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History of the

Information Age Milestones

1866 "

I th b i

i

th

Internet

1866:"

In the beginning was the

Cable...

"

Th Atl ti bl f 1858 t bli h d t

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

• The Atlantic cable of 1858 was established to carry instantaneous communications across the ocean for the first time.

• The manufacture of the cable started in early 1857

Atlantic cable

• The manufacture of the cable started in early 1857 and was completed in June. Before the end of July it was stowed on the American "Niagara" and the British "Agamemnon" -- both naval vessels lent by

Sputnik

ARPANET British Agamemnon both naval vessels lent by

their respective governments for the task.

(2)

History of the

• Although the laying of this first cable was seen as a landmark event in society, it was a technical failure.

Internet

It only remained in service a few days. Subsequent

cables laid in 1866 were completely successful and compare to events like the moon landing of a

t l t th bl i d i f

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

century later... the cable ... remained in use for almost 100 years.

• A brief look from 1997: Annual percentage growth rate of data traffic on undersea telephone cables

Atlantic cable

rate of data traffic on undersea telephone cables: 90. Number of miles of undersea telephone cables: 186,000

Sputnik ARPANET

(3)

History of the

I

1957: Sputnik has launched

ARPA

Internet

ARPA

• 1957 - October 4th - the USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite:

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

World Wide Web

Atlantic cable

Sputnik

ARPANET

"Information Superhighway”

• President Dwight D. Eisenhower saw the need for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) after the Soviet Union's launch

of Sputnik

(4)

History of the

I t

t

1958

-

February 7th

- In response to the

launch of Sputnik, the US Department of

Internet

Defense issues

directive

5105.15

establishing the Advanced

Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

• The organization united some of America's most brilliant people, who developed the United States' first successful satellite in 18 months. Several years later ARPA began to focus on computer networking and communications

World Wide Web

Atlantic cable

focus on computer networking and communications technology.

• In 1962, Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head ARPA's research in improving the military's use of computer technology Licklider was a visionary who sought to make

Sputnik

ARPANET technology. Licklider was a visionary who sought to make

the government's use of computers more interactive. To quickly expand technology, Licklider saw the need to move ARPA's contracts from the private sector to universities and laid the foundations for what would become the ARPANET

ARPANET

"Information Superhighway”

laid the foundations for what would become the ARPANET.

• The Atlantic cable of 1858 and Sputnik of 1957 were two basic milestone of the Internet prehistory. You might want also to take a look on the Telecommunications and

C Hi

(5)

History of the

The Internet as a tool to create "critical

mass" of intellectual resources

T i t th i t t th t id d

Internet

• To appreciate the import ante the new computer-aided

communication can have, one must consider the dynamics of "critical mass," as it applies to cooperation in creative endeavor.

Take any problem worthy of the name, and you find only a few people who can contribute effectively to its solution. Those people must be brought into close intellectual partnership so that The Internet Before the

World Wide Web people must be brought into close intellectual partnership so that their ideas can come into contact with one another. But bring these people together physically in one place to form a team, and you have trouble, for the most creative people are often not the best team players, and there are not enough top positions in a single organization to keep them all happy. Let them go their World Wide Web

Atlantic cable

g g p ppy g

separate ways, and each creates his own empire, large or small, and devotes more time to the role of emperor than to the role of problem solver. The principals still get together at meetings. They still visit one another. But the time scale of their communication stretches out, and the correlations among mental models

d t b t ti th t it t k t d

Sputnik

ARPANET

degenerate between meetings so that it may take a year to do a

week’s communicating. There has to be some way of facilitating communication among people without bringing them together in one place.

h i i i b

"Information Superhighway”

• From: The Computer as a Communication Device by J.C.R. Licklider, Robert W. Taylor, Science and Technology, April 1968.

(6)

History of the

1969: The first LOGs: UCLA -- Stanford

• According toVinton Cerf: ...the UCLA people proposed

Internet

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

g p p p p

to DARPA to organize and run a Network Measurement Center for the ARPANET project...

Around Labor Day in 1969, BBN delivered an

World Wide Web

Atlantic cable

Interface Message Processor (IMP) to UCLA that was based on a Honeywell DDP 516, and when they turned it on, it just started running. It was hooked by 50 Kbps circuits to two other sites (SRI and UCSB)

Sputnik

ARPANET

by 50 Kbps circuits to two other sites (SRI and UCSB) in the four-node network: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of Utah

"Information Superhighway”

(7)

History of the

• 1969: The plan was unprecedented: Kleinrock, a pioneering computer science professor at UCLA, and his small group of graduate students hoped

Internet

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

and his small group of graduate students hoped to log onto the Stanford computer and try to send it some data.They would start by typing "login," and seeing if the letters appeared on the far-off monitor.

World Wide Web

Atlantic cable

far off monitor.

• "We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI...," Kleinrock ... said in an interview: "We typed the L and we asked on the phone

Sputnik

ARPANET

phone,

"Do you see the L?"

"Yes we see the L " came the response

"Information Superhighway”

Yes, we see the L, came the response.

"We typed the O, and we asked, "Do you see

the O."

"Yes, we see the O."

Yes, we see the O.

"Then we typed the G, and the system

crashed"...

(8)

History of the

1972: First public demonstration

of ARPANET

Internet

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

• In late 1971, Larry Roberts at DARPA decided that people needed serious motivation to get things going. In

October 1972 there was to be an International

Conference on Computer Communications, so Larry asked Bob Kahn at BBN to organize a public

World Wide Web

Atlantic cable

asked Bob Kahn at BBN to organize a public demonstration of the ARPANET.

• It took Bob about a year to get everybody far enough along to demonstrate a bunch of applications on the ARPANET

Sputnik

ARPANET

ARPANET.

• The idea was that we would install a packet switch and a Terminal Interface Processor or TIP in the basement of the Washington Hilton Hotel, and actually let the public come in and use the ARPANET, running applications all

"Information Superhighway”

co e a d use t e , u g app cat o s a over the U.S ....

The demo was a roaring success, much to the surprise of the people at AT&T who were skeptical about whether it would work.

• About one - two years after the first online demo of how "actually let the public come in and use the ARPANET, running applications all over the U.S ...." (Vinton Cerf) the NET became really busy especially "every Friday

i ht" (B b B ll)

(9)

History of the

April 1971: Logical Map

Internet

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

World Wide Web

Atlantic cable Sputnik

ARPANET

"Information Superhighway” Logical map of the ARPANET, April 19711958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created by Department of Defense

(DoD).

• 1961 Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) assigns a Command and1961 Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) assigns a Command and Control Project to ARPA.

• 1962 Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) formed to coordinate ARPA's command and control research.

• 1972 ARPA renamed Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

• 1986 The technical scope of IPTO expands and it becomes the Information Science and Technology Office (ISTO)

and Technology Office (ISTO).

• 1991 ISTO splits into the Computing Systems Technology Office (CSTO) and the Software and Intelligent Systems Office

By Charles Babbage Institute

(10)

History of the

I

The Roads That Were Built By

Ik

Internet

Ike

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

• "I like Ike" was an irresistible slogan in 1952. About half century later, there are reasons "to like Ike" even more ...

Atlantic cable

S t ik Many people don't realize that there is more

than a metaphor which connects the

“Information Superhighway” with the Interstate Hi h

Sputnik ARPANET

Highway system

• In 1957, while responding to the threat of the Soviets in general and the success of Sputnik in

ti l P id t D i ht Ei h t d

"Information

Superhighway”

particular, President Dwight Eisenhower created both the Interstate Highway System and the

Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA.

B St D i ll O li C t Lib C t

By Steve Driscoll, Online Computer Library Center Inc.

(11)

History of the

I

Al Gore

Internet

• Tipper Gore:"When my husband Vice President Gore served in the House of Representatives, he coined the phrase "information superhighway" to

The Internet Before the World Wide Web

coined the phrase information superhighway to describe how this exciting new medium would one day transport us all. Since then, we have seen the Internet and World Wide Web revolutionize the way

l i t t l d i t "

Atlantic cable

S t ik people interact, learn, and communicate."

Principal Figures in the Development of the Internet ...

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

• 24 Jun 1986: Albert Gore (D-TN) introduce S 2594

Sputnik ARPANET

• 24 Jun 1986: Albert Gore (D-TN) introduce S 2594 Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986

• 21 March 1994: Gore's Buenos Aires Speech International Telecommunications Union:

"Information

Superhighway”

• "By means of electricity, the world of matter has become a great nerve, vibrating thousands of miles in a breathless point of time ... The round globe is a vast brain instinct with intelligence!“

vast ... brain, instinct with intelligence!

these visionary words were written in 1851 by Nathaniel Hawthorne

(12)

History of the

I t

t

early 1970‘s

so was the so-called area of "Data Communications"

t CERN Th i t f diff t t h i di

Internet

at CERN. The variety of different techniques, media and protocols used was staggering; open warfare existed between many manufacturers' proprietary systems, various home-made systems (including CERN's own "FOCUS" and "CERNET") and the then

Web as a side effect of

Physics experiments CERN s own FOCUS and CERNET ), and the then

rudimentary efforts at defining open or international standards...

The Stage is Set - early 1980's.

Physics experiments

World Wide Web was born in

CERN…

g

y

TCP/IP Introduced at CERN.

• (namely "CERNET", running between CERN and Pisa, and a Cambridge Ring network running between CERN and a Cambridge Ring network running between CERN and Rutherford Laboratory).

• By 1990 CERN had become the largest Internet site in Europe and this fact, as mentioned above, positively influenced the acceptance and spread of Internet influenced the acceptance and spread of Internet techniques both in Europe and elsewhere...

(13)

History of the

I t

t

1989

• CERN's Internet facility was ready to become the

Internet

• CERN s Internet facility was ready to become the medium within which Tim Berners-Lee would

create the World Wide Web with a truly visionary idea. In fact an entire culture had developed at

Web as a side effect of

Physics experiments idea. In fact an entire culture had developed at

CERN around "distributed computing", and Tim had himself contributed in the area of Remote

Procedure Call (RPC), thereby mastering several of

Physics experiments

World Wide Web was born in CERN…

the tools that he needed to synthesize the Web such as software portability techniques and network and socket programming.

(14)

History of the

I t

t

The first web client and server -- built

with NEXTSTEP.

Internet

• The WWW project was originally developed to provide a distributed hypermedia system which could easily access -- from any desktop computer -- information spread across the world.

Next crossroad of World Wide Web History

• The web includes standard formats for text, graphics, sound, and video which can be indexed easily and searched by all networked machines.

Web as a NextStep of PC

Revolution from Steven P. Jobs to Tim Berners-Lee

Using NeXT's object-oriented

technology, the first Web server and

client machines were built by CERN

--Tim Berners Lee

client machines were built by CERN

the European Laboratory for Particle

Physics in November 1990.

Since then the Web has truly

Since then the Web has truly

encompassed the globe and access has

proliferated across all computer

platforms in both the corporate and

platforms in both the corporate and

home markets.

(15)

History of the

I t

t

The first web client and server

-- built with NEXTSTEP

Internet

-- built with NEXTSTEP.

... Over the past seven years of Apple's

creation, Jobs had created a strong

Next crossroad of World Wide Web History

productive company with a growth curve

like a straight line North with no serious

competitors. From 1978 to 1983, its

Web as a NextStep of PC

Revolution from Steven P. Jobs to Tim Berners-Lee

compound growth rate was over 150% a

year.

Then IBM muscled into the personal

Tim Berners Lee

p

computer business. Two years after

introducing its PC, IBM passed Apple in

dollar sales of the machines. IBM's

dominance had made its operating

system an industry standard which was

not compatible with Apple's products.

p

pp

p

(16)

History of the

I

• 12 November, 1990 World Wide Web:

Proposal for a HyperText Project

Internet

• To: P.G. Innocenti/ECP, G. Kellner/ECP, D.O. Williams/CN

• From: T. Berners-Lee/CN, R. Cailliau/ECP

Birth of the World Wide Web - Browser Wars, …

• Date: 12 November 1990

• ... document describes in more detail a Hypertext project.

Browser Wars, …

Birth of the Web

p j

... The project has two phases:

• firstly we make use of existing software and hardware as well as implementing simple

Tim Berners-Lee

p g p

browsers for the user's workstations, based on an analysis of the requirements for information access needs by experiments.

R. Cailliau

Marc Andreessen

• Secondly, we extend the application area by also allowing the users to add new material.

Marc Andreessen Browser Wars

(17)

History of the

I

According to R. Cailliau the chain of

historical scale events was going by

Internet

the following way

:

g

g y

• 1990: joint proposal for hypertext presented

Birth of the World Wide Web - Browser Wars, …

to CERN management

• 1991: Portable “Line-Mode browser”

– SLAC, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in C lif i b h fi W b i USA

Browser Wars, …

Birth of the Web

California, becomes the first Web server in USA.

– It serves the contents of an existing, large data base of abstracts of physics papers.

– Distribution of software over the Internet starts.

Tim Berners-Lee

R. Cailliau

• 1992: portable browser as freeware by CERN

Marc Andreessen Browser Wars

(18)

History of the

I

Life in the browser wars was a unique time period for me in my career...I started work on

Spyglass Mosaic on April 5th, 1994. The demo

Internet

for our first prospective customer was already on the calendar in May. ... Yes, we licensed the

technology and trademarks from NCSA (at the University of Illinois), but we never used any of the code We wrote our browser

Birth of the World Wide Web

- Browser Wars, … the code. We wrote our browser

implementations completely from scratch, on Windows, MacOS, and Unix.

• ... Netscape didn't even exist yet, but things happened fast. Just a few weeks after I started

Browser Wars, …

Birth of the Web

happened fast. Just a few weeks after I started coding, Jim Clark rode into town and gathered a select group of programmers from NCSA. Mosaic Communications Corporation was born. It was interesting to note that certain people on the NCSA b t t i it d t th

Tim Berners-Lee R. Cailliau

NCSA browser team were not invited to the special meeting. I can still remember hearing about how ticked off they were to be excluded. Champaign-Urbana is a very small town.

• Spyglass had the legal right to the "Mosaic"

Marc Andreessen

• Spyglass had the legal right to the Mosaic trademark. A few tantrums and lots of lawyering later, MCC changed its name to Netscape.

From Memoirs From the Browser Wars by Eric W. Sink

Browser Wars

(19)

History of the

I

• There are two ages of the Internet - before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which

Internet

Berners Lee s Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a

great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being

Birth of the World Wide Web

- Browser Wars, … four months, the Web has gone from being

unknown to absolutely ubiquitous.

A Brief History of Cyberspace, by Mark Pesce, ZDNet, October 15, 1995

Browser Wars, …

Birth of the Web

• Bill Gates : "...an Internet browser is a trivial piece of software. There are at least 30

companies that have written very credible

Tim Berners-Lee R. Cailliau

Internet browsers, so that's nothing... " The world according to Gates By Don Tennant,

InfoWorld Electric, Jan 4, 1996.

Marc Andreessen

Browser Wars

• "The most important thing for the Web is stay ahead of Microsoft."

Steve Jobs. Wired, February 1996, p.162

(20)

History of the

I

Netscape Navigator market-share historical

trend:

Internet

Birth of the World Wide Web - Browser Wars, …Browser Wars, …

Birth of the Web Tim Berners-Lee R. Cailliau

Marc Andreessen

Browser Wars

• Like it or not, but now Internet Explorer is the fully dominant one.

5 years later ...

Browser Wars

y December 2007, Netscape announced that support for its

Netscape Navigator would be discontinued, suggesting its users migrate to Mozilla Firefox

(21)

History of the

Internet - 2011

(22)

History of the

I t

t

Hypertext Timeline

• 1945: Vannevar Bush (Science Advisor to president Roosevelt during WW2) proposes Memex -- a conceptual machine that can

Internet

during WW2) proposes Memex a conceptual machine that can store vast amounts of information, in which users have the ability to create information trails, links of related texts and illustrations, which can be stored and used for future reference.

"A W M Thi k "

Early History of Hypertext

• "As We May Think "

This article was originally published in the July 1945 issue of The Atlantic Monthly...

Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on ``The American

Scholar,'' this paper by Vannevar Bush calls for a new relationship

b hi ki d h f k l d

Vannevar Bush’s hyperlink concept

between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge.

The Vannevar Bush's hyperlink concept:

Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the

Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext

Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of systems of indexing.

When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed

alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome.

Having found one item, moreover, one has to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path.

The human mind does not work that way. The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association.

(23)

History of the

I t

t

1965: Ted Nelson coins the word

Hypertext

Internet

Hypertext

By 'hypertext' mean nonsequential writing - text that

branches and allows choice to the reader, best read at an interactive screen.

Early History of Hypertext

Ted Nelson, Literary Machines

• 1967: Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System ...

Vannevar Bush’s hyperlink concept

• The first working hypertext system was developed at Brown University, by a team led by Andries van Dam. The Hypertext Editing System ran in 128K memory on an IBM/360 mainframe and was funded by IBM, who

Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext

a /360 a a e a d as u ded by , o

later sold it to the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center, where it was used to produce documentation for the Apollo space program.

Th H t t Editi S t (1967) d FRESS (1968)

The Hypertext Editing System (1967) and FRESS (1968) , by dr. P.M.E. De Bra

• 1981: Ted Nelson conceptualizes "Xanadu", a central, pay-per-document hypertext database encompassing

p y p yp p g

(24)

History of the

I

Net Statistics

A d G th b f I t l d

Internet

Andy Grove, the boss of Intel, ... summed up the online pioneers’ attitude when asked about the return on investment (ROI) from his firm’s Internet ventures: “ This is

Growth of the Internet:

Statistics his firm s Internet ventures: ... This is

Columbus in the New World. What was his ROI?”

by Christopher Anderson The Economist 1997

Statistics

Statistics of the Internet & World Wide Web

by Christopher Anderson, The Economist, 1997

"...40 percent of global Internet traffic either Internet traffic either

originated or terminating in California."

(25)

Growth of the Internet: Statistics

(26)

Growth of the Internet: Statistics

(27)

Growth of the Internet: Statistics

(28)

Information taken from…

Roads and

C

d

f th I t

t Hi t

Crossroads of the Internet History

By Gregory Gromov, 1995. Updated: 1998,

2005, 2012

Internet History with a Human Face

Photo by Hakon Wium Lie

A comprehensive and fascinating overview of

A comprehensive and fascinating overview of

the philosophy and history of the Internet.

~ Ma ellan Internet G ide 1996

~ Magellan Internet Guide, 1996

References

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