Bridge Manual 2012

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Bridge Manual

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B

Bridge Manual

ridge Manual

Title Page

Prepared by

Prepared by::::

Bureau of Bridges and Structures

Division

Division of Highways

of Highways

Agency:

Illinois Department of Transportation

Place of Publication:

Springfield Illinois

201

201 2012

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Bridge Manual Revision History

Archived versions are available to examine in the Bureau of Bridges and Structures.

Revision Date Description Approval

November 2006 Major Rewrite Ralph E. Anderson

May 2008 See Cover Letter Ralph E. Anderson

November 2009 January 2012

See Cover Letter See Cover Letter

Ralph E. Anderson D. Carl Puzey

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Jan. 2012 Page i

List of Figures and Tables ... xiv Section 1 Introduction ... 1-1 1.1 Bridge Policy ... 1-1

1.1.1 LRFD and LFD Bridge and Structure Design ... 1-1 1.1.2 Seismic Design of Bridges ... 1-2 1.1.3 Manual Updates, All Bridge Designer Memoranda (ABD), and Other Supplemental Electronic Documents ... 1-3

1.2 Organizations and Functions ... 1-4

1.2.1 Services Development Section ... 1-4 1.2.2 Bridge Planning Section ... 1-4 1.2.2.1 Project Planning and Consultant Prequalification Units ... 1-5 1.2.2.2 Hydraulics Unit ... 1-5 1.2.2.3 Foundations and Geotechnical Unit ... 1-6 1.2.3 Bridge Design Section ... 1-7 1.2.3.1 Policy, Standards and Specifications Unit ... 1-8 1.2.3.2 Bridge Design & Review Units ... 1-8 1.2.3.3 Construction Liaison Unit... 1-9 1.2.3.4 Shop Drawings & Steel Fabrication Inspection Unit ... 1-9 1.2.4 Structural Services Section ... 1-9 1.2.4.1 Bridge Investigations and Repair Plans Unit ... 1-9 1.2.4.2 Local Bridge Unit ... 1-10 1.2.4.3 Structural Ratings and Permits Unit ... 1-11

1.3 Preparation of Bridge and Structure Plans ... 1-12 1.4 Consulting Engineers ... 1-13

1.4.1 Plan Development Outline ... 1-14 1.4.1.1 "Interim Plan-Review" Meeting Requirements ... 1-16 1.4.2 Quality Verification Statement ... 1-16

Section 2 Planning ... 2-1 2.1 General Planning Process ... 2-1

2.1.1 Goal………. ... 2-1 2.1.2 Bridge and Structure Specifications ... 2-1 2.1.3 Context Sensitive Solutions ... 2-2 2.1.4 Structure Types ... 2-2 2.1.5 Planning Tasks ... 2-3 2.1.5.1 Bridge Condition Report (BCR) ... 2-3

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page ii Jan. 2012

2.1.5.2 Type Size and Location Plan ... 2-4 2.1.5.3 Structure Geotechnical Report and Hydraulic Report ... 2-5 2.1.5.4 Consultant Man Hour Evaluations ... 2-5 2.1.5.5 Utility Attachments ... 2-6 2.1.6 Responsibilities ... 2-7 2.1.6.1 District ... 2-7 2.1.6.2 Consultant ... 2-7 2.1.6.3 Bureau of Bridges and Structures Planning Section... 2-7 2.1.7 Reference Manuals ... 2-8

2.2 Bridge Condition Reports ... 2-9

2.2.1 Definition…….. ... 2-9 2.2.2 BCR Types….. ... 2-10 2.2.2.1 Bridge Condition Report ... 2-10 2.2.2.2 Abbreviated Bridge Condition Report ... 2-10 2.2.2.3 ISIS Master Report ... 2-11 2.2.2.4 Bridge Condition Report Not Required... 2-11 2.2.3 BCR Content…. ... 2-11 2.2.3.1 Bridge Inspection and Documentation ... 2-11 2.2.3.2 Delamination Surveys ... 2-12 2.2.3.3 Bridge Condition and Geometric Analysis ... 2-12 2.2.3.4 Recommendation ... 2-13 2.2.3.4.1 Scope-of-Work ... 2-13 2.2.3.4.2 Bridge Width ... 2-13 2.2.3.4.3 Maintenance of Traffic ... 2-14 2.2.3.4.4 Proposed Structure Sketch ... 2-14 2.2.4 Hydraulic Analysis Summary ... 2-16 2.2.5 BCR Submittals and Timelines ... 2-16 2.2.6 Example Bridge Condition Report Format ... 2-16

2.3 Type Size and Location Plans ... 2-17

2.3.1 Introduction…. ... 2-17 2.3.2 Submittal Requirements ... 2-17 2.3.3 Submittals and Timelines for TSL Plans ... 2-18 2.3.3.1 In-House TSL Plans ... 2-18 2.3.3.2 Consultant TSL Plans ... 2-18 2.3.4 Preliminary Guidelines, Investigations and Reports ... 2-18

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Jan. 2012 Page iii

2.3.4.1 Structure Report ... 2-18 2.3.4.1.1 General ... 2-18 2.3.4.1.2 Content ... 2-19 2.3.4.1.3 Preparation and Submittal ... 2-19 2.3.4.2 Hydraulic Report Coordination ... 2-22 2.3.4.3 Structure Geotechnical Report and Subsurface Investigation ... 2-22 2.3.4.4 Location Study Reports ... 2-23 2.3.4.5 TSL Guidelines ... 2-24 2.3.4.5.1 Bridge Length ... 2-24 2.3.4.5.2 Pier Location and Type... 2-24 2.3.4.5.3 Superstructure Types ... 2-25 2.3.5 TSL Plan Types ... 2-25 2.3.5.1 Highway Bridges ... 2-26 2.3.5.2 Railroad Bridges ... 2-26 2.3.5.3 Culverts and Three Sided Structures ... 2-26 2.3.5.4 Pedestrian Bridges ... 2-27 2.3.5.5 Retaining Walls ... 2-27 2.3.6 Bridge Type Study ... 2-28 2.3.6.1 Superstructure Component Selection ... 2-30 2.3.6.1.1 Structural Steel ... 2-30 2.3.6.1.2 Prestressed Concrete Deck Beams ... 2-31 2.3.6.1.3 Prestressed Concrete I-Beams and Bulb-T Beams ... 2-46 2.3.6.1.4 Slab Bridges ... 2-60 2.3.6.1.5 Bearing Type ... 2-60 2.3.6.1.6 Bridge Deck Expansion Joints... 2-61 2.3.6.1.7 Bridge Railing ... 2-63 2.3.6.1.8 Bridge Deck Drainage ... 2-66 2.3.6.2 Substructure Component Selection ... 2-70 2.3.6.2.1 Abutment Type ... 2-70 2.3.6.2.2 Pier Type... 2-72 2.3.6.3 Foundation Component Selection ... 2-82 2.3.6.3.1 Foundation Type ... 2-82 2.3.6.3.2 Scour Consideration and Design Scour Table ... 2-91 2.3.6.3.3 Slope Protection and Berms ... 2-97 2.3.6.4 Temporary Construction Works ... 2-105

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page iv Jan. 2012

2.3.6.4.1 Temporary Sheet Piling and Temporary Soil Retention Systems ... 2-105 2.3.6.4.2 Cofferdams ... 2-105 2.3.6.4.3 Temporary MSE Walls and Temporary Geotextile Retaining Walls ... 2-108 2.3.7 Bridge Geometry and Layout ... 2-108 2.3.7.1 Overall Length ... 2-109 2.3.7.1.1 Horizontal Clearance ... 2-109 2.3.7.1.2 Vertical Clearance ... 2-109 2.3.7.2 Bridge Width ... 2-110 2.3.7.3 Skew Angle ... 2-110 2.3.7.4 Cross Slopes ... 2-111 2.3.7.4.1 Tangent Sections ... 2-111 2.3.7.4.2 Superelevation Development ... 2-111 2.3.7.5 Sidewalks ... 2-114 2.3.7.6 Curved Alignment ... 2-114 2.3.7.7 Traffic Barriers ... 2-115 2.3.7.8 Grinding and Smoothness Criteria ... 2-116 2.3.8 Maintenance of Traffic ... 2-116 2.3.9 Hydraulic Issues ... 2-117 2.3.9.1 IDNR-OWR ... 2-117 2.3.9.2 Permit Sketches ... 2-118 2.3.9.3 Bridges Over Navigable Waterways ... 2-124 2.3.10 Seismic Issues ... 2-126 2.3.10.1 Seismic Design of New Bridges ... 2-127 2.3.10.2 Retrofitting of Existing Bridges ... 2-128 2.3.10.3 Seismic Data ... 2-129 2.3.11 Culvert and Three Sided Precast Concrete Structure Selection Process ... 2-135 2.3.11.1 Culverts ... 2-135 2.3.11.1.1 General ... 2-136 2.3.11.1.2 Use Limitations ... 2-136 2.3.11.1.3 Processing Requirements ... 2-137 2.3.11.2 Three Sided Precast Concrete Structures ... 2-137 2.3.11.2.1 Use Limitations ... 2-138 2.3.11.2.2 Planner/Designer Responsibilities ... 2-139 2.3.11.2.3 Site Limitations ... 2-139 2.3.11.2.4 Plan Processing Procedures ... 2-140

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Jan. 2012 Page v

2.3.11.3 Hydraulic Issues ... 2-140 2.3.11.4 Foundation Issues ... 2-141 2.3.11.4.1 Culverts ... 2-141 2.3.11.4.2 Three Sided Precast Concrete Structures ... 2-146 2.3.11.5 Culvert Nesting Ledge Issues ... 2-147 2.3.12 Retaining Wall Selection Process ... 2-149 2.3.12.1 MSE Walls ... 2-150 2.3.12.2 Cast-In-Place T-Type Walls ... 2-151 2.3.12.3 Soldier Pile Walls ... 2-152 2.3.12.4 Permanent Sheet Piling ... 2-153 2.3.12.5 Anchors ... 2-154 2.3.13 Type Size and Location Presentation ... 2-154 2.3.13.1 Checklist for Bridges ... 2-154 2.3.13.2 Checklist for Culverts and Three Sided Structures ... 2-162 2.3.13.3 Checklist for Retaining Walls ... 2-167 2.3.14 Sample Type Size and Location Plans ... 2-172 2.3.15 Deliverables ………....2-175

2.3.15.1 BBS Prepared TSL Plans ... 2-175 2.3.15.2 Consultant Prepared TSL Plans ... 2-176

2.4 Structure Reconstruction/Rehabilitation ... 2-177

2.4.1 Definition and Submittal Requirements ... 2-177 2.4.2 Evaluation Process ... 2-177 2.4.2.1 Abutment Widening ... 2-177 2.4.2.2 Pier Widening ... 2-178 2.4.2.3 Semi-Integral Abutments ... 2-179 2.4.2.4 Retrofit of Existing Welded Cover Plates ... 2-179 2.4.2.5 Distortion-Induced Fatigue Details ... 2-180 2.4.2.6 Re-Decking, Beam Widenings and New Superstructures on Existing

Substructure Units ... 2-181 2.4.3 TSL Plan Preparation and Sample TSL Plans ... 2-181

2.5 Utility Attachments ... 2-181

2.5.1 Computation of Cost Assessment ... 2-182

2.6 Permits Projects ... 2-184 Section 3 Design ... 3-1 3.1 General ... 3-1

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page vi Jan. 2012

3.1.1 Plan Presentation ... 3-1 3.1.2 Content of Bridge Plans ... 3-2 3.1.3 General Notes ………3-2 3.1.4 Reinforcement Presentation ... 3-11 3.1.5 Reinforcement Designation ... 3-13 3.1.6 Total Bill of Material (General Plan & Elevation Sheet) ... 3-13 3.1.7 Bill of Material (Individual Elements of Bridge) ... 3-14 3.1.8 Basic Geometry & Footing Layout... 3-14 3.1.9 Top of Slab Elevations ... 3-19 3.1.10 Designation of Roadway Crown on Plans ... 3-27 3.1.11 Boring Logs and Subsurface Data Profile Plot... 3-27 3.1.12 Table of Moments and Shears ... 3-27 3.1.13 Checklist for Use in Final Plan Preparation ... 3-51 3.1.14 Submittals and Timelines for Final Plans ... 3-62

3.2 Deck ... 3-63

3.2.1 Concrete Deck Slabs on Stringers ... 3-63 3.2.1.1 Design Criteria Overview ... 3-68 3.2.2 Reinforcement (Concrete Deck Slabs on Stringers) ... 3-71 3.2.2.1 Reinforcement (Treatment of Decks at End Diaphragms) ... 3-72 3.2.3 Reinforcement (Treatment of Skewed Decks) ... 3-77 3.2.4 Parapet & Sidewalk Sections ... 3-77 3.2.4.1 Parapet Joints (Concrete Deck on Stringers) ... 3-78 3.2.5 Raised Curb Medians ... 3-93 3.2.6 Longitudinal Bonded Joints (Concrete Deck on Steel Stringers) ... 3-96 3.2.7 Longitudinal Open Joints ... 3-96 3.2.8 Transverse Construction Joints ... 3-99 3.2.9 Deck Slab Drains and Drainage Scuppers ... 3-100 3.2.10 Light Poles and Parapet Conduit... 3-110 3.2.11 Slab Bridges (Main Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic) ... 3-114 3.2.12 Bridge Approach Slabs and Approach Footings ... 3-122

3.3 Structural Steel... 3-125

3.3.1 Distribution of Loads to Beams and Girders ... 3-125 3.3.2 Limiting Live Load Deflection of Beams and Girders ... 3-128 3.3.3 Uplift at End Reactions ... 3-129 3.3.4 Design of Steel Members- General ... 3-130

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Jan. 2012 Page vii

3.3.4.1 Fatigue Analysis ... 3-131 3.3.5 Design of Steel Beams and Girders – Lateral Stresses ... 3-132 3.3.6 Design of Steel Beams and Girders – Moment Redistribution ... 3-132 3.3.7 Notch Toughness Requirements ... 3-133 3.3.8 Cover Plates… ... 3-133 3.3.9 Composite Beam Design - Shear Connectors ... 3-136 3.3.10 Curved Member Diaphragms and Cross Frames ... 3-139 3.3.11 Welded Girder Flange Transitions ... 3-139 3.3.12 Camber…….. ... 3-144 3.3.13 Fillet Welds… ... 3-145 3.3.14 Intermediate Vertical Stiffeners ... 3-146 3.3.15 Cross Frame and Diaphragm Connection Plates ... 3-146 3.3.16 Bearing Stiffeners ... 3-147 3.3.17 Structural Steel Framing ... 3-147 3.3.18 Minimum Concrete Fillet Heights ... 3-150 3.3.19 Lateral Bracing ... 3-150 3.3.20 Longitudinal Stiffeners ... 3-151 3.3.21 Bolted Field Splices ... 3-151 3.3.22 Interior Diaphragms and Cross Frames ... 3-157 3.3.23 End Diaphragms and Frames ... 3-163 3.3.23.1 End Diaphragms and Frames at Finger Plate and Modular Joints ... 3-172 3.3.24 Erection and Holes in Diaphragms, Cross Frames & Lateral Bracing Members .. 3-177 3.3.25 Intermediate Diaphragm or Cross Frame Connections for Stage Construction .... 3-178 3.3.26 Constructability ... 3-179 3.3.27 Minimum Steel Plate Thicknesses ... 3-180 3.3.28 Computation of Structural Steel Quantities ... 3-181

3.4 PPC I-Beams and PPC Bulb T-Beams ... 3-183

3.4.1 Distribution of Loads to Beams ... 3-183 3.4.2 Design of PPC I-Beams and PPC Bulb T-Beams – General ... 3-183 3.4.3 Stress Limits… ... 3-184 3.4.4 Strand Pattern Charts for Moment ... 3-185 3.4.4.1 Strand Patterns for Simple and Continuous Span Applications ... 3-185 3.4.4.2 Standard Beam Cross Sections and Typical Strand Layout... 3-199 3.4.4.3 Concrete Fillets over Prestressed Beams ... 3-207 3.4.5 Design for Shear ... 3-209

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page viii Jan. 2012

3.4.5.1 Ultimate Strength Design of Primary Transverse Reinforcement ... 3-209 3.4.5.2 Standard Transverse Reinforcement Patterns... 3-209 3.4.6 Camber and Deflections ... 3-212 3.4.7 Lifting Loops… ... 3-212 3.4.8 Splitting Steel.. ... 3-214 3.4.9 Permanent Bracing ... 3-216 3.4.10 Continuity Diaphragms over Piers ... 3-220

3.5 PPC Deck Beams ... 3-227

3.5.1 Design Guide.. ... 3-227 3.5.2 Stress Limits… ... 3-228 3.5.3 Strand Pattern Tables ... 3-228 3.5.4 Design Properties and Standard Beam Cross Sections ... 3-235 3.5.5 Design for Shear ... 3-248 3.5.6 Fixed Substructures ... 3-248 3.5.6.1 Abutment Sections... 3-248 3.5.6.2 Pier Sections ... 3-253 3.5.6.3 Fixed Bearings ... 3-253 3.5.7 Expansion Substructures ... 3-258 3.5.7.1 Abutment Sections... 3-258 3.5.7.2 Pier Sections ... 3-258 3.5.7.3 Expansion Bearings ... 3-264 3.5.7.4 Expansion Joint Treatments ... 3-264 3.5.7.5 Retainer Angles ... 3-264 3.5.8 Railings……… ... 3-269 3.5.9 Miscellaneous Details ... 3-269

3.6 Expansion Devices ... 3-277

3.6.1 Expansion Joint Limitations ... 3-277 3.6.2 Sealed Expansion Joints ... 3-277 3.6.2.1 Strip Seal Joints ... 3-277 3.6.2.2 Finger Plate Expansion Joint with Trough ... 3-278 3.6.2.3 Modular Joints ... 3-280 3.6.3 Sealed Fixed Joints ... 3-280 3.6.4 Substructure Treatments ... 3-280

3.7 Bearings ... 3-299

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Jan. 2012 Page ix

3.7.1.1 Elastomeric Bearings ... 3-299 3.7.1.2 Fixed Bearings ... 3-299 3.7.1.3 High Load Multi-Rotational (HLMR) Bearings – Pot and Disc ... 3-303 3.7.1.4 Bearings for Prestressed Beam Bridges ... 3-303 3.7.1.5 Seismic Isolation Bearings ... 3-303 3.7.1.6 Uncommon or Historical Bearing Types ... 3-304 3.7.2 Anchor Bolt Details ... 3-304 3.7.3 Seismic Requirements ... 3-304 3.7.3.2 Seismic Requirements for Deck Beam Bridges ... 3-309 3.7.4 Elastomeric Expansion Bearing Assemblies ... 3-309 3.7.5 High Load Multi-Rotational (HLMR) Bearings ... 3-338

3.8 Abutments ... 3-343

3.8.1 General……… ... 3-343 3.8.2 Reinforcement ... 3-343 3.8.3 Open Abutments: Integral ... 3-344 3.8.4 Open Abutments: Semi-Integral ... 3-353 3.8.5 Open Abutments: Stub ... 3-358 3.8.6 Closed Abutments – General ... 3-366 3.8.7 Closed Abutments – Restrained Top and Bottom ... 3-370 3.8.8 Closed Abutments – Cantilever Type ... 3-375 3.8.9 Vaulted Abutments ... 3-375 3.8.10 Approach Slab Support ... 3-383 3.8.11 Bridge Seats ……… 3-383 3.8.12 End of Slab Treatment ... 3-384 3.8.13 Electrical Conduit in Abutments ... 3-386 3.8.14 Abutments for Deck Beams ... 3-389

3.9 Piers ... 3-395

3.9.1 General……… ... 3-395 3.9.2 Reinforcement ... 3-395 3.9.3 Pier Design Loadings ... 3-395 3.9.3.1 Dynamic Load Allowance (Impact) ... 3-396 3.9.3.2 Transmission of Transverse and Longitudinal Forces ... 3-396 3.9.3.3 Wind ... 3-396 3.9.3.4 Temperature, Shrinkage, Creep and Settlement ... 3-397 3.9.3.5 Ice Forces ... 3-398

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page x Jan. 2012

3.9.3.6 Vessel Collision Forces ... 3-399 3.9.3.7 Vehicle Collision Forces ... 3-399 3.9.3.8 Earthquake, Liquefaction and Scour ... 3-400 3.9.4 Footing Supported Piers ... 3-400 3.9.4.1 Circular and Trapezoidal Column Bents with Cap Beam and Crashwall ... 3-400 3.9.4.2 Solid Wall and Hammerhead Bents ... 3-401 3.9.4.3 Pier Footings ... 3-402 3.9.5 Individually Encased Pile Bent Piers and Column Drilled Shaft Bent Piers ... 3-403 3.9.6 Solid Wall Encased Pile and Drilled Shaft Bent Piers ... 3-406 3.9.7 Other Drilled Shaft Pier Types ... 3-408 3.9.7.1 Column-Web Wall Drilled Shaft Bent Pier ... 3-408 3.9.7.2 Transfer Beam Drilled Shaft Bent Pier ... 3-408 3.9.8 Bridge Seats… ... 3-408 3.9.9 Piers for Deck Beams ... 3-409

3.10 Foundations ... 3-411

3.10.1 Piles………… ... 3-411 3.10.1.1 Introduction ... 3-411 3.10.1.2 Nominal Required Bearing ... 3-411 3.10.1.2.1 Maximum Nominal Required Bearing ... 3-412 3.10.1.3 Factored and Allowable Resistance Available ... 3-414 3.10.1.4 Structural Resistance ... 3-416 3.10.1.5 Geotechnical losses (Scour, Downdrag and Liquefaction) ... 3-418 3.10.1.5.1 Scour ... 3-418 3.10.1.5.2 Downdrag ... 3-419 3.10.1.5.3 Liquefaction ... 3-420 3.10.1.6 Estimated Pile Lengths ... 3-421 3.10.1.7 Test Piles ... 3-422 3.10.1.8 Pile Shoes ... 3-423 3.10.1.9 Corrosion Protection of Piles ... 3-423 3.10.1.10 Design for Lateral Loading ... 3-424 3.10.1.11 Pile Spacing ... 3-426 3.10.1.12 Pile Connection to Abutments, Piers and Footings ... 3-426 3.10.1.13 Pile Data Plan Information ... 3-426 3.10.2 Drilled Shafts ... 3-428 3.10.2.1 Geotechnical Axial Resistance ... 3-429

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Jan. 2012 Page xi

3.10.2.2 Geotechnical Losses (Scour, Downdrag and Liquefaction)... 3-430 3.10.2.3 Lateral Resistance ... 3-430 3.10.2.4 Structural Resistance ... 3-430 3.10.2.5 Shafts for Abutments, Piers, and Walls ... 3-431 3.10.2.6 Shafts for Other Structures ... 3-432 3.10.3 Spread Footings ... 3-432 3.10.3.1 Bearing Resistance ... 3-433 3.10.3.2 Sliding Resistance ... 3-434 3.10.3.3 Settlement ... 3-436 3.10.3.4 Structural Resistance ... 3-436 3.11 Retaining Walls ... 3-437

3.11.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) ... 3-437 3.11.1.1 Coping ... 3-442 3.11.1.2 Load Transfer Around Drainage Structures and Pipe Pass Through ... 3-444 3.11.1.3 Anchorage Slab and Section Thru Parapet ... 3-447 3.11.1.4 Abutments ... 3-450 3.11.2 Cast-In-Place T-Type ... 3-454 3.11.2.1 Geometry ... 3-454 3.11.2.2 Loads ... 3-455 3.11.2.3 Drainage and Backfill Details ... 3-459 3.11.3 Soldier Pile… ... 3-462 3.11.3.1 Driven or Drilled ... 3-462 3.11.3.2 Facing Alternatives ... 3-463 3.11.3.2.1 CIP Facing ... 3-463 3.11.3.2.2 Treated Timber ... 3-470 3.11.3.2.3 Precast Facing ... 3-472 3.11.3.3 Anchorage Slab, Section Thru Parapet and Railing ... 3-472 3.11.3.4 Drainage ... 3-477 3.11.4 Permanent Sheet Pile ... 3-480 3.11.4.1 Facing Alternatives ... 3-482 3.11.5 Wall Anchorage Systems ... 3-482 3.11.5.1 Deadman ... 3-482 3.11.5.2 Helical Ground Anchors... 3-485 3.11.5.3 Permanent Ground Anchors ... 3-485 3.11.5.4 Anchor Head Assemblies ... 3-485

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

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3.11.6 Soil Nailed and Other Specialized Wall Systems ... 3-488

3.12 Noise Walls ... 3-489 3.13 Temporary Construction Works ... 3-491

3.13.1 Temporary Sheet Piling, Temporary Soil Retention Systems and Braced Excavations………… ... 3-491 3.13.2 Temporary Geotextile Walls and Temporary MSE Systems ... 3-496 3.13.3 Cofferdams and Seal Coats ... 3-502

3.14 Embankment and Slopewalls ... 3-505

3.14.1 Embankment ………3-505 3.14.2 Slopewalls - General ... 3-505 3.14.3 Abutment Berms ... 3-505 3.14.4 Slopewalls (Grade Separations) ... 3-509 3.14.4.1 Concrete ... 3-509 3.14.4.2 Bituminous ... 3-513 3.14.5 Slope Protection Systems (Stream Crossing) ... 3-515

3.15 Seismic Design... 3-517

3.15.1 Introduction… ... 3-517 3.15.2 Design Earthquake, and Seismic Performance Zones and Categories ... 3-518 3.15.3 Earthquake Resisting Systems - General ... 3-519 3.15.3.1 Description ... 3-519 3.15.3.2 Range of Applicability ... 3-521 3.15.4 Earthquake Resisting Systems - Specifics ... 3-522 3.15.4.1 Superstructure to Substructure Connections: Level 1 Redundancy ... 3-523 3.15.4.2 Support Lengths: Level 2 Redundancy ... 3-524 3.15.4.3 Substructures and Foundations: Level 3 Redundancy ... 3-526 3.15.4.3.1 Factors ... 3-526 3.15.4.3.2 Foundation Issues ... 3-527 3.15.4.3.3 Circular and Trapezoidal Column Bents with Cap Beam, Crashwall, Footing and Piles ... 3-527 3.15.4.3.4 Solid Wall and Hammerhead Bents with Footing and Piles ... 3-528 3.15.4.3.5 Individually Encased and Solid Wall Pile Bent Piers ... 3-529 3.15.4.3.6 Drilled Shaft Piers ... 3-529 3.15.4.3.7 Abutments ... 3-530 3.15.5 Overview of Seismic Detailing Requirements for Substructures and Foundations

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Jan. 2012 Page xiii

3.15.5.1 Circular and Trapezoidal Column Bents with Cap Beam and Crashwall ... 3-531 3.15.5.2 Solid Wall and Hammerhead Bents with Footings ... 3-538 3.15.5.3 Individually Encased and Solid Wall Pile Bent Piers ... 3-543 3.15.5.4 Drilled Shaft Piers ... 3-543 3.15.5.5 Piles ... 3-551 3.15.5.6 Spread Footings ... 3-553 3.15.5.7 Closed Abutments ... 3-553 3.15.6 Overview of Global Analysis and Design Methods ... 3-553 3.15.6.1 Fundamental Period and Base Shears ... 3-554 3.15.6.2 Transverse Models ... 3-554 3.15.6.3 Longitudinal Models ... 3-556 3.15.7 Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Bridges ... 3-556 3.15.8 Local Bridge Flexible Design Option for 1000 Year Return Period Earthquake ... 3-563

3.16 Design Guides ... 3-565 3.17 Miscellaneous Details ... 3-567 Section 4 Appendix ... 4-1 4.1 Design Aids ... 4-1 4.2 Base Sheets ... 4-27

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

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List of Figures and Tables

Section 1 Introduction ... 1-1

Figure 1.4.1-1 Plan Development Outline Format ... 1-15

Figure 1.4.2-1 Quality Verification Statement Format ... 1-17

Section 2 Planning ... 2-1

Table 2.1.2-1 Structural Design Specification Selection Table ... 2-2

Figure 2.2.3.4.4-1 Proposed Structure Sketch ... 2-15 Figure 2.3.4.1.3-1 Structure Report Format ... 2-21 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-1 LRFD 11x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-34 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-2 LRFD 11x52 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-35 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-3 LRFD 17x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-36 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-4 LRFD 17x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-37 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-5 LRFD 21x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-38 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-6 LRFD 21x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-39 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-7 LRFD 27x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-40 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-8 LRFD 27x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-41 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-9 LRFD 33x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-42 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-10 LRFD 33x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-43 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-11 LRFD 42x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-44 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-12 LRFD 42x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ... 2-45 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-1 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ... 2-48 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-2 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ... 2-49 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-3 LRFD 42 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ... 2-50 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-4 LRFD 42 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ... 2-51 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-5 LRFD 48 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ... 2-52 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-6 LRFD 48 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ... 2-38 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-7 LRFD 54 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ... 2-39 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-8 LRFD 54 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ... 2-55 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-9 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Limits ... 2-56 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-10 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Limits ... 2-57 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-11 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Limits ... 2-58 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-12 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Limits ... 2-59 Figure 2.3.6.1.6-1 Limits of Expansion Joint Seals ... 2-62 Figure 2.3.6.2.2-1 Grade Separation Piers #1 ... 2-75

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Jan. 2012 Page xv

Figure 2.3.6.2.2-2 Grade Separation Piers #2 ... 2-76 Figure 2.3.6.2.2-3 Grade Separation Piers #3 ... 2-77 Figure 2.3.6.2.2-4 Height of Crashwall of Multi-Column Piers ... 2-78 Table 2.3.6.3.2-1 Design Scour Elevation Table (Bridge) ... 2-96 Table 2.3.6.3.2-2 Design Scour Elevation Table (Culvert) ... 2-97 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-1 Typical Stream Crossing Slope Protection Layout ... 2-99 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-2 Toe Stone Riprap Treatment at Stream Crossings ... 2-100 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-3 Flank Stone Riprap Treatment at Stream Crossings ... 2-101 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-4 Abutment Cap Geometry Policy ... 2-102 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-5 Berm Width Details #1 ... 2-103 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-6 Berm Width Details #2 ... 2-104 Figure 2.3.7.4.1-1 Bridge Crown Policy... 2-112 Figure 2.3.7.4.2-1 Method of Attaining Superelevation ... 2-113

Table 2.3.7.6-1 Structure Layout Guidelines for Horizontally Curved Alignments .... 2-115

Figure 2.3.9.2-1 USCG Permit Sketch #1 ... 2-119 Figure 2.3.9.2-2 USCG Permit Sketch #2 ... 2-120 Figure 2.3.9.2-3 USCG Permit Sketch #3 ... 2-121 Figure 2.3.9.2-4 USCG Permit Sketch #4 ... 2-122 Figure 2.3.9.2-5 USCG Permit Sketch #5 ... 2-123

Table 2.3.9.3-1 USCG Permit Waterways ... 2-124, 125

Figure 2.3.10-1 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class B Soil (LRFD) ...

... 2-130

Figure 2.3.10-2 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class C Soil (LRFD) .

... 2-131

Figure 2.3.10-3 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class D Soil (LRFD) .

... 2-132

Figure 2.3.10-4 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class E Soil (LRFD) .

... 2-133

Figure 2.3.10-5 Acceleration Coefficient at T=0.0 Sec. (A) Map of Illinois (LFD) ... 2-134

Figure 2.3.11.4.1-1 Unsuitable Material Removal and Replacement Example ... 2-144 Figure 2.3.11.5-1 Phoebe Nesting Site on Box Culvert ... 2-148

Section 3 Design ... 3-1

Figure 3.1.8-1 Sample Footing Layout #1 ... 3-16 Figure 3.1.8-2 Sample Footing Layout #2 ... 3-17 Figure 3.1.8-3 Sample Footing Layout #3 ... 3-18

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page xvi Jan. 2012

Figure 3.1.9-1 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #1 ... 3-21

Figure 3.1.12-1 LRFD Design Data Tables ... 3-29

Figure 3.1.12-2 LRFD Design Data Table for Curved Girders ... 3-33

Figure 3.1.12-3 LRFD PPC I-Beam Design Data Tables ... 3-41

Figure 3.1.12-4 Load Factor Design Data Tables ... 3-43

Figure 3.1.12-5 Load Factor Design Data Tables for Curved Girders ... 3-46

Figure 3.1.12-6 PPC I-Beam Load Factor Design Data Tables ... 3-49

Figure 3.2.1-1 Traditional LRFD Slab Design w/ FWS = 50 psf ... 3-65

Figure 3.2.1-2 Design Span Definitions for LRFD Slab Design ... 3-66

Figure 3.2.1-3 Ultimate Strength LFD Slab Design w/ FWS = 50 psf ... 3-67

Figure 3.2.2.1-1 Edge Beam at Expansion Joint for Steel Beams ... 3-74

Figure 3.2.2.1-2 Edge Beam at Expansion Joint for PPC Beams ... 3-75

Figure 3.2.2.1-3 Edge Beam Main Reinforcement... 3-76

Figure 3.2.4-1 34 in. F-Shape Concrete Parapet Configuration ... 3-80

Figure 3.2.4-2 Deck and Parapet Reinforcement for 34 in. F-Shape Parapet ... 3-81

Figure 3.2.4-3 42 in. F-Shape Concrete Parapet Configuration ... 3-82

Figure 3.2.4-4 Deck and Parapet Reinforcement for 42 in. F-Shape Parapet ... 3-83

Figure 3.2.4-5 Deck Reinforcement for Prestressed I and Bulb-T Beams ... 3-84

Figure 3.2.4-6 Deck Reinforcment and Joints in Parapet for Steel Beams at Piers . 3-85

Figure 3.2.4-7 Deck Reinforcement and Joints in Parapet for Concrete Beams at Piers

... 3-86

Figure 3.2.4-8 Sidewalk Configuration and Dimensions ... 3-87

Figure 3.2.4-9 Sidewalk Reinforcement ... 3-88 Figure 3.2.4-10 Parapet Joint Detail... 3-89 Figure 3.2.4-11 Fillets for Steel Beams ... 3-90 Figure 3.2.4-12 Fillets for Concrete Beams ... 3-91

Figure 3.2.4-13 Alternate Parapet Reinforcement for Interior Deck Parapet Locations ....

... 3-92 Figure 3.2.5-1 Median Details ... 3-94 Figure 3.2.5-2 Voided Median ... 3-95

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Jan. 2012 Page xvii

Figure 3.2.7-1 Longitudinal Deck Joint ... 3-97

Figure 3.2.7-2 Longitudinal Joint Seal at Median Barriers ... 3-98

Figure 3.2.8-1 Deck Pouring Sequence Design Aid ... 3-99

Figure 3.2.9-1 Floor Drain for Steel Beams ... 3-101 Figure 3.2.9-2 Floor Drain for Concrete Beams ... 3-102 Figure 3.2.9-3 Alternate Floor Drain ... 3-103

Figure 3.2.9-4 Drainage Scupper DS-11 Outside Fascia Beam ... 3-104

Figure 3.2.9-5 Drainage Scupper DS-11 Inside Fascia Beam ... 3-105

Figure 3.2.9-6 Drainage Scupper DS-12 Outside Fascia Beam ... 3-106

Figure 3.2.9-7 Drainage Scupper DS-12 Inside Fascia Beam ... 3-107

Figure 3.2.9-8 Drainage Scupper DS-12M10 ... 3-108

Figure 3.2.9-9 Drainage Scupper DS-33 ... 3-109

Figure 3.2.10-1 Light Pole Mounted on Concrete Parapet #1 ... 3-111

Figure 3.2.10-2 Alternate Light Pole Mounted on Concrete Parapet ... 3-112

Figure 3.2.10-3 Light Pedestal Reinforcement ... 3-113 Figure 3.2.11-1 LRFD Slab Bridges ... 3-116 Figure 3.2.11-2 LRFD Two Span Slab Bridges ... 3-117

Figure 3.2.11-3 LRFD Three Span Slab Bridges ... 3-118

Figure 3.2.11-4 LFD Slab Bridges ... 3-119 Figure 3.2.11-5 LFD Two Span Slab Bridges ... 3-120 Figure 3.2.11-6 LFD Three Span Slab Bridges ... 3-121 Figure 3.3.8-1 Cover Plates... 3-135

Figure 3.3.9-1 Typical Detail of Shear Connectors ... 3-138

Figure 3.3.11-1 Flange Plate Butt Welds (Joint Width = 12 in.) ... 3-140

Figure 3.3.12-1 Camber Diagram ... 3-145 Figure 3.3.17-1 Curved Girder Layout ... 3-149

Figure 3.3.21-1 Standard Beam and Girder Splice Configurations Outside Flange Splice

Plates ... 3-154

Figure 3.3.21-2 Standard Beam and Girder Splice Configurations Inside and Outside ....

Flange Splice Plates ... 3-155

Figure 3.3.21-3 Standard Beam and Girder Splice Configuration Notes and Definitions ..

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page xviii Jan. 2012

Figure 3.3.22-1 Interior Diaphragm (Depths up to 42 in.) ... 3-159

Figure 3.3.22-2 Interior Diaphragm (Depths up to 48 in.) ... 3-160

Figure 3.3.22-3 Interior Cross Frame Away from Support (Depths Greater Than 48 in.) ..

... 3-161 Figure 3.3.22-4 Bottom Lateral Bracing ... 3-162

Figure 3.3.23-1 End Diaphragm Connections for Wide Flange Sections ... 3-165

Figure 3.3.23-2 End Diaphragm Connections for Shallow Plate Girders ... 3-166

Figure 3.3.23-3 End Cross Frame for Skew Less Than 45 Degrees ... 3-167

Figure 3.3.23-4 End Cross Frame for Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45 Degrees #1 ...

... 3-168

... 3-169

... 3-170

Figure 3.3.23-7 End Diaphragm Stage Construction Sequence ... 3-171

Figure 3.3.23.1-1 Diaphragm Connection for Finger Plate and Modular Joints ... 3-173 Figure 3.3.23.1-2 End Cross Frame for Finger Plate and Modular Joints(Depths Greater .. Than 48 in. and Skew Less Than 45°) ... 3-174 Figure 3.3.23.1-3 End Cross Frame for Finger Plate and Modular Joints(Depths Greater .. Than 48 in. and Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45°) #1 ... 3-175 Figure 3.3.23.1-4 End Cross Frame for Finger Plate and Modular Joints(Depths Greater .. Than 48 in. and Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45°) #2 ... 3-176

Table 3.3.27-1 Minimum Steel Plate Thicknesses... 3-180

Table 3.4.3-1 Table of Standard Prestressing Load (Low Relaxation) ... 3-184

Figure 3.4.4.1-1 Strand Patter Naming Conventions ... 3-186

Table 3.4.4.1-1 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns ... 3-187

Table 3.4.4.1-2 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ... 3-188

Table 3.4.4.1-9 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns ... 3-195

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Jan. 2012 Page xix

Table 3.4.4.1-11 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns ... 3-197 Table 3.4.4.1-12 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ... 3-198

Table 3.4.4.2-1 I-Beam and Bulb T-Beam Design Properties ... 3-199

Figure 3.4.4.2-1 36 in. I-Beam ... 3-200 Figure 3.4.4.2-2 42 in. I-Beam ... 3-201 Figure 3.4.4.2-3 48 in. I-Beam ... 3-202 Figure 3.4.4.2-4 54 in. I-Beam ... 3-203 Figure 3.4.4.2-5 63 in. Bulb T-Beam ... 3-204 Figure 3.4.4.2-6 72 in. Bulb T-Beam ... 3-205

Figure 3.4.4.2-7 Typical Layout of Prestressing Strands ... 3-206

Figure 3.4.4.3-1 Fillet Reinforcement for Fillets over 2.5 in. ... 3-208

Table 3.4.5.2-1 LRFD Standard Transverse Reinforcement Table ... 3-211

Figure 3.4.7-1 Lifting Loop ... 3-213

Figure 3.4.8-1 Bottom Plate Details of the Splitting Steel Assembly ... 3-215

Figure 3.4.9-1 Permanent Bracing Details for 36 in. and 42 in. PPC I-Beams ... 3-217

Figure 3.4.9-2 Permanent Bracing Details for 48 in. and 54 in. PPC I-Beams ... 3-218

Figure 3.4.9-3 Permanent Bracing Details for Bulb T-Beams ... 3-219

Figure 3.4.10-1 Diaphragm over Expansion Piers ... 3-221

Figure 3.4.10-2 Expansion Pier Details ... 3-222 Figure 3.4.10-3 Diaphragm over Fixed Piers ... 3-223 Figure 3.4.10-4 Fixed Pier Details ... 3-224 Figure 3.4.10-5 Diaphragm Dimensions at Piers ... 3-225 Figure 3.4.10-6 Side Retainer at Fixed Piers ... 3-226

Table 3.5.3-1 LRFD 11 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ... 3-229

Table 3.5.4-1 Deck Beam Design Properties ... 3-235

Figure 3.5.4-1 11x48 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-236 Figure 3.5.4-2 11x52 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-237 Figure 3.5.4-3 17x36 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-238 Figure 3.5.4-4 17x48 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-239 Figure 3.5.4-5 21x36 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-240

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Figure 3.5.4-6 21x48 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-241 Figure 3.5.4-7 27x36 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-242 Figure 3.5.4-8 27x48 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-243 Figure 3.5.4-9 33x36 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-244 Figure 3.5.4-10 33x48 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-245 Figure 3.5.4-11 42x36 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-246 Figure 3.5.4-12 42x48 PPC Deck Beam ... 3-247

Figure 3.5.6.1-1 Fixed Abutment Sections 11 in. Beams ... 3-249

Figure 3.5.6.1-2 Fixed Abutment Sections 17 in. – 21 in. Beams ... 3-250

Figure 3.5.6.1-3 Fixed Abutment Sections 27 in. – 42 in. Beams ... 3-251

Figure 3.5.6.1-4 Fixed Abutment Sections 11 in. – 42 in. Beams No Approach Pavement

... 3-252

Figure 3.5.6.2-1 Fixed Pier Sections 11 in. – 42 in. Beams ... 3-254

Figure 3.5.6.3-1 Alternate Fixed Bearings at Abutment ... 3-255

Figure 3.5.6.3-2 Alternate Fixed Bearings at Pier ... 3-256 Figure 3.5.6.3-3 Alternate Fixed Bearings Section ... 3-257

Figure 3.5.7.1-1 Expansion Abutment Sections 11 in. Beams ... 3-259

Figure 3.5.7.1-2 Expansion Abutment Sections 17 in. – 21 in. Beams ... 3-260

Figure 3.5.7.1-3 Expansion Abutment Sections 27 in. – 42 in. Beams ... 3-261

Figure 3.5.7.1-4 Expansion Abutment Sections 11 in. – 42 in. Beams No Approach

Pavement ... 3-262

Figure 3.5.7.2-1 Expansion Pier Sections 11 in. – 42 in. Beams ... 3-263

Figure 3.5.7.4-1 Expansion Joint Treatment ... 3-265

Figure 3.5.7.4-2 End of Deck Beam Treatment at Expansion Joint with HMA Overlay 17

in. – 42 in. Beams #1 ... 3-266

Figure 3.5.7.4-3 End of Deck Beam Treatment at Expansion Joint with HMA Overlay 17

in. – 42 in. Beams #2 ... 3-267 Figure 3.5.7.5-1 Retainer Angle at Expansion Joint ... 3-268 Figure 3.5.9-1 Wearing Surface Profiles ... 3-271

Figure 3.5.9-2 Shear Key Clamping Detail at Stage Construction Joint ... 3-272

Figure 3.5.9-3 End Block Details ... 3-273

Figure 3.5.9-4 Lifting Loop Details for Deck Beams ... 3-274

Figure 3.6.2.1-1 Strip Seal Expansion Joint #1 ... 3-281 Figure 3.6.2.1-2 Strip Seal Expansion Joint #2 ... 3-282

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Jan. 2012 Page xxi

Figure 3.6.2.1-4 Strip Seal Joints for Wearing Surface Over Deck Beams ... 3-284

Figure 3.6.2.1-5 Point Block and Sliding Plate Detail ... 3-285

Figure 3.6.2.1-6 Point Block and Sliding Plate Detail……… …3-286

Figure 3.6.2.2-1 Finger Plate Dimensions ... 3-287 Figure 3.6.2.2-2 Finger Plate Design Table ... 3-288 Figure 3.6.2.2-3 Finger Plate at Abutment #1 ... 3-289 Figure 3.6.2.2-4 Finger Plate at Abutment #2 ... 3-290 Figure 3.6.2.2-5 Trough Detail at Abutment ... 3-291 Figure 3.6.2.2-6 Finger Plate at Pier #1 ... 3-292 Figure 3.6.2.2-7 Finger Plate at Pier #2 ... 3-293 Figure 3.6.2.2-8 Trough Detail at Pier ... 3-294 Figure 3.6.2.2-9 Finger Plate and Sliding Plate Details ... 3-295 Figure 3.6.2.2-10 Trough Splice Detail... 3-296 Figure 3.6.2.3-1 Modular Joint Configurations ... 3-297 Figure 3.7.1.2-1 Low Profile Fixed Bearing ... 3-300

Figure 3.7.1.2-2 Integral Abutment Bearing for Steel Beams ... 3-301

Figure 3.7.1.2-3 Non-Elastomeric Bearing Plate Design ... 3-302

Table 3.7.2-1 Anchor Bolt Details ... 3-304

Table 3.7.3-1 Allowable Anchor Bolts Shear for Seismic Loading ... 3-307

Table 3.7.3-3 Pintle Allowable Shear for Seismic Loading ... 3-309

Figure 3.7.4-1 Elastomeric and PTFE Elastomeric Expansion Bearings ... 3-311

Figure 3.7.4-2 Types I and II Plan Dimensions vs. Loading ... 3-316

Figure 3.7.4-3 Type III Plan Dimension vs. Loading ... 3-317

Figure 3.7.4-4 Type of Bearing vs. Expansion Length ... 3-318

Figure 3.7.4-5 Type I Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Expansion Length ... 3-319

Figure 3.7.4-6 Type II Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Expansion Length ... 3-320

Figure 3.7.4-7 Type II and III Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Slope #1 ... 3-321

Figure 3.7.4-12 Slope Limitations for Elastomeric Expansion Bearings ... 3-326

Figure 3.7.4-13 Type I Elastomeric Expansion Bearing ... 3-327

Figure 3.7.4-14 Type II Elastomeric Expansion Bearing ... 3-328

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Figure 3.7.4-16 Elastomeric Bearing Details for Steel Beams on New Semi-Integral ...

Abutments ... 3-330

Figure 3.7.4-17 Elastomeric Bearing Details for PPC Beams on New Semi-Integral ...

Abutments ... 3-331

Figure 3.7.4-18 Miscellaneous Details for Elastomeric Expansion Bearings ... 3-332

Figure 3.7.4-19 Elastomeric Bearing Plate Design ... 3-333

Figure 3.7.4-20 Load Capacity and Shape Factor for Type I, II, and III Bearings ... 3-334

Figure 3.7.4-21 Table of Dimensions for Type I Bearings ... 3-335

Figure 3.7.4-22 Table of Dimensions for Type II and III Bearings ... 3-336

Figure 3.7.4-23 Table of Dimensions for Type III Bearings ... 3-337

Figure 3.7.5-1 Fixed Pot Bearing ... 3-340

Figure 3.7.5-2 Guided Expansion Pot Bearing ... 3-341

Figure 3.8.3-1 Integral Abutment Wingwall Embankment ... 3-345

Figure 3.8.3-2 Typical Section Thru Integral Abutment ... 3-347

Figure 3.8.3-3 Integral Abutment Plan ... 3-348

Figure 3.8.3-4 Integral Abutment for Steel Beams ... 3-349

Figure 3.8.3-5 Integral Abutment for Steel Beams 27 in. and Smaller ... 3-350

Figure 3.8.3-6 Integral Abutment for PPC I-Beams ... 3-351

Figure 3.8.3-7 Integral Abutment Beam Location ... 3-352

Figure 3.8.4-1 Typical Section Thru Semi-Integral Abutment ... 3-354

Figure 3.8.4-2 Semi-Integral Abutment Details ... 3-355

Figure 3.8.4-3 Semi-Integral Abutment for Plate Girders and Steel Beams ... 3-356

Figure 3.8.4-4 Semi-Integral Abutment for PPC I-Beams ... 3-357

Figure 3.8.5-1 Pile Supported Stub Abutment ... 3-359 Figure 3.8.5-2 Wingwalls for Stub Abutments ... 3-360

Figure 3.8.5-3 Alternate Pile Supported Stub Abutment... 3-361

Figure 3.8.5-4 Pile Supported Stub Abutment for Fixed Slab Bridges ... 3-362

Figure 3.8.5-5 Typical Section Thru Pile Supported Stub Abutment ... 3-363

Figure 3.8.5-6 Expansion Bearing Location at Stub Abutments for PPC Beams ... 3-364

Figure 3.8.5-7 End Diaphragm at Fixed Bearing for PPC Beams at Sealed Fixed Joint .

... 3-365

Figure 3.8.6-1 Dimensions for Closed Abutments ... 3-367

Figure 3.8.6-2 Typical Section Thru Closed Abutment with Weep Hole Outlet ... 3-368

Figure 3.8.6-3 Typical Section Thru Closed Abutment with Pipe Underdrain Outlet ...

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Jan. 2012 Page xxiii

Figure 3.8.7-1 Abutments Restrained Top and Bottom ... 3-371

Figure 3.8.7-2 Closed Abutment for Slab Bridges ... 3-372

Figure 3.8.7-3 Closed Abutment for R.C. Girder Bridges ... 3-373

Figure 3.8.7-4 Closed Abutment for Steel Stringer Bridges ... 3-374

Figure 3.8.9-1 Vaulted Abutment with PPC I-Beams ... 3-377

Figure 3.8.9-2 PPC Beam Lengths on Vaulted Abutments ... 3-378

Figure 3.8.9-3 Vaulted Abutment Critical Dimensions ... 3-379

Figure 3.8.9-4 End Diaphragm at Fixed Bearing for PPC Beams on Vaulted Abutments

... 3-380 Figure 3.8.9-5 Filled Vaulted Abutment ... 3-381

Figure 3.8.9-6 Typical Section Thru Filled Vaulted Abutment ... 3-382

Figure 3.8.11-1 Bridge Seat Dimensioning and Reinforcement ... 3-384

Figure 3.8.12-1 Expansion or Fixed Bearing Rigid Approach ... 3-385

Figure 3.8.13-1 Electrical Conduit at Vaulted Abutments ... 3-387

Figure 3.8.13-2 Electrical Conduit at Stub Abutments ... 3-388

Figure 3.8.14-1 Abutment Details for 11 in. Deck Beams with Approach Pavement 3-390

Figure 3.8.14-2 Abutment Details for 17 in. – 21 in. Deck Beams with Approach

Pavement ... 3-391

Figure 3.8.14-3 Abutment Details for 27 in. – 42 in. Deck Beams with Approach

Pavement ... 3-392

Figure 3.8.14-4 Abutment Details for 11 in. – 42 in. Deck Beams No Approach

Pavement ... 3-393

Figure 3.9.5-1 Reinforced Concrete Caps for Individual or Solid Wall Encased Pile ...

Bent Piers ... 3-404

Figure 3.9.5-2 Pile Bent Pier Connection for Slab Bridges ... 3-405

Figure 3.9.6-1 Details for Encased Pile Bent Piers with Cap……….3-407

Figure 3.9.8-1 Bridge Seat Dimensioning and Reinforcement ... 3-408

Figure 3.9.9-1 Pier Details for 11 in. – 42 in. Deck Beams ... 3-410

Table 3.10.1.2.1-1 Maximum Nominal Required Bearing for 4 Pile Types ... 3-413

Figure 3.11.1-1 Typical Back to Back MSE Wall Section ... 3-440

Figure 3.11.1-2 Typical Section Thru MSE Wall ... 3-441 Figure 3.11.1.1-1 Cast-In-Place Coping for MSE Wall Panels ... 3-443 Figure 3.11.1.2-1 Load Transfer System Around Drainage ... 3-445 Figure 3.11.1.2-2 Cast-In-Place Panel for Pipe Pass Through ... 3-446 Figure 3.11.1.3-1 Section Thru CIP Barrier and Anchorage Slab on CIP Facing ... 3-448

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Figure 3.11.1.3-2 Section Thru CIP Barrier and Anchorage Slab on Precast Panels.. 3-449 Figure 3.11.1.4-1 Typical MSE Wall Section at Abutment ... 3-451 Figure 3.11.1.4-2 Abutment on Piles with Wrap Around MSE Wingwalls ... 3-452 Figure 3.11.1.4-3 Spread Footing Abutment with Wrap Around MSE Wingwalls ... 3-453

Figure 3.11.2-1 Joint Details for Cast-In-Place T-Type Walls ... 3-456

Figure 3.11.2.1-1 Details for T-Type Wall on Spread Footing………..3-457 Figure 3.11.2.1-2 Details for T-Type Wall on Pile-Supported Footing……….3-458 Figure 3.11.2.3-1 Typical Section Thru T-Type Wall or Closed Abutment with Weep Hole . Outlet ... 3-460 Figure 3.11.2.3-2 Typical Section Thru T-Type Wall or Closed Abutment with Pipe ... Underdrain Outlet ... 3-461 Figure 3.11.3.2.1-1 Typical Section Thru Driven Soldier Pile Wall with CIP Facing ... 3-465 Figure 3.11.3.2.1-2 Typical Section Thru Drilled Soldier Pile Wall with Encasement and ... CIP Facing ... 3-466 Figure 3.11.3.2.1-3 Section Thru Drilled Soldier Pile Wall ... 3-467 Figure 3.11.3.2.1-4 Section Thru Drilled Soldier Pile Wall with Tie Backs ... 3-468 Figure 3.11.3.2.1-5 Joint Details for Soldier Pile Walls ... 3-469 Figure 3.11.3.2.2-1 Concrete Cap Section for Driven Soldier Pile Wall with Exposed Timber Lagging ... 3-471 Figure 3.11.3.3-1 Drilled Soldier Pile Wall with CIP Concrete Facing and Independent ... Barrier ... 3-473 Figure 3.11.3.3-2 Section Thru Barrier for Driven Soldier Pile Wall with CIP Facing .. 3-474 Figure 3.11.3.3-3 Drilled Soldier Pile Wall with CIP Concrete Facing and Attached ... Barrier ... 3-475 Figure 3.11.3.3-4 Drilled Soldier Pile Wall with CIP Concrete Facing and Attached ... Railing ... 3-476 Figure 3.11.3.4-1 Underdrain Detail for Soldier Pile Walls ... 3-478 Figure 3.11.3.4-2 Underdrain Detail for Drilled Soldier Pile Wall with Exposed Timber ... Lagging ... 3-479

Table 3.11.4-1 Reduction Factor for Local Buckling Effects for Permanent Steel Sheet

Piling……….. 3-481 Figure 3.11.5.1-1 Deadman Anchor Types ... 3-484 Figure 3.11.5.4-1 Anchorage Head Assembly ... 3-486 Figure 3.11.5.4-2 Section Thru Anchorage Head Assembly ... 3-487

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Jan. 2012 Page xxv

Figure 3.13.1-2 Example Temporary Soil Retention System ... 3-495

Figure 3.13.2-1 Temporary Geotextile Wall Plan and Typical Section ... 3-499

Figure 3.13.2-2 Example Temporary Geotextile Wall Construction Sequence #1 .... 3-500

Figure 3.13.2-3 Example Temporary Geotextile Wall Construction Sequence #2 .... 3-501

Figure 3.13.3-1 Seal Coat Schematic ... 3-503 Figure 3.14.1-1 Embankment Cones ... 3-506

Figure 3.14.1-2 Embankment Cones for Dual Bridges ... 3-507

Figure 3.14.1-3 Construction Procedure for Embankment Cones ... 3-508

Figure 3.14.4.1-1 Slopewall Treatment at Grade Separations #1 ... 3-510 Figure 3.14.4.1-2 Slopewall Treatment at Grade Separations #2 ... 3-511 Figure 3.14.4.1-3 Details of Slopewall with Paved Berm ... 3-512 Figure 3.14.4.2-1 Bituminous Coated Slopewall ... 3-514

Figure 3.14.5-1 Special Slopewall Treatment at Stream Crossings ... 3-516

Table 3.15.2-1 Seismic Performance Zone/Category for 1000 yr. Design Return Period

Earthquake ... 3-519 Table 3.15.4.2-1 Seat Width Requirements at Piers and Abutments ... 3-525 Figure 3.15.5.1-1 Seismic Details for Circular Multi-Column Pier ... 3-534 Figure 3.15.5.1-2 Alternate Seismic Details for Confinement of Circular Columns ... 3-535 Figure 3.15.5.1-3 Seismic Details for Trapezoidal Multi-Column Pier ... 3-536 Figure 3.15.5.1-4 Seismic Confinement Details ... 3-537 Figure 3.15.5.2-1 Seismic Details for Solid Stem Pier with Footing- Plastic Hinging ... Region ... 3-540 Figure 3.15.5.2-2 Seismic Details for Solid Stem Pier with Footing- Horizontal Bars and .... Stage Construction ... 3-541 Figure 3.15.5.2-3 Seismic Details for Top of Hammerhead Pier ... 3-542 Figure 3.15.5.4-1 Seismic Details for Individual Column Drilled Shaft Pier ... 3-546 Figure 3.15.5.4-2 Seismic Details for Solid Wall Encased Drilled Shaft Pier ... 3-547 Figure 3.15.5.4-3 Seismic Details for Individual Column Drilled Shaft Pier with Webwalls .. ... 3-548 Figure 3.15.5.4-4 Seismic Details for Individual Column Drilled Shaft Pier with Crashwall .. ... 3-549 Figure 3.15.5.4-5 Seismic Details for Drilled Shaft Pier with Transfer Beam ... 3-550 Figure 3.15.5.5-1 Seismic Pile Details ... 3-552 Figure 3.15.6.2-1 Generic Global Seismic Bridge Analysis Model ... 3-555 Figure 3.15.7-1 Longitudinal Restrainer Device ... 3-559

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Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Page xxvi Jan. 2012

Figure 3.15.7-2 Tensioned Strands ... 3-560 Figure 3.15.7-3 Fiber Wrap ... 3-561 Figure 3.15.7-4 Steel Jacket ... 3-562

Figure 3.17-1 Name Plate Location for FAI Routes ... 3-568

Figure 3.17-2 Lettering for Name Plates ... 3-569

Figure 3.17-3 Name Plate Location on Superstructures and Culverts ... 3-570

Figure 3.17-4 Guard Rail Anchorage ... 3-571

Figure 3.17-5 Paved Aprons on Multiple Box Culverts ... 3-572

Figure 3.17-6 Beam Bearing Location on Abutments with 1 in. dia Anchor Bolts. . 3-573

Figure 3.17-7 Plate Girder Bearing Location on Vaulted Abutments with1½ in dia. ...

Anchor Bolts ... 3-574

Figure 3.17-8 Service Load Design Data Tables ... 3-575

Figure 3.17-9 Preformed Joint Seal Expansion Joint ... 3-576

Figure 3.17-10 Preformed Joint Seal Details (Expansion and Fixed) ... 3-577

Figure 3.17-11 Typical Neoprene Exp. Jts. at Poured Conc. Decks ... 3-578

Figure 3.17-12 Additional Bars at Neoprene Expansion Jts ... 3-579

Figure 3.17-13 Preformed Joint Seal at Fixed Joint ... 3-580

Figure 3.17-14 Ultimate Strength LFD Slab Design w/ FWS = 50 psf and7 ½ in. Slab ....

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Jan. 2012 Page 1-1

Section 1 Introduction

1.1 Bridge Policy

As directed by the Engineer of Bridges and Structures, it is the responsibility of the Engineer of Bridge Design to develop, maintain and administer the policies that govern the design and preparation of plans and specifications for all structures under the jurisdiction of the Division of Highways and for structures under the jurisdiction of other agencies when Departmental approval of the project is required by State Statute.

This Manual, supplemented by the Culvert Manual, Drainage Manual, Geotechnical Manual,

Sign Structures Manual, and Structural Services Manual, is the vehicle by which these policies are controlled. Presented herein is a compilation of design and plan presentation procedures,

specification interpretations, standard practices, and details which constitute “policy”. While thi_s

manual attempts to unify and clarify bridge and structure design policy performed by or for the IDOT Division of Highways, it does not preclude justifiable exceptions, subject to the approval of the Engineer of Bridges and Structures, provided these exceptions are based upon sound engineering principles. Good design practice will always require a combination of basic engineering principles, experience, and judgment in order to furnish the best possible structure, within reasonable economic limitations, to suit an individual site. The policies in this manual have been established primarily for application to typical highway structures using conventional construction methods. These polices are subject to re-examination and may not be applicable to long span, complex curved, or high clearance structures such as major river crossings or multi-level interchange complexes.

1.1.1 LRFD and LFD Bridge and Structure Design

The Illinois Department of Transportation is currently transitioning from the AASHTO “Standard

Specifications for Highway Bridges - Division I & IA” (LFD or ASD) to the AASHTO “LRFD Bridge Design Specifications” (LRFD) for new bridge construction. It is anticipated that this process will be ongoing over the next few years. As such, this manual is written for both the AASHTO Standard and LRFD Specifications.

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Bridge Manual

Section 1 - Introduction

Page 1-2 Jan. 2012

Generally, bridges which will undergo rehabilitation such as re-decking or widening will be designed according to the LFD specifications. Some new bridges, especially on the Local Bridge System, will still be designed according to the LFD specifications for an indeterminate period of time as well. On the State Bridge System, the portion of new and reconstructed bridges which will be designed exclusively according to the LRFD specifications will continue to

increase. See also Section 2.1.2 for additional information.

For the convenience of the reader, a notation system for this manual has been adopted that differentiates between portions of sections which deal with LRFD only, LFD only, and LRFD and LFD. As appropriate, the headings “LRFD”, “LFD”, and “LRFD and LFD” in italicized and underlined type will appear in the manual. Some sections are not specification dependent and

consequently contain no delineations. The Design Section (Section 3) of this manual is the

primary place where these headings appear.

1.1.2 Seismic Design of Bridges

LRFD and LFD

The design of bridges to resist seismic loadings has become an increasing focus since the mid to late 1990’s in Illinois. This has become more apparent with the adoption of the 1000 yr. design return period earthquake loading into the LRFD Code in 2008. The previous earthquake design loading was for a 500 yr. return period earthquake. The 500 yr. design return period earthquake as specified in the LFD Code, however, is still relevant primarily for bridges in Illinois which are undergoing seismic retrofit.

The policies and details within this manual meet the minimum AASHTO requirements for Seismic Performance Zone 1 (LRFD) and Category A (LFD) with a low probability of being exceeded during the normal life expectancy for a bridge. Bridges and their components that are designed or retrofitted to resist Zone 1 or Category A forces and constructed in accordance with the design details contained in this manual should not experience total collapse, but may sustain repairable damage due to seismically induced ground shaking. Structures in Seismic Performance Zones 2, 3 & 4 (LRFD) or Categories B, C & D (LFD) will require additional analysis as per the appropriate AASHTO Specifications for Seismic Design. However, there should also be a low probability of collapse for structures in these Zones or Categories if the guidance given in this manual is followed.

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Jan. 2012 Page 1-3

1.1.3 Manual Updates, All Bridge Designer Memoranda (ABD), and Other Supplemental

Electronic Documents

The Bureau of Bridges and Structures (BBS) Manuals are continually reviewed by the BBS Bridge Manual Committee. Updates to the manuals are issued as frequently as needed. Interim updates are done by memos posted on the internet. The most current manuals and information related to IDOT bridge policy, documents and procedures are available on the BBS Documents, Manuals and Procedures Internet web page at:

http://www.dot.il.gov/bridges/brdocuments.html.

The following is an abbreviated list of Memoranda and Supplemental Electronic Documents available at the web page address given above:

1. All Bridge Designers Memoranda (ABD Memos)

2. All Geotechnical Manual User Memoranda (AGMU Memos)

3. Design Guides

4. Sample TSL Plans

5. CADD Cell Libraries, Base Sheets and Detailing Practices

6. Guide Bridge Special Provisions

7. Bridges and Structures Forms

ABD and AGMU Memos are directives from the Bureau of Bridges and Structures advising

designers on policy changes. Typically, after a certain trial period, the policies implemented through these memos are eventually incorporated into the manuals.

Design Guides, Sample TSL plans, and CADD related drawings and documents are considered

supplemental, but part of the Bridge Manual. These and other available documents are dated and revised as IDOT policy or the AASHTO LRFD Code changes.

The IDOT BBS subscriptions service informs subscribers of changes and updates to information on the BBS web pages. Users of the BBS manuals should subscribe to this service which is available at the web page address given above.

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Bridge Manual

Section 1 - Introduction

Page 1-4 Jan. 2012

Comments, suggestions and questions from users of the BBS manuals should be sent to: [email protected].

1.2 Organizations and Functions

The Bureau of Bridges and Structures is a part of the Program Development area of the Division of Highways. The Engineer of Bridges and Structures, as head of the Bureau, is responsible for

planning, developing and maintaining the State’s bridge and structural engineering program,

policies, specifications and standards which will facilitate the best utilization of resources for accomplishing the objectives of the Division of Highways. The Bureau of Bridges and Structures also provides the Project Implementation area of the Division with structural and geotechnical expertise during the construction phase of bridge projects.

To fulfill these responsibilities, the Bureau is organized as illustrated in the Organization Charts

found on the Bureau’s website at http://www.dot.il.gov/bridges/pdf/BBS%20Org%20Chart.pdf.

1.2.1 Services Development Section

This Section is responsible for managing the Bureau’s operating budget, personnel and salary administration, business service activities, fiscal payment processing, typing services, file maintenance, and administrative staff support. It also conducts and assists with structural inspections on both State and jointly owned structures, and ensures compliance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) for structures under Illinois’ jurisdiction. NBIS inspections are conducted for designated Major River Bridges, and assistance is provided to other Departmental inspection staff statewide to assess structural damage and deterioration.

1.2.2 Bridge Planning Section

This Section is under the direct supervision of the Engineer of Bridge Planning. It is composed of four units that are responsible for project programming, and preliminary design of bridges and structures. This includes the hydraulic, geotechnical and foundation engineering for projects. Bridge Planning also has corollary responsibilities for highway drainage design, and roadway geotechnical analysis.

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Jan. 2012 Page 1-5

1.2.2.1 Project Planning and Consultant Prequalification Units

Under the direction of the Project Planning Unit Chief, each of the three Development Groups is responsible for project programming and monitoring, bridge management system development, preparation of Inter-State agreements, conducting special engineering studies and reports, and the analysis and approval of man hour requirements for structural engineering/consulting engineering agreements. The Consultant Prequalification Unit Chief is responsible for the

bureau’s consultant service activities and prequalification of structural engineering consultants.

The Project Planning Unit also prepares detailed economic evaluations of alternate structure types and configurations, conducts structural analyses and aesthetic studies, and formulates the basic type and shape for proposed structures utilizing current State and Federal design policies. It reviews and approves Bridge Condition Reports (BCR), prepares Type, Size and Location Plans (TSL), and reviews those prepared by consultants. The BCR details the scope of work for a bridge project and is utilized in the Project Report to secure design approval. The TSL plan documents the basic features of the structure and is used to obtain final preliminary approval of

thedetails for the basic project parameters required by the designer.

1.2.2.2 Hydraulics Unit

Under the supervision of the Unit Chief, the Hydraulics Unit is responsible for the review and approval of the Hydraulic Report (HR) for bridge projects and the Pump Station Hydraulic Report (PSHR) for storm water pumping stations. For bridge projects, the approval means the

waterway opening properly addresses policy and practice controlled in the IDOT Drainage

Manual and satisfies any external regulatory requirements. Recommendations generated from

Hydraulic Unit approvals are provided to the Project Planning Unit and the Foundations and Geotechnical Unit in support of TSL plan development. The Hydraulics Unit assists both Units in further refinement of preliminary structure details relating to hydraulics, such as bridge alignment\skew, substructure placement, low beam elevation and scour countermeasures. Beyond this involvement in TSL plan development, the unit assists the Bridge Design Section and other Central Office Bureaus within the PS&E process. The Hydraulics Unit also assists the Bridge Investigations & Repair Plans Unit with review and preparation of bridge scour countermeasure plans.

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Bridge Manual

Section 1 - Introduction

Page 1-6 Jan. 2012

Aside from the PS&E contribution within the Bureau of Bridges & Structures, the primary

responsibility of the Hydraulics Unit is the content and upkeep of the IDOT Drainage Manual. In

that capacity, the unit is responsible for the development and implementation of all drainage policy, practice and technical hydrologic and hydraulic (H&H) procedures utilized by the Division

of Highways. The Drainage Manual is the primary reference for H&H studies that include, in

addition to structure Hydraulic Reports; Location Drainage Studies for roadway improvements, storm drain and detention analysis, bridge scour evaluation\countermeasure design and drainage connection permits. The Hydraulics Unit provides technical support of these District efforts, and also serves as an IDOT clearinghouse for disseminating new methodologies, FHWA activities, research products, and software investigations relating to hydraulics. Technical support is delivered via statewide meetings\informal training sessions such as AHEM, and the annual meeting with District Hydraulic Engineers which is organized by the Hydraulics Unit. The unit also delivers or coordinates formal H&H training for IDOT, Local Agency and consulting personnel through the Bureau of Employee Services, NHI and other agencies. The Hydraulics Unit Chief rates SEFC submittals from consulting firms seeking pre-qualification for IDOT hydraulic work and also is charged with national IDOT representation on several AASHTO, FHWA and NCHRP panels. Finally, the unit creates and leads the IDOT technical review panel for hydraulic research projects initiated by our primary research arm, the Illinois Center for Transportation, or ICT.

1.2.2.3 Foundations and Geotechnical Unit

Under the supervision of the Unit Chief, the Foundations and Geotechnical Unit provides a wide spectrum of geotechnical services to the Central Bureaus and Districts within the Department, consultants or contractors working for the Department, other State and Local Agencies, academia, and other DOTs and national organizations outside the State.

The unit provides geotechnical services during all project phases of planning, design and construction. In the planning phase, the unit assures proper subsurface exploration and geotechnical recommendations, which are contained in the Structure Geotechnical Report (SGR), that are appropriate for use in finalizing the TSL and developing the final design of bridges, major walls, and multiple box culverts. This is accomplished by either preparing or providing approvals of district’s or consultant’s SGR’s during TSL reviews. In the design phase, the unit assists the design section with retaining wall, drilled shaft, repair plan, traffic signal, light tower, and sign structure foundation design. In the construction phase, the Foundations and

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Jan. 2012 Page 1-7

Geotechnical Unit provides Special Provisions, assists in resolving construction issues and reviews construction submittals including temporary soil retention, tieback design, drilled shaft installation, and value engineering. The unit conducts forensic investigations, foundation underpinning/repairs, and subgrade or slope failure retrofit designs. The unit is charged with

continuous maintenance and updating of the Department’s Geotechnical Manual and Subgrade

Stability Manual as well as updating all geotechnical/foundation aspects of the Bridge Manual. The unit also provides technical supervision over the Central Soils Lab in order to evaluate/validate the soil data which will be used in the geotechnical analysis or design of structures and roadways. The unit also serves as a conduit for technology transfer by providing various training classes to Districts and their consultants/contractors, facilitating and organizing seminars and conferences, and disseminating innovative research findings to all geotechnical personnel working for the Department (Districts and consultants). In addition to providing geotechnical consultant pre-qualification ratings, and research studies on roadways and structures, it serves on various State and national technical review panels/committees overseeing sponsored research projects.

1.2.3 Bridge Design Section

This Section is under the direct supervision of the Engineer of Bridge Design. It is composed of five units. These are the Bridge Design and Review Unit; the Bridge Design and Construction Review Unit; the Policy, Standards and Specifications Unit; the Construction Liaison Unit; and the Shop Drawings and Steel Fabrication Inspection Unit. The Bridge Design Section is responsible for the design and preparation of bridge and structure plans for the Department; and the initiation, development and dissemination of design policies, procedures and structural theories to be used in the selection, proportioning, and detailing of members and components employed in any bridge or structure type on Illinois’ highway system. In addition, it is responsible for the development of specifications and Special Provisions for all materials and procedures as they relate to the use and application in bridges and structures; the preparation of bridge and structure estimates of cost and time; the evaluation and utilization of new structure types, products, techniques and materials; and the resolution of bridge and structure construction problems. The Design Section is also responsible for the review and approval of Shop plans as well as steel fabrication inspections.