUCTION The art of love is not only meant to give pleasure to man solely, but also to provide women, the maximum pleasure and no doubt it’s an excellent solution for procreation. This also strengthens the married life. Ayurveda though envisages sex strictly for procreation but also indicates as a practice for healthy married life, attainment of, (third aim of life) and as a means for fulfillment of Paralokaishana (Pursuits of salvation). The problem of low sexual desire, erectile this function are pre mature ejaculation which could be because of physiological, psychological or organic cause may disturb the entire rhythm of personal and social life. Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, physiological and social well being of a person. It may dew to intake of substandard food, consumption food, consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and anxiety making the man impotent. Because of this he not only looses the ability to produce healthy progeny but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment. In this connection, it becomes more important for mankind to procure therapeutic drugs to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation but also in procreation, which are indicated in sexually active age Since ancient times human societies have searched for effective drugs to enhance sexual activity and desire, legendary aphrodisiac made from rhinoceros horn, the glands of musk deer, sheep or bull testicles, Spanish fly and ginseng have been used throughout the history . 1 .

(11) Introduction . The word aphrodisiac originates from Aphrodite’s, greek goddess of sexual love. Fertility and beauty born from severed genitals of god Uranus and aphrodisiac is defined as any food or drug that arouses and increases pleasure and performance. There are two types of aphrodisiac psycho-physiological stimuli (visual, tactile, olfactory and aural) preparations and internal preparation(food alcoholic drinks drug). As India is known as a holy land and Indians having deep interest in spiritual knowledge, vedas recognize four goals for the complete development of any human being. Dharm. -. concerning moral and ideal needs. Artha. -. concerning material needs. Kama. -. concerning physical needs. Moksha. -. eternal salvation. All these four together considered as the very foundation of life. The time prior to the creation, mind, the primordial substance across thought the power of tapas and the first product of mind was Kama, Sexual desires and love. (Rigveda M. 10, 129, 1-7) The sanskrit term “kama” in a wide sense refers to all the desire of a human being it denotes love as well as lust. One angle of kama refers to sex means to get physical and mental pleasure, the basis of mating, marriage and progeny. In ancient India many treatise were written on kama describing the ways and means of deriving maximum enjoyment from sex the author of these works were munis and rushis. They knew that kama was an instinct and it was not possible to suppress it. They accepted that the correct practice of kama makes both men and woman happy. . 2 .

(12) Introduction . Charaka in his samhita covered the subject of vajjikarana in depth. Vajikarana is the one of eight major specialties of ayurveda. Vajjikarana is a substance which makes a man sexually as strong as horse and is able to copulate for longer period an elephant and as frequently as a sparrow with many female partners. There are various means by which vajikarana could be achieved i.e. ahara (diet), vihara (environment and activities) and aushada (drugs). It involves all the therapeutically and nontherapeutically measures taken to ensure healthy sex life. In all cultures and societies, from the primitive to the most sophisticated, nearly all women and men desire progeny. In many communities progeny is seen as important asset to the family, particularly to those whose life revolves around traditional family values in the rural area. In many cultures progeny represent final proof or virility .if a women in the society fails to get progeny after marriage she is subjected to indignity and will be main accusation because. Failure to becomes pregnant is perceived to the entirely her fault, but 30 percentage of the infertility is caused by male factor related to the problem with sperm defects representing the highest single cause to overcome this problem the present study aimed to find out the efficacy of Kamadhenu churna in term of aphrodisiology as mentioned in Bhaishajya ratnavali to interpret the Same effect of the compound through the parameters like initial arousal period ,peak arousal period , Mounting behavior and Time interval to mount again.. . 3 .

(13) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . This is an unforgettable moment of contentment on the successful . fulfillment of an ambition and a milestone fostered for long, i.e. the completion of this dissertation work; I bow my head at the feet of the Almighty, whose profound grace is always towards me. This work is a reflection of the rays of mercy emitted from the Almighty. . It is beyond the reach of my language as it is very difficult to find . appropriate vocabulary to express; at this juncture I pay my obeisance to my esteemed Father Mr. Nagappa. M. Gotur and Mother Late. Nagamma, for taking pain and their sacrifice to bring up me to this position. . The Herculean task would have been impossible but the love & affection . of my Dear brother Mr, Chandrashekhar, Dr.Venkatesh and also cannot forget My Sister‐ Mrs. Anasuya, Younger Sister‐ Mrs. Sudha and My Brother in laws, whose tender care and the moral support insulated me from all the petty problems of the day‐to‐day life, helping me to concentrate on my academics. . I am beholden to my family members & lastly my relatives.  . . It is matter of great pleasure and honour for me to express my gratitude . whole heartedly and with profound respect to my ever respected Guide‐ Dr. B. I. Mathapati, Asst. Prof., and Co‐Guide Prof. Dinesh Kumar Mishra, H.O.D, P.G. Department of Bhaishajya Kalpana for their valuable guidance. Many a time they gave me constant inspiration, encouragement, support and a real parental affection with an inner creative impulse not dominated and fettered by an outside authority to touch this mile stone at this apt time successfully. . I record my sincere and hearty gratitude to Honourable President,      Sri . Aroor Ramesh Rao, A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa, for giving me an opportunity to do my P. G. Studies. . I am very thankful to Respected, Principal & Prof.. Sanjaya K. S. M.D.(Ay) . for their kind guidance as and when needed and administrative facilitation during this work.             Words fail to express the gravity of my heartfelt thanks to Dr. H. Abdul Kareem, Dr. Milind. Hukkeri, Dr. Sandeep Sarode, Dr. Shubha S,  .

(14) Dr. Basavaraj. S. Hiremath, Dr. Harikrishna and Dr. Roshy Joseph Lecturers,   my mentor for their warm & soothing support within or outside the department and the round the clock guidance through out my research task.   . I extend my gratefulness to Prof. M Vidyasagar M.D.(Ay) Ph.D, H.O.D. Dept. . of D.G and Prof. Debajit. Bhattacharya M.D.(Ay), H.O.D Dept. of K.C., for their uncountable‐valuable guidance, timely help during this work. . I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude towards Prof. Dr. B. D. . Mishra M.D.(Ay), Prof. Dr .C.B. Jha M.D. (Ay) BHU, Dr. Vilas Dole M.D.(Ay) Pune, Dr. Unnikrishnan M.D.(Ay) Trivandrum, for their indefatigable guidance which had moulded and enriched my research work of its fulfillment.   . I am immensely thankful to Dr. Prashant kumar. Jha. DIM, CIPR, PGDEE, M.Sc., Ph.D . who helped me for confirming the genuineness and purity of crude drugs and helping me in Analysing the Trial Drug Formulation of my dissertation.   . I am ever Grateful for to Dr. Suhas shetty for their complete guidance in . statistical work.   . I am thankful to Prof. H. R. Pradeep, Prof. P. K. Mishra, Prof. T. K. . Mohanta, Dr. Rashmirekha Mishra, Dr. S. V. Saraganacharya, Dr. Ilanchezhian, Dr. Lakshmikant, and Lecturers Postgraduate studies for their valuable advices in my dissertation. . It was indeed a pleasure to work with and have friendly guidance and . support from my senior colleagues – Dr. Roopesh, Dr. Ram, Dr. Jay, Dr. Vibhu, Dr. Yashoda, Dr. Janni H, Dr. Rachana C, Dr. Avinash Pastore, Dr.Magesh,   Dr. Pronab H, Dr. Sushil Shetty for their timely support which smoothened my path.   . It is not an easy task to fetch esteem vocabulary to appraise my heartily . gratitude to Dr. Brijesh, Dr. Nagendra, Dr. Pravin Joshi, my junior friends Nataraj T.K, Naveenkumar. J. and well wishers who lent their hand when needed most, without whom my stay at Koppa is unimaginable. Memorable are those moments, which I shared with all my batchmates  Dr. Smt. Anuradha and Dr. Noble, Dr. Mahesh, Dr. Prashant, Dr. Dayanand, Dr. Susruth, Dr. Madhu, Dr. Nishababu, Dr. Priyalatha, Dr. Pallavi, Dr. Jaykrishna, Dr. Arunpratap, .

(15) Dr. Sarunmohan, Dr. Sreejith and Dr. Mahantesh,  ‐ who made life at Koppa wonderful whom I would miss much later.     . It is a pleasure for me to remember all my Juniors Dr. Reddy, Dr. . Jagadish, Dr. Kiran, Dr. Shukla Das and Dr. Praffula who have all helped me in every possible way and  for their timely contributions which always assured me of the precious support whenever needed.    . I am grateful to the staff members of the pharmacy Mr. Mathew, Ms . Ganeshwari, Ms Devayani, Ms. Veda, Ms.Ponnamma for their assistance in practical works. . I am grateful to Librarian Mr. Basheer, Mr.Satish, Mrs.Jyoti, Miss. . Manjula & Miss. Ameena Yasmin helped me in my reference work.   And last, but not least, I owe my gratitude to all those Beloved Relatives, lecturers, UG students, all friends and well wishers who directly or indirectly or in one way or the other have inspired, encouraged and helped me to pursue the path of success along my life.     Omission of any name in my acknowledgement is unintentional and regretted. Date:  November 2009    Place: Koppa                                                 . . . Dr. S. N. Gotur .

(16) ABBREVIATIONS A. F. I. -. Ayurvedic Formulary of India. A.H.Chi. -. Astanga Hridaya Chikitsasthana. A.H.Ni. -. Astanga Hridaya nidanasthana. A.H.Sa.. -. Astanga Hridaya sarirasthan. A.H.Su.. -. Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan. A.H.U. -. Astanga Hridayam Uttarasthan. Ak. -. Amar Kosh. A.S.Chi. -. Astanga Samgraha chikitsasthana. A.S.K(A.xÉ.Mü). -. Astanga Samgraha kalpasthana. A.S.Ni. -. Astanga Samgraha nidanasthana. A.S.Su. -. Astanga Samgraha sutrasthan. B. P. M.K. -. Bhavaprakash Madhyam Khand. B.P.P.K. -. Bhavaprakash Pratham Khand. Bh.P.Ni.. -. Bhavaprakasa Nighantu. B.R.. -. Bhaishajya Ratnavali. B.S.. -. Bhela Samhita. Ca.S.Chi(cÉ.xÉ.ÍcÉ). -. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa. Ca.S.K(cÉ.xÉ.Mü). -. Charaka Samhita Kalpasthan. Ca.S.Ni. -. Charaka Samhita nidana. Ca.S.Sa. -. Charaka Samhita sarira. Ca.S.Su (cÉ.xÉ.xÉÑ). -. Charaka Samhita Sutrasthan. Ca.S. Vi. -. Charaka Samhita Vimansthan. Dal. -. Dalhana. Eg \ eg. -. Example. Ga. Ni.. -. Gada Nigraha. Gms. -. Grams.

(17) H.S. -. Harita Samhita. I. M. P. -. Indian Medicinal Plants. K. S. Khi.(Mü.xÉ.ÎZÉ). -. Kashyapa Samhita Khilasthan. Ka.Ni. (Mæü.ÌlÉ). -. Kaiyadeva Nighantu. Kg. -. Kilograms. ml. -. Millilitre. No. -. Number. Pg. -. Page. Ref. -. Reference. Su.S.Chi.. -. Susrutha Samhita Chikitsa. Su.S.Ni.. -. Susrutha Samhita Nidana. Su.S.Sa.. -. Susrutha Samhita Sarira. Su.S.U.. -. Susrutha Samhita Uttara. Sha.S.. -. Sharangadhara Samhita. Sh. S. M. K. (zÉÉ.xÉ.qÉ.ZÉ) -. SharangadharaSamhita madhyamakhanda. Sh.S.Pu (zÉÉ.xÉ.mÉÔ.ZÉ). -. Sharangadhara. Samhita. Khanda. . Sl.No. -. Serial Number. V.S.S. -. Vanga Sena Samhita. WHO. -. World Health Organisation. Y.R.. -. Yoga Ratnakar. %. -. Percentage. Purva.

(18) Objectives. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present study are: 1) To evaluate the Vajikara effect of the Kamadhenu Churna on albino-rats in dispensing. a. The dose mentioned as per classics. b. The same formula is dispensed with respect to its dose as double dose. 2) To analyze the compounds physico-chemically. 3) To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best one. Hypothesis: •. Null Hypothesis: Kamadhenu churna do not have vajeekarana property, when administered internally.. •. Alternate hypothesis: Kamadhenu churna do have vajeekarana property, when administered internally. . 4 .

(19) Pharmaceutical Review. PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW Introduction Animals of the same class generally observe the same rules of eating and enjoyments in the world. But as Man has supremacy over his nature/ basic instincts, he is free to have changes. He renders the nature favorable to himself and derives various kinds of advantages using various processes. On the contrary, in many occasions owing to his ignorance, idleness, inclination towards sensual enjoyments and compulsions of unavoidable circumstances, he is harmed by his habits of indulgence. Bhaishajya Kalpana as a science is evident as a map of intellectual reality which briefs the principles of compounding drugs as general outlines applicable within all the limitations of time or place while describing the Science of Ayurveda? The elaboration is typical of “Indian thinking and speaking”. Thus the principles are elucidated contextually i.e. context specific - while dealing a subject which is a characteristic feature of the “Brihattrayee” although later classics show a deviation from this path and start topic specific descriptions. ‘Bhaishajya Kalpana’- more than simply the science of pharmacy which according to Remington is - “The art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug - related information to the public”. That is why Acharya Caraka reiterates that Yuktijna always stands superior. The implementation of the Bhaishajya Kalpana principles is in the form of Samskaras as noted below: AsmÉxrÉÉÌmÉ qÉWûÉjÉïiuÉÇ mÉëpÉÔiÉxrÉÉsmÉMüqÉïiÉÉqÉç | MÑürÉÉïiÉç xÉÇrÉÉåaÉÌuÉzsÉåwÉMüÉsÉxÉÇxMüÉUrÉÑÌ£üÍpÉ: ||. 5.

(20) Pharmaceutical Review cÉ. xÉ. Mü. 12/48, cÉ¢ümÉÉÍhÉ. Enhancing the utility (pharmaco-dynamic action) of a relatively small quantity/quality of a substance (drug) or decreasing the utility of a relatively large quantity/quality of a substance are possible by Samyoga (combination), Vishlesha (disunion), Kala (time factor), Samskara (various pharmaceutical operations) and Yukti (intelligent planning). The Samskara is considered to be a change or sequence of changes, occurring/ induced which can be physical, chemical or both. The application of powerful concepts and modern techniques to the adopted processes allows obtaining meaningful results and making practical, useful predictions. Thus, an elaborate comprehension of the preparation of the compound drug with respect to the changes during the processes creates a unique opportunity for formulating the new/existing compounds with improved stability and specially selected compositions for superior nutritional, dieting and therapeutic qualities. Thus arises the necessity to study/observe the preparation of a drug with utmost care, comprehend the principles underlying, document the findings for further comparison, corroborate the document with therapeutic efficacy and then formulate the resolutions. Kashaya Kalpana Acharya kasyapa concept regarding kashaya kalpana cÉÔhÉï zÉÏiÉMüwÉÉrÉ¶É xuÉUxÉÉåÅÍpÉwÉuÉxjÉÉ | TüÉhOû: MüsMüxiÉjÉÉ YuÉÉjÉÉå rÉjÉÉuÉ¨ÉÇ ÌlÉoÉÉåkÉ qÉå || (MüÉwrÉmÉ, ÎZÉ.3/34) •. Churna sita kashaya swarasa abhisava(madya kalpana) phanta kalka kwatha.. 6.

(21) Pharmaceutical Review •. Acharya kasyapa mentioned aushada kalpana (seven kashaya kalpana) 7 in number and included abhisava (madhaya kalpana) and churna kalpana. •. The sequency of these kalpana’s is not according to guru and laghu guna’s1. Acharya Sushruta concept regarding kashaya kalpana ¤ÉÏUÇ UxÉÈ MüsMüqÉjÉÈ MüwÉÉrÉÈ ´É×iÉ¶É vÉÏiÉ¶É iÉjÉæuÉ TüÉhOûqÉç | MüsmÉÉÈ wÉQåûiÉã ZÉsÉÑ pÉãwÉeÉÉlÉÉÇ rÉjÉÉã¨ÉUÇ iÉã sÉbÉuÉÈ mÉëÌS¹ÉÈ || (xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ, xÉÔ.44.91) •. Acharya susrut as mentioned six kalpana’s as follows. •. Ksira,rasa(swarsa), kalka, srta(kwatha), sita ,churna. •. Each preceding one more stronger then it’s succeeding. •. Acharya charaka as not included in churna in abhisava(madhaya kalpana) in pancha vidha kashaya kalpana’s. •. Because it might concidered that churna as a antarghata kalpana(upa kalpana) of kalka and abhisava as a antarghata kalpana of sita kashya2 Swarasa Kalpana. Synonyms: Rasa, Swarasa, Niryasa xuÉÉå UxÉÈ xuÉUxÉÈ mÉëÉå£üÈ | (cÉ.xÉÔ.4) •. The juice expressed from particular substance is called Swarasa3. rÉl§É ÌlÉwmÉÏÌQûiÉÉSè SìuÉrÉÉS UxÉÈ xuÉUxÉ EcrÉiÉã | (cÉ.xÉÔ.4). •. The juice extracted from a drug pressed by a machine is known as Swarasa (pure juice, native juice or extract). •. The rasa which is produced by compressing Eg- Iksu, amlaki etc., is called Swarasa, this swarasa can be combined with other samshamana kalpana and administrated for the treatment of different disease4. 7.

(22) Pharmaceutical Review xÉ±È xÉqÉÑSèkÉ×iÉÉiÉç ¤ÉÑhhÉÉSè rÉÈ rÉuÉãiÉç mÉOûmÉÏÌQûiÉÉiÉç | xuÉUxÉÈ xÉ xÉqÉÑÌSS¹ . . . . | (A.Wû.Mü.6.9) •. The juice taken out from a fresh green herb well pounded and squeezed through a cloth is kown as swarasa5. rÉÎxqÉlÉç ÌSlÉã xÉqÉÑSèbÉ×iÉÇ iÉÎxqÉ³ÉãuÉ ÌSlÉã mÉë¤ÉÉsrÉ ¤ÉÑhhÉÉÇ mÉOûmÉÏÌQûiÉ¶É rÉSèSìurÉÇ iÉxrÉ UxÉÈ xuÉUxÉÈ | (WåûqÉÉÌSì) •. The green drug should be collected on thae same day. The swarasa can be prepared by washing and pounding them by squeezing and filtaring through a cloth. The liquid which is prouduced is called swarasa6. iÉ§ÉÉ. xÉ±È. xÉqÉÑSèkÉ×iÉÈ. mÉë¤ÉÉÍsÉiÉ¤ÉÑhhÉxrÉ. iÉÉliÉuÉÌlÉwmÉÏÌQûiÉxrÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈ xuÉUxÉÈ | (A¹ÉXçaÉ. xÉÇaÉëWû. Mü.8.10) •. Immediately after that drug is collected, it should be washed , crushed and squeezed thorough a cloth. This is said to be swarasa or niryasa7. AÉWØûiÉÉ¨Éi¤ÉhÉÉM×ü¹ÉSè SìurÉÉi¤ÉÑhhÉÉiÉç xÉqÉÑ®UãiÉç | uÉx§ÉÌlÉwmÉÏÌQûiÉÉã. rÉÈ. xÉ. UxÉÈ. xuÉUxÉ. EcrÉiÉã. ||. (vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉÇ.1.2) •. The juice extracted from a fresh green drug drug by pounding it then squeezing through a cloth, is known as swarasa8.. General procedure of swarasa preparation •. Collect the fresh green wet drug and make them into paste from by pounding. Then extract the juice by squeezing it with a cloth or yantra, thus obtained juice is called swarasa.. 8.

(23) Pharmaceutical Review Acc. to Sharangadhara, Puta paka swarasa vidhi9-: •. Hence acharya sarangadhara described puta paka vidhi as an alternative method of swarasa. Since the juice out by this method is also considered as swarasa. •. In this procedure the drug will be getting agni samskara, A bolus of mud holding within it the kalka(paste) of drugs put into fire and removed when it. becomes red hot, the thickness of the layer of mud should be two angulas or two angustas, it is better to wrap the paste of drug with leaves of kasmari, vata, jambu etc, the puta paka swarasa should be taken in the dose of one pala to which is added one karsha of honey and the proportion of kalka, Churnas or other liquids if to be added shall be the same as described earlier under swarasa. Some of the examples of puta paka swarasa vidhi are mentioned here under. •. Twak – kutaja twak, Aralu twak etc. •. Patra – Nyagrodha patra, Vasa patra, Amra patra, jambu patra, etc. •. Phala – Pakwa dadima phala, Vibhitaki phala, etc. •. Panchangas – kantakari,etc. •. Mula – Bijapura, Amra, Jambu, Surana kanda, Shunti churana, etc. Matra of puta paka swarasa- One pala Anu kalpana in swarasa abhava cÉÔhÉÉïlÉÉqÉÉRûMüqÉÉRûMüqÉÑSMüxrÉÉWûÉãUÉ§ÉÉÎxjÉiÉÇ qÉ×ÌSiÉmÉÔiÉÇ xuÉUxÉuÉiÉç mÉërÉÉãerÉqÉç | xuÉUxÉÉlÉÉqÉsÉÉpÉã iuÉrÉÇ xuÉUxÉÌuÉÍkÉÈ| (cÉ.ÍcÉ.1.2.12). 9.

(24) Pharmaceutical Review •. If wet drugs are not available, then further preparation of swarasa the following special method should be adapted. The powder of the plant drug should be taken the quantity of one adhaka in an earthen pot an to this one adhaka(same quantity ) of water is added and kept for one ahoratri(24 hours)there after it should be squeezed by hand and filter. The liquid that comes out after filtration can be used as swarasa10.. MÑüQûuÉÇ cÉÔÍhÉïiÉÇ SìurÉÇ Í¤ÉmiÉÇ iÉSè Ì²aÉÑhÉã eÉsÉã | AWûÉåUÉ§ÉÉÇ ÎxjÉiÉÇ iÉxqÉÉ°uÉã²É UxÉ E¨ÉqÉÈ || (uÉæ±Mü mÉËU.mÉë) •. One kudava powder of dry drug put in twice its quantity of water, kept over for a day and night, then filtered and obtained liquid is also called swarasa11. AÉSÉrÉ vÉÑwMüSìurÉÇ uÉÉ xuÉUxÉÉlÉÉqÉxÉqpÉuÉã | eÉsÉãÅ¹aÉÑÍhÉiÉã. xÉÉkrÉÇ. mÉÉSÍvÉ¹Ç. cÉ. aÉ×½iÉã. ||. (vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ. 1.4) In case of drugs, which are very dry and which do not give out any juice, boiling them in 8 times their quantity of water and reducing to a quarter can be also used as swarasa12. qÉkÉÑ µÉãiÉÉ aÉÑQûÇ ¤ÉÉUÉlÉç eÉÏUMüÇ sÉuÉhÉÇ iÉjÉÉ | bÉ×iÉÇ. iÉæsÉÇ. cÉ. cÉÔhÉÉïSÏlÉç. MüÉãsÉqÉÉ§ÉÉÇ. UxÉã. Í¤ÉmÉãiÉç || (vÉÉ.qÉ.1.6) bÉ×iÉÇ ÍxÉiÉÉÇ aÉÑQûÇ ¤ÉÉæSìÇ MüÉãsÉqÉÉ§ÉÉÇ UxÉã Í¤ÉÌmÉiÉç |. 10.

(25) Pharmaceutical Review sÉuÉhÉ¤ÉÉUcÉÔhÉÉïÌlÉ rÉÉãarÉqÉÉlÉÉÌlÉ SÉmÉrÉãiÉç || (´ÉÏ rÉÉSuÉ eÉÏ) Prakshepa dravya’s of swarasa •. Madhu(honey) sharkara(sugar) guda(jaggery) kshara(alkali) jiraka lavanga gretha taila(oil)are any powder if required be added should be 1 kola each in quantity (this should be mixed in 2 tola or ½ pala of swarasa13.. •. Ghrita, Sita, Guda and Honey if mentioned should be added in 1 Kola maatra, Lavana, kshara and Churna should be added in Yogya pramana14.. Table No.1- Some of the common Swarasa Kalpana’s with their Amayika Prayoga Sl.No Name of the swarasa. Amayika prayoga. 1.. Amruta Swarasa. Prameha. 2.. Dhatri Swarasa. Prameha. 3.. Vasa Swarasa. Rakta Pitta,Kasa,Ksaya,Kamala. 4.. Triphala, Daruharidra , Nimba, Guduchi Kamala Swarasa. 5.. Jambu, Amraka, Amlika,Swarasa. Raktatisara. 6.. Ardraka Swarasa. Vrsana Vata,Swasa-Kasa,Aruci. 7.. Bijapura Swarasa. Parswa Sula,Hrcchula,Vasti Sula. 8.. Satvari Swarasa. Pittaja Sula. 9.. Kumari Swarasa. Pitta Vrddi,Apaci. 10.. Alambusa Swarasa. Apaci,Gandamala,Kamala. 11.. Brahmi, Kusmanda, Vaca, Shanka Puspi All Type Of Unmada Swarasa. 11.

(26) Pharmaceutical Review. KWATHA KALPANA / KASHAYA KALPANA Kwatha kalpana is one of the ‘Panchavidha’, kashaya kalpana i.e. Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima and Phanta. The preceding kalpana is heavier than the latter i.e. Swarasa is heavier than Kalka, Kalka is heavier than Kashaya/Kwatha, Kwatha is heavier than Hima and Phanta, Hima and Phanta are lighter than the Kwatha, Kalka and Swarasa15. Nirukti: Kashaya kalpana is made up of two wordsKashaya- ‘Kash Himsayam, Dhatu + Ay pratyay Kashati kantam - To remove Dosha/Rogas from kanta. Kalpana-- Krip samarthye Dhatu+ tyant yuch taap pratyay. Definition16: The invention obtained after heating a dravya in a drava is called as ‘Kwatha’. Kwatha is a type of medicinal preparation in which coarsely powdered drug is boiled in a liquid for a definite time until the liquid is reduced to the desired quantity and the entire matter is squeezed through a thin cloth. The filtrate is discarded and the obtained liquid is used as Kwatha. Synonyms: ´É×iÉ YuÉÉjÉ MüwÉÉrÉ¶É ÌlÉrÉÔïWû: xÉ ÌlÉaÉ±iÉå | - vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/2 Shrita, Kwatha, Kashaya and Niryuha words are used synonymously. Kwatha and Kashaya words are commonly used. Importance: The Kwatha is utilized both internally and externally for therapeutic purposes. 12.

(27) Pharmaceutical Review Externally - Prakshalana, Gandusha, Kavala etc. Internally - Basti dravya, Pana and Anupana. Apart from this, Kashaya is essential in the preparation of Sneha, Asava, Arista, Ghana, Lehya etc Kalpanas. Like it is mentioned in many ways depends upon types of Kwatha for treatment of various diseases. Different types of Kashayas are mentioned in classics for internal purposes also. Moreover, Kwatha is essential in preparation of other Kalpanas as in the form of main drug or an accompanied for Avaleha Ghrita, Taila etc. preparations and Asava, Arista etc are alcoholic preparations. For these preparations Kwatha should be prepared first.. No special references about Kwatha kalpana are found in the Vedas. In Samhita period, the description and wide usage of Kashaya is found to treat various diseases. Acharya Sharangadhara mentions about the detailed aspect of preparation of Kashaya, the ratio between drava and dravya, prakshepa dravya used etc. Preparation of Kashaya: “uÉ»ûÉæ iÉÑ YuÉÍjÉiÉÇ SìurÉÇ ´ÉÑiÉqÉÉWÒûÍ¶ÉÌMüixÉMüÉ: || - cÉ. xÉÇ. xÉÔ. 4/7 Acharya Charaka mentions about preparation of Kashaya as- the dravya is boiled in a drava for a specific time. But the exact time for boiling is not mentioned. “aÉiÉUxÉåwÉÑ. AÉæwÉkÉåwÉÑ|”. (cÉUMü. xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ. ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉxjÉÉlÉ – 1). 13.

(28) Pharmaceutical Review Commenting on it Acharya Chakrapani says “Gatarasheshu Aushadeshu” i.e. the taste of the drug should be completely transferred into the drava and the drug should be tasteless. All the Samhitas later mentions about the preparation of Kashaya, the nature of the drug, ratio between drug and water and about the reduction of drava to obtain the final product. Acharya Sushruta mentions about the preparation of Kashaya in17. The Twak, Patra, Phala, Moola etc. part that is required is dried in sunlight. The drugs suitable for cutting is made into small pieces, drugs that are hard are broken down and pounded. Then the drugs are added to 8 or16 parts water, boiled and reduced to 1/4th. It is then removed from fire18. Acharya Sushruta also says that the bark, leaves,. flowers or roots are added with 4 times water, boiled and reduced to 1/4th19.. Ashtanga samgraha mentions the same principle as said by Acharya Sushruta and adds that the vessel should be made of copper, iron or mud.. Depending upon the hardness and quantity of dravya, the quantity of water is fixed. Mild heat is given during preparation and the mixture is stirred continuously with a spatula to prevent stirred continuously with a spatula to prevent sticking of drug to the vessel. When the water absorbs the active principles of drug and the drug becomes tasteless, the mixture is removed from fire, filtered through a cloth20. mÉÉSÎxjÉiÉÉå pÉuÉåiÉç YuÉÉjÉÉåå rÉÑ£üÉå oÉÀûÎalÉ iÉåeÉxÉÉå | xÉ uÉrÉÉåoÉsÉ xÉqmÉ³Éå aÉÑÂurÉÉkÉÉæ cÉ vÉxrÉiÉå || - MüÉ. xÉÇ. ÎZÉ. 3/42.. 14.

(29) Pharmaceutical Review Kashyapa samhita mentions to take one part of drug and mixed with 4 or 8 times of water, boil the mixture in mild heat and reduce to 1/4th. Thus obtained product is called as Kwatha. Water ratio: mÉÉlÉÏrÉÇ wÉÉåQûvÉ aÉÑhÉÇ ¤ÉÑhhÉå SìurÉmÉsÉå Í¤ÉmÉåiÉç | qÉ×imÉÉ§Éå YuÉÉjÉrÉåiÉç aÉëÉ½Ç A·qÉÉÇvÉÉuÉvÉåÌwÉiÉqÉç || iÉeeÉsÉÇ mÉÉrÉrÉåiÉç kÉÏqÉÉlÉç MüÉåwhÉÇ qÉ×²ÎalÉ xÉÉÍkÉiÉqÉç | vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/1 One pala of coarsely powdered drug is boiled with 16 parts of water in an earthen pot over a mild fire till liquid is reduced to 1/8th of the original quantity. The preparation of a Kashaya properly and to extract the active principles of the drug completely, the drug- water ratio plays an important role. The residual water, after boiling is the Kashaya. The drug- water ratio is chosen based on two criteria: i). Drug’s consistency. ii). Drug’s quantity. I. Drug’s consistency: cÉiÉÑaÉÑïhÉÇ qÉ×SÒSìurÉå MüÌPûlÉåÅ·aÉÑhÉÇ eÉsÉqÉç | iÉjÉÉ cÉ qÉkrÉqÉå SìurÉå S±ÉiÉç A·aÉÑhÉÇ mÉrÉ: || AirÉliÉ MüÌPûlÉå SìurÉå lÉÏUÇ wÉÉåQûÍvÉMüÇ qÉiÉqÉç | - vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 9/3 -4.. 15.

(30) Pharmaceutical Review The raw drugs are grouped into Mridu (soft), Madhyama (medium), Katina (hard) and Atyanta katina (too hard). Based on this, the amount of water is to be added and later reduced. According to Acharya Sarangadhara, the criteria are as follows: Table No.2-Showing amount of Jala depending upon quality of Dravya – S.I.. Nature of drug. Water to be added. Reduction. Example. 1. Mridu. 4 parts. 1/4th. Guduchi,. 2. Madhyama. 8 parts. 1/4th. Aragwada. 3. Katina. 8 parts. 1/4th. Dashamoola. 4. Atyanta katina. 16 parts. 1/4th. Padmaka. The residual part is always 1/4th of the original amount of water added. II. Drug’s quantity: MüwÉÉïÌSiÉ: mÉsÉÇ rÉÉuÉiÉç Í¤ÉmÉåiÉç wÉÉååQûÍvÉMüÇ eÉsÉqÉç | iÉSÕkuÉïÇ MÑüQûuÉÇ rÉÉuÉiÉç pÉuÉåiÉç A·aÉÑhÉÇ mÉrÉ: || mÉëxjÉÉÌSiÉ: Í¤ÉmÉå³ÉÏUÇ ZÉÉUÏ rÉÉuÉccÉiÉÑaÉÑïhÉqÉç ||. - vÉÉÇ.. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 9/4-5 The water ratio again depends upon the quantity of the material used during the process.. Table No.3-Showing amount of Jala depending upon quantity of Dravya. 16.

(31) Pharmaceutical Review S.I.No. Quantity of drug. Water to be added. Reduction. 1. 1karsha-1 pala (12gm-48gm). 16 parts. 1/4th. 2. 1pala-1kudava (48gm-192gm). 8 parts. 1/4th. 3. 1prastha-1khari (746gm-96kg). 4 parts. 1/4th. The water quantity should be decided according to the consistency and quantity of the drug. If the amount of water taken is less, the drug may be burnt and if water quantity is more, the active principles will get diluted in the water. According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the residual amount of water after boiling should be 1/4th, whereas Acharya Chakradatta and Acharya Gangadhara mention 1/8th part of water. Types of Kashaya: In the Ayurvedic (Sushruth) classics there is description of 2 types of Kashaya:i). Shrita Kashaya- The Kashaya prepared by boiling the drugs in water and reducing the amount of water.. ii). Ashrita Kashaya- The drug is kept in water overnight and squeezed after maceration. Eg. Phanta, Hima. Kalka and Swarasa are grouped under Ashrita Kashaya.. Acharya Harita mentioned 7 types of Kwatha based on its function and method of preparation21. Todarananda has told the same 7 types of Kwatha, according to pharmacological actions.. Table No.4 - Showing types of Kashaya Kalpana according to Acharya Harita. 17.

(32) Pharmaceutical Review Sl.No. 01. Kwatha. Proportion. type. of reduction. Pachana. 1/2. Purpose or usage. Time. of. administration Digestive – for metabolic Nisha – night. transformation of tissue elements.. 02. Deepana. 1/10. Appetizing – to stimulate Aparaahna the power of digestion. 03. Shodhana. 1/12. -. afternoon. Purificatory – to eliminate Morning the. waste. products. (Dosha & Mala) 04. Samana. 1/8. Palliative - to alleviate the Poorvahna Doshas. 05. Tarpana. Equal. Nourishing – to provide Morning nourishment to tissue i.e. Rasa, Rakta etc. Dhatus.. 06. Kledana. 1/4. Lubricating – to increase Morning the fluidity of the Dhatus. 07. Shoshana. 1/16. Drying - for absorption of Prabhaate– excessive part of the fluid morning from Dhatus. Table No.5 -Various Kashaya- According to Bhoja22:. 18.

(33) Pharmaceutical Review S.I.No. Name of Kashaya. % of drug to % of water to Reduction be taken. be added. part. 1.. Pana Kashaya. 1part. 24 palas. 1/8th. 2.. Gandusha Kashaya. 1part. 4 parts. 1/5th. 3.. Paniya Kashaya. 1karsha. ½ pala. 1/4th. 4.. Seka Kashaya. 1part. 4 parts. 1/8th. 5.. Aschyotana Kashaya. 1part. 6 parts. 1/6th. 6.. Vrana. prakshalana 1part. 3 parts. 1/12th. Kashaya 7.. Mukha Kashaya. 1part. 8 parts. 1/9th. 8.. Shodana Kashaya. 1part. 8 parts. 1/3rd. 9.. Asthapana Kashaya. 1part. 6 parts. 1/7th. 10.. Vamana Kashaya. 1part. 3 parts. 1/2. 11.. Virechana Kashaya. 1part. 6 parts. 1/8th. 12.. Snana Kashaya. 1part. 60 parts. 1/2. 13.. Yavagu Kashaya. 1part. 64 parts. 1/8th. 14.. Sneha Kashaya. 1part. 4 parts. 1/4th. 19.

(34) Pharmaceutical Review Administration of Kwatha: AÉWûÉU. UxÉmÉÉMåü. cÉ. xÉgeÉÉiÉå. Ì²mÉsÉÉåÎlqÉiÉqÉç. |. uÉ×®. uÉæ±ÉåmÉSåvÉålÉ ÌmÉoÉåiYuÉÉjÉÇ xÉÑmÉÉÍcÉiÉqÉç || vÉÉÇ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 2/3 According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the Kwatha is to be taken after the proper digestion of ahara rasa and the conversion of ahara rasa into rasa dhatu in 2 pala dose. If the person takes medicine before the digestion of food or vice-versa, it can lead to the manifestation of diseases23. Kashaya should be taken in lukewarm condition. Reboiling of the Kashaya before intake is contraindicated. As the shelf life of Kashaya is low, it should be always prepared fresh from Kwatha choorna. Shamana Kwatha should be taken at early morning in empty stomach. Shodhana Kwatha is to be taken before sunrise while Deepana Kwatha is to be taken during the 3rd prahara. In case of vataja or kaphaja disorder, Kashaya is given lukewarm, whereas in pittaja disorder, Kashaya is given after cooling24. Matra: Acharya Sharangadhara 25. – 2 palas – 1 pala (48ml) –Madhyama Matra.. Acharya Yadavji 26. – 1 pala. Acharya Vangasena and Vrinda Madhava – 4 pala.. 20.

(35) Pharmaceutical Review. Table No.6 -Prakshepaka dravyas: Author. Prakshepaka dravya. Acharya 27. Sharangadhara. Madhu. Acharya 28. Sharangadhara. Sarkara. Acharya. Ksheera, Ghrita, Guda,. Sharangadhara29. Taila, Gomutra, Any. Quantity. Vyadhi. 1/16thof Kashaya. vataja. 1/8th of Kashaya. pittaja. 1/4th of Kashaya. kaphaja. 1/16thof Kashaya. kaphaja. th. 1/8 of Kashaya. pittaja. 1/4th of Kashaya. vataja. 1karsha each. Drava dravya, Kalka,. _. Churna, Guggulu Acharya. Jiraka, Guggulu, Ksira, one Sana each. Sharangadhara30. Lavana,Silajatu,Hingu,. _. Trikatu Acharya Kashyapa31. Hingu, Saindhava,. 1masa each. Guda, Ksheera, Sita. 1karsha each. Prakshepa dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and also increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific amount for prakshepa dravya, which is mentioned below. Prakshepaka dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and also to increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific amount for Prakshepaka dravya, which is mentioned below:. 21.

(36) Pharmaceutical Review. Preparation of Kashaya: Equipments•. Stove (heat source). •. Vessel. •. Clean, thin cloth. •. Clean vessel for filtration of Kashaya. •. Pincer to hold the vessel.. Method of preparation: •. First well arrangement of all equipments which are required above and take potential drugs for Kwatha preparation.. •. Clean the drugs with water.. •. If the drug is fresh, cut it into small pieces; if dry, and then make a coarse powder of it. In case of very hard drug, make it into small pieces and soak it overnight in water.. •. Then Kashaya dravyas are put into sufficient amount of water and mixed well in a big, wide mouth vessel.. •. Mild heat is given from below, so that complete potency of drug is transferred to the liquid.. •. Lid should not be covered over the vessel.. •. The vessel is removed from the fire, when water is reduced to the required amount after boiling.. •. After slight cooling of vessel, the Kashaya is filtered using a clean cloth to another clean vessel.. •. Kashaya is not prepared of drugs having volatile oil, as volatile oils are destroyed when heated.. 22.

(37) Pharmaceutical Review. Test for Kashaya: •. Kashaya dravya should be boiled properly.. •. Desired smell, taste and color should be obtained in Kashaya.. •. Kashaya should not contain suspended particles.. •. Residue of drug should be tasteless.. •. The Kashaya prepared should have accurate measurement (quantity) after boiling and reducing of water.. •. The Kashaya should produce the desired effect against the disease for which it is administered.. Modern concept of Kashaya32: Decoction is the process in which water soluble and heat stable constituents of a drug are extracted and transferred to water (liquid medium). Boiling and reducing the water to the calculated final volume is important to derive the efficacy and benefit from decoction. Uniform mild heat and type of vessel used for boiling the water is also important. Always freshly prepared decoction should be dispensed. At present no decoction is mentioned in Indian or British Pharmacopoeia. Parameters to be followed to standardize Kashaya33. 1. Organoleptic characters. 2.Ash value. 3. Acid-insoluble content. 4.T.L.C and pH. 5. Specific gravity. 6.Alkaloid content. CHURNA KALPANA The term Churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs, which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to homogeneity. 23.

(38) Pharmaceutical Review. According to Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Churna is a fine powder of drug or drugs34. AirÉliÉzÉÑwMÇü rÉSìurÉÇ xÉÑÌmÉ¹Ç uÉx§ÉaÉÉÍsÉiÉqÉç | iÉixrÉÉŠÔhÉÇ UeÉ: ¤ÉÉåSxiÉlqÉ§ÉÉ MüzÉïxÉÇÍqÉiÉÉ || zÉÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/1 According to Acharya Sharangadhara, churna means, nicely powdered dry drug which is filtered through a cloth. Churna is that which is powdered without any liquid. The churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two or more drugs which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to homogeneity. xÉÔ¤qÉcÉÑhÉÏï¢üiÉÇ. cÉÑhÉïÇ. lÉÉlÉÉMüqÉïxÉÑ. rÉÑerÉiÉå. |. aÉëWûhrÉÉqÉÌuÉMüUåwÉÑ uÉëhÉuÉirÉleÉïlÉÉÌSwÉÑ || MüÉ. xÉÇ. ÎZÉ. 3/36 According to Acharya Kasyapa the substance, which is made in to fine powdered form by pulverized is called churna. This churna is used for Grahani roga, Amavikara, Vrana and for the purpose of Anjana etc. Vernacular Names35: •. Sanskrit.. -. Shuska Kalka, Shuska Pista, Ksoda, Raja. •. English.. -. Powder. •. Hindi. -. Churna. •. Kannada.. -. Pudi, Hittu,Churna. •. Latin name. -. Pulver, Pulverata. •. Unani. -. Safuf, Atus, Avadhilana. Synonyms: iÉixrÉÉŠÔhÉÇ UeÉ: ¤ÉÉåSxiÉlqÉ§ÉÉ MüzÉïxÉÇÍqÉiÉÉ || zÉÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/1. 24.

(39) Pharmaceutical Review • Rajah (pulvis) • Kshoda (powder) The sharangadhara samhita was explained synonyms of churna kalpana.. Similarities of churna and kalka kalpana: zÉÑwMüÌmÉ¹: xÉÑ¤qÉiÉÉliÉuÉmÉOûcrÉÑiÉ¶ÉÔhÉï: | iÉxrÉ xÉqÉxiÉSìurÉÉmÉËUirÉÉaÉÉSÉmsÉÑiÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÉŠ MüsMüÉSpÉåS || A .xÉÇ .Mü .8/10 Churna is considered as modified form of kalka kalpana. Because dried form of kalka can be considered as churna and many of the times churna is used to make the kalka. Churna is not different from kalka, because it is not devoid of any part of the drug and used well soaked in fluids. Pharmaceutical processing of kalka and churna has many similar features. In certain conditions, kalka can be prepared with suska dravyas (dry drugs) by making them vastra galita churna and adding drava dravya. The process of pounding is similar for both churna and kalka. Making powder. Churna. Kalka (churna+drava dravya). Vastra galana Chart No 1. Showing Churna Proces 35. Types of Churna : •. Sthula –Coarse powder – For Hima, Phanta, Kasaya, sieved through No – 20 sieves. 25.

(40) Pharmaceutical Review •. Shuksma – Fine powder – for Vati, Lehy, Nasya, sieved through No. 60 sieve.. •. Atyanta shuksma (Vastra Galita) Bhasmas, Anjanas. Sieved through No. 100 sieve (very fire powder).. Praksepaka Dravayas and their quantity: cÉÑhÉåï aÉÑQû: xÉqÉÉå SårÉ: zÉMïüUÉ Ì²aÉÑhÉÉ pÉuÉåiÉç | cÉÑhÉåïwÉÑ pÉÎeÉïiÉÇ ÌWû…Óû SårÉÇ lÉÉåiYsÉåS¢ü°uÉåiÉç || zÉÉ.. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/2 •. Guda. = Equal to that of churna. . Sarkara. = Two times of that of churna. •. Hingu. = Quantity which does not cause any Utkledan (Nausea) and. must be used after frying •. Milk, water. Liquids = Ghee, oil, honey etc. – 2 parts. = 4 parts.. Bhavana dravya matra related with churna: SìuÉåhÉ rÉÉuÉiÉÉ xÉqrÉMü cÉÑhÉï xÉuÉïÇ msÉÑiÉÇ pÉuÉåiÉç | pÉÉuÉÉlÉÉrÉÉ: mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ iÉÑ cÉÑhÉåï mÉëÉå£Çü ÍpÉwaÉuÉUæ : || zÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/6 The quantity of any liquid which soaks the powder fully well is called bhavanadravya. Process of Preparation: Equipment required . The drugs enumerated in the recipe in clean in well dried state.. . A mortar and pestle.. . Pulverizers and. . A fine sieve or fine cloth.. . Ball mills etc.. . Disintegrators.. 26.

(41) Pharmaceutical Review The drugs that are to be used in the preparation should be taken from recently collected material. Drugs, which are aged by prolonged storage or changed in colour, taste, smell and those, which are insect infested, should be positively rejected. However, drugs like embelia fruits, long pepper, coriander seeds, honey, jaggery, and even cow’s ghee are preferred from old stock, which should be unspoilt otherwise.. In general, the aromatics are slightly fried in order to increase or sweeten their aroma. Any extraneous material should be removed from the drugs. The drugs mentioned in the churna yoga are cleaned and dried. They are powdered by pounding in with mortar and pestle and sieved through a thin layer of cloth (Vastragalita). In a prescription where there are a number of ingredients, the best method is to powder the drugs separately, weight the required quantities of the drugs and mix them all together. As some of the drugs contain more fibrous matter than others, this method of powdering and weighing them separately according to yoga, and then mixing them together, is recommended. The reason for separate powdering of different drugs in Churna kalpana is that, different drugs will have different types of consistency as mrdu (soft), madhyama (medium) and kathina (hard). If they mixed and pounded together, first mrdu dravyas get powdered easily, kathina dravyas remains as it is, hence while doing filtration (vastragalitam) variation in the ratio of ingredients mentioned in churna formulae take place and also drugs which contains volatile oil property, may evaporate easily and burnt sometimes, before kathina dravyas get powdered uniformly. 27.

(42) Pharmaceutical Review So that, it is advised to powder all drugs of Churna formulae separately, then only they are supposed to be mixed together uniformly to get better therapeutic results from the administered Churna formulae. Swadista virecana churna, lavana bhaskara churna, Hingvastaka churna etc., which are having combination of sugar, salt as a. ingredient should not be formulated during rainy season, because they may get spoiled with in a short period by attracting moisture from atmospheric conditions, it happens because of more hygroscopic nature of ingredients in the recipe. A volatile principle may get volatilized during the milling process. This is due to the more exposed surface area of the crude drug and also to the increase in temperature during grinding. Therefore, drugs like clove, cardamom, caraway or cinnamon are not powdered to a very fine form. When Hingu, Saindhava lavana and similar drugs are to be added they are fried well and powdered so that they do not become moist. Sugar and camphor are powdered separately and added. The Churna should be very fine, amorphous and should be perfectly dry. The fineness of the sieve used should be preferably 80 mesh per square inch or still finer. Finer the powder better is the therapeutic value. Preservation •. Churnas should be packed in air tight containers.. •. The prepared Churna should be stored in tightly stopper glass bot tles.. •. Polythene and foil packing also gives damp proof protection. 28.

(43) Pharmaceutical Review Anupana for churna: cÉÑhÉÉïuÉsÉåWûaÉÑÌiÉMüÉsMüÉlÉÉqÉlÉÑmÉlÉMüqÉç. |. uÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨ÉMüTüÉiÉhMåü Ì§ÉukÉåMümÉsÉqÉÉWûUåiÉç || rÉjÉÉ iÉæsÉÇ eÉsÉå Í¤ÉmiÉÇ ¤ÉhÉålÉæuÉ mÉëxÉmÉïuÉ | AlÉÑmÉlÉoÉsÉÉSlaÉå iÉjÉÉ xÉmÉïÌiÉ pÉåwÉeÉqÉç || zÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉ.6/4-5. Anupana (vehicle for the medicine) for Churna (pulvis), Avaleha, Confection, Gutika tablets, Kalka paste should be three, two and one pala respectively for diseases of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Just as oil spreads quickly on water like medicines spread inside the body by the strength of the vehicle. Table No.7 -Showing the various amount of Anupana for churna Drugs. Pala. Doshas. Avaleha. 3. Vata. Gutika. 2. Pitta. Kalka. 1. kapha. Important uses of Churna35: •. Used as main medicament in the treatment of many diseases: Talisadi Churna, Hingastaka Churna, Sankhapuspi Kalka etc.. •. Churnas could be used as adjuvants:o Suvarna Bhasma with Trikatu Churna o Abhraka Bhasma with Talisadi Churna. •. Churnas are used to prepare Vati, Avleha, Arka, Kasaya, Hima, 29.

(44) Pharmaceutical Review Phanta, Snehas, Ksirapaka, Asavarista preparations etc. •. Powders are used externally -. For Avadhulana (sprinkling), Lepana in. wounds and skin diseases. Shelf life: qÉÉxÉ²rÉÉiÉç iÉjÉÉ cÉÑhÉï ÌWûlÉÌuÉrÉïiuÉqÉÉmlÉÑrÉÉiÉç | zÉÉ. xÉÇ. mÉëç. ZÉ. 1/51 2 months. General Dose of Churna: 1Karsa- 12gms iÉlqÉÉ§ÉÉ MüwÉïxÉÇÍqÉiÉÉ | | zÉÉ. xÉÇ. qÉ. ZÉ. 6/1 Churna, Kalka and Gutika matra is one and same, that is one Karsha pramana. If Churna is advised to chew after making paste form with the help of some drava dravya, then that drava dravya is advised to drink after mixing in dravya, than the drava dravya quatity should be four times more than Churna. Advantages of Churna form35: Fixation of the dose is easier when the medicament is in powder form. •. Churnas are more stable than liquids, because chemical reactions take place more rapidly in atmospheric conditions when the drugs are in liquid form.. •. Incompatibility is less in case of Churnas than liquids.. •. The rapid dissolution increases the blood concentration in a shorter time, there by the action is produced in a lesser time.. •. They are more economical compared to other preparations.. •. It is easier to carry the Churnas and tablets than liquids.. Disadvantages of Churna form: •. Drugs which deteriorate on exposure to atmospheric conditions are 30.

(45) Pharmaceutical Review •. Not suitable for dispensing in powder forms.. •. Bitter, corrosive and unpalatable drugs cannot be dispensed in Churna form. •. Deliquescent and hygroscopic drugs cannot be dispensed in Churna form.. • Volatile drugs are not suitable for dispensing in Churna form.. 31.

(46) Drug Review . DRUG REVIEW Drug (Dravya) is one among the Cikitsa Catuspada and is having the next place after the physician. Acharya Caraka says that, he is the best of physicians who knows the science of administration of drugs with due reference to the place and time, and who applies it only after examining each and every patient individually. A drug that is not understood perfectly is comparable to poison, weapons, fire and the thunderbolt, while the perfectly understood drug is comparable to ambrosia. Keeping these points in view the following drug has been selected for the sudy which mainly containsaÉlkÉMüÉqÉsÉÌMücÉÔhÉï kÉÉ§ÉÏUxÉÌuÉpÉÉÌuÉiÉqÉç | xÉmiÉkÉÉ zÉÉsqÉsÉÏiÉÉårÉæÈ zÉMïüUÉqÉkÉÑrÉÉåÎeÉiÉqÉç || sÉÏRèuÉÉ cÉÉlÉÑmÉrÉÈ mÉÉlÉÇ mÉëirÉWÇû MÑüÂiÉå iÉÑ rÉÈ | LiÉålÉÉzÉÏÌiÉuÉwÉÉåïÅÌmÉ zÉiÉkÉÉ UqÉiÉå Îx§ÉrÉÉ || pÉæ.U. 74/42-43 Shuddha Gandhaka Amalaki Churna Amalaki swarasa Shalamali toya. 30 .

(47) Drug Review . AMALAKI1 Botanical name: Embilica officinalis Goertn (Phyllannthus Embilica Linn) Family name. : Euphorbiaceae. Mostly collected in winter season after ripening and in Kashmir in summer, a small or medium sized tree, found both in natural state in mixed deciduous forests of the country ascending to 1300 m on hills; cultivated in gardens, home yards or grown as a road side tree. SYNONYMS Sanskrit. : Amrtaphala, Amalaka, Dhatriphala. Kannada. : Nellikayi, Bela nelli, pottadenollikayi. Assamese. : Amlakhi, Amlakhu, Amlaku. Bengali. : Amla, Dhatri. English. : Emblic Myrobalan. Gujrati. : Ambala, Amala. Hindi. : Amla, Aonla. Kashmiri. : Amli, Embali. Malayalam. : Nellikka. Marathi. : Anvala, Avalkathi. Oriya. : Ainla, Anala. Punjabi. : Aula, amla. Tamil. : Nellikkai, nelli. Telugu. : Usirika. Urdu. : Amla, Amlaj. 31 .

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