Standardization in Electric Vehicles

Abstract- Electric Vehicles, EVs, are expected to contribute definitively to the sustainable mobility. However, in order to allow a faster market penetration, standardization is of extreme importance. Indeed, for comfortable and secure vehicle utilization, there are many aspects of EVs that need to be standardized. The primary objective of this paper is to present, on a compact form, the standardization framework in the field of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, the most important and urgent standardization activities going on, and the standardization activities in Portugal. A secondary objective is to give the references allowing a non expert on standards to seek for the actualized state of the standardization activities concerning EVs in the future.

I.

I

NTRODUCTION

Electric Vehicles, EVs, are expected to contribute

definitively to the sustainable mobility [1][2]. However, in

order to allow a faster market penetration, standardization is

of extreme importance. Indeed, for comfortable and secure

vehicle utilization, there are many aspects of EVs that need

to be standardized as, for example, the plugs for charging,

the chargers voltages, the communication between the

vehicle and the chargers, fast charging systems and

respective billing, security measures for vehicle safety and

safety of persons against electric shock, on-board electric

energy storage for propulsion and vehicle energy

performance and energy measurements.

In this paper, the standardization framework in the field

of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is

firstly presented, followed by the most important and urgent

standardization activities going on, and finally the

standardization activities in Portugal are presented.

II.

G

LOBAL

S

TANDARDIZATION AND

E

LECTRIC

V

EHICLE

S

TANDARDIZATION

F

RAMEWORK

At a worldwide level, standardization is mainly under the

competence

of

two

institutions:

the

International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [3], founded on 1906,

and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

[4], founded on 1946.

A.

International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC

IEC is the world’s leading organization preparing and

publishing International Standards for all electrical,

electronic and associated technologies. Its structure can be

seen in Fig. 1. In 2010, it had around 174 Technical

Committees (TCs) and Subcommittees (SCs).

TCs report to the Standardization Management Board

and can form SCs to deal with items on the TCs’ work

programme. TC membership is composed of the IEC

National Committees (NCs) that can participate in the work

of any TC either as Participating members (P-Members) or

Observer members (O-Members).

Fig. 1. IEC’s structure [3]

B.

International Organization for Standardization, ISO

Founded in 1946 in London and officially beginning its

activities on 23 February 1947, in Geneva, Switzerland, ISO

is the world's largest developer and publisher of

International Standards, dealing with the non-electrical

technologies. It is constituted by 160 national standards

institutes coordinated by a Central Secretariat in Geneva. In

order to avoid different acronyms in different languages it

was decided to use as short name, "ISO". This was derived

from the Greek

isos

, which means "equal". The ISO

structure is represented in Fig. 2 and in 2011 has nearly 220

technical committees.

Fig. 2. ISO’s structure [4]

Standardization in Electric Vehicles

Paulo G. Pereirinha

1,2,3

, João P. Trovão

1,2

,

1

IPC-ISEC, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, R. Pedro Nunes, P-3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal

2

Institute for Systems and Computers Engineering at Coimbra (INESC-Coimbra), Portugal

3

APVE, Portuguese Electric Vehicle Association. Participate at the Portuguese CTE 69 and CT146

C.

European and National level standardization

organizations

Besides ISO and IEC, in the field of EVs and HEVs

there are also some relevant standardization organizations at

European and National level, namely:

•

CEN, the European Commission for Standardization.

Its TC 301 –

Road Vehicles

, is responsible for

electric road vehicles.

•

CENELEC,

the

European

Committee

for

Electrotechnical Standardization. EVs are dealt with

by the TC 69X –

Electrical systems for electric road

vehicles

.

•

In the U.S., the Society of Automotive Engineers

(SAE).

•

In Japan, the Japanese Electric Vehicle Association

(JEVA).

•

In Portugal, by delegation of the Portuguese Quality

Institute, IPQ, the Portuguese Electric Vehicle

Association, APVE, is the “sector standardization

organism” for electric road vehicles. It has two TCs:

CTE 69 –

Electric Road Vehicles,

and CT146 –

Electric Systems for Electric Road Vehicles

.

D.

Electric Vehicle Standardization Responsibility?

An important issue appears concerning the EVs’

standardization responsibility. As a road vehicle, the EV

(and the HEV) is under the competence of ISO, namely, of

ISO TC22/SC21 –

Electrically propelled road vehicles

,

which has three working groups (WGs):

•

WG 1 -

Vehicle operation conditions, vehicle safety

and energy storage installation

;

•

WG 2 -

Definitions and methods of measurement of

vehicle performance and of energy consumption

;

•

WG 3 -

Lithium Ion traction Batteries.

But, an electric vehicle can also be considered as an

electrical device, which is in the competence of IEC, namely

the IEC TC69 –

Electric road vehicles and electric

industrial trucks

. IEC TC69 has two active WGs:

•

WG 2 -

Motors and motor control systems

;

•

WG 4 -

Power supplies and chargers

.

These two TCs, ISO TC22/SC21 and IEC TC69, have

been collaborating since its foundation. Nevertheless, some

discussions have arisen in the past due to various

intersections on the work division by the two groups. This

was solved by a consensus agreement in 1996 [5], defining

the competences of the respective committees, as can be

seen in Table 1. A recent ISO/IEC Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU) [6][7], valid for all types of road

vehicles

and

respective

equipments,

clarified

the

collaboration rules and modes.

TABLE I

BASIC WORK DIVISION BETWEEN ISO AND IEC COMMITTEES

ISO IEC

Work related to the electric vehicle as a whole

Work related to electric components and electric supply infrastructure

A list of ISO and IEC committees responsible for and

involved in standardization of electrotechnology for road

vehicles as by 2010 is also presented in [7].

III.

M

OST

I

MPORTANT

S

TANDARDIZATION

A

CTIVITIES

G

OING

O

N IN THE

E

LECTRIC

V

EHICLES

F

RAMEWORK

From the ISO/IEC Memorandum of Understanding,

resulted the standardization activity presented in Table II

(IEC/ISO on-going projects by 2010).

TABLE II

IEC/ISO ON-GOING PROJECTS [7] Electrotechnology/

Project

IEC TC/SC ISO TC/SC

Starter batteries TC 21 TC 22

Secondary lithium cells IEC 62660-1 Ed 1.0 IEC 62660-2 Ed. 1.0

TC 21/SC 21A/TC 69

TC 22/ SC 21

Lithium batteries – battery pack and system level

ISO 12405-1 Ed. 1.0 ISO 12405-2 Ed. 1.0 TC 21/SC 21A/TC 69 TC 22/SC 21 EV Charging System IEC 61851 series TC 69 TC 22/SC 21

Vehicle to grid communication interface (JWG V2G CI)

ISO 15118

TC 69 TC 22/SC 3

Plugs and Socket-outlets IEC 62196 series

SC 23H TC 22/SC 3

Lamps, lamp holders and caps SC 34A/SC 34B TC 22/SC 8 Radio interferences (>= 9 KHz)

caused by road vehicle electrical systems

CISPR D TC 22/SC3

EMC emissions on low frequency (<9 kHz) disturbances and basic EMC immunity standards for the whole frequency range

SC 77A TC 22/SC3

EMC immunity for EV charging systems

TC 69 TC 22/SC3

EMC immunity for vehicle and its equipment

TC 77 TC 22/SC3 Organization in bold has the administrative lead

These projects are leaded by different IEC TC/SC or ISO

TC/SC (Table II) and are at different developments’ level, as

will be shown following.

A.

Standards and projects under the direct responsibility

of ISO TC22/SC21

The International Standards developed by ISO TC and

SC pass a multistep-step process, to which correspond the

International harmonized stage codes in Table III.

TABLE III

STAGES AND CODES IN ISO STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT [8][9]

Code Stage Associated Document

00 Preliminary stage

10 Proposal stage NP: New Proposal 20 Preparatory stage WD: Working Draft

(a WG prepare a WD to the committee) 30 Committee stage DIS: Draft International Standard 40 Enquiry stage FDIS: Final Draft International

Standard

50 Approval stage (Vote for: Yes/No or reconsideration) 60 Publication stage ISO International Standard

90 Review Stage 95 Withdrawal Stage

A document in one stage can be at one of the substages

presented in Table IV. For example, a project with the code

60.60 is at “Publication stage+ Completion of main action”,

that is, 60.60 means “International Standard published”. A

full stage codes table with a visual representation of the

development stages can be found at [9].

TABLE IV

SUBSTAGES AND CODES IN ISO STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT

Code Substage

00 Registration 20 Start of main action 60 Completion of main action

90 Decision Substages

92 Repeat an earlier phase 93 Repeat current phase 98 Abandon

99 Proceed

The standard and/or projects in Table V have been

published, while those in Table VI are under development

by May 2011 [10].

TABLE V

STANDARDS/PROJECTS PUBLISHED BY ISO TC22/SC21

Standard and/or project Code

ISO 6469-1:2009 – Electrically propelled road vehicles – Safety specifications – Part 1: On-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)

60.60

ISO 6469-2:2009 – Electrically propelled road vehicles – Safety specifications – Part 2: Vehicle operational safety means and protection against failures

60.60

ISO 6469-3:2001 – Electric road vehicles – Safety specifications – Part 3: Protection of persons against electric hazards

90.92

ISO 6469-3:2001/Cor 1:2003 60.60

ISO 8713:2005 – Electric road vehicles – Vocabulary 90.92 ISO 8714:2002 – Electric road vehicles – Reference energy

consumption and range – Test procedures for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles

90.93

ISO 8715:2001 – Electric road vehicles – Road operating characteristics

90.60 ISO/TR 11954:2008 – Fuel cell road vehicles – Maximum speed measurement

60.60 ISO/TR 11955:2008 – Hybrid-electric road vehicles – Guidelines for charge balance measurement

60.60 ISO 23273-1:2006 – Fuel cell road vehicles – Safety

specifications – Part 1: Vehicle functional safety

90.93 ISO 23273-2:2006 – Fuel cell road vehicles – Safety

specifications – Part 2: Protection against hydrogen hazards for vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen

90.93

ISO 23273-3:2006 – Fuel cell road vehicles – Safety

specifications–Part 3: Protection of persons against electric shock 90.93 ISO 23274:2007 – Hybrid-electric road vehicles – Exhaust

emissions and fuel consumption measurements – Non-externally chargeable vehicles

90.60

ISO 23828:2008 – Fuel cell road vehicles - Energy consumption measurement – Vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen

90.60

TABLE VI

STANDARDS/PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOP. BY ISO TC22/SC21

Standard and/or project Code

ISO/FDIS 6469-3 – Electrically propelled road vehicles – Safety specification – Part 3: Protection of persons against electric shock

50.20 ISO/DTR 8713 – Electric road vehicles – Vocabulary 30.60 ISO/PRF 12405-1 – Electrically propelled road vehicles – Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems – Part 1: High-power applications

50.20

ISO/DIS 12405-2 – Electrically propelled road vehicles – Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems – Part 2: High energy application

40.60

ISO/NP 12405-3 – Electrically propelled road vehicles - Test specification for Lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems – Part 3: Safety performance requirements

10.99

ISO/NP PAS 16898 – Electrically propelled road vehicles – Battery system design – Requirements on dimensions for lithium-ion cells for vehicle propulslithium-ion

10.99

ISO/CD 23274-1 – Hybrid-electric road vehicles – Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements – Part 1: Non-externally chargeable vehicles

30.20

ISO/DIS 23274-2 – Hybrid-electric road vehicles – Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements – Part 2: Externally chargeable vehicles

40.20

B.

Standards and projects under the direct responsibility

of IEC TC69

TABLE VII

STANDARDS/ PROJECTS PUBLISHED BY IEC TC69 Reference, Edition, Date, Title

IEC/TR 60783 –Edition 1.0 (1984-12-30) –Wiring and connectors for electric road vehicles –Stability Date : 2008

IEC/TR 60784 –Edition 1.0 (1984-12-30) –Instrumentation for electric road vehicles –Stability Date : 2008

IEC/TR 60785 –Edition 1.0 (1984-12-30) –Rotating machines for electric road vehicles –Stability Date : 2008

IEC/TR 60786 –Edition 1.0 (1984-12-30) –Controllers for electric road vehicles –Stability Date : 2008

IEC 61851-1 –Edition 2.0 (2010-11-25) –Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements –Stability Date : 2012 IEC 61851-21 –Edition 1.0 (2001-05-04) –Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 21: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an a.c./d.c. supply –Stability Date : 2010

IEC 61851-22 –Edition 1.0 (2001-05-04) –Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 22: AC electric vehicle charging station –Stability Date : 2010

IEC 62576 –Edition 1.0 (2009-08-18) –Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles - Test methods for electrical characteristics –Stability Date : 2014

TABLE VIII

STANDARDS/PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT BY IEC TC69

Project Reference Stage

IEC 21 Ed. 2.0 – Review Report on IEC 61851-21 Ed. 1.0: Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 21: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an a.c./d.c. supply

1CD (1st Committee Draft) IEC 61851-22 Ed. 2.0 – Electric vehicle conductive

charging system - Part 22: a.c. electric vehicle charging station

1CD

IEC 61851-23 Ed. 1.0 – Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 2-3: D.C electric vehicle charging station

1CD

IEC 61851-24 Ed. 1.0 – Electric vehicles conductive charging system - Part 24: Control communication protocol between off-board d.c. charger and electric vehicle

ANW (Approved New Work) IEC 61980-1 Ed. 1.0 – Electric equipment for the

supply of energy to electric road vehicles using an inductive coupling - Part 1: General requirements

PNW (Proposed New Work) IEC 61980-2 Ed. 1.0 – Electric equipment for the

supply of energy to electric road vehicles using an inductive coupling - Part 2: Manual connection system using a paddle

PWI (Potential new work item) IEC 61981 Ed. 1.0 – On board electric power

equipment for electric road vehicles

PWI ISO/IEC 15118-1 Ed. 1.0 – Road vehicles - Vehicle to grid communication interface - Part 1: General information and use-case definition

2CD (2nd Committee Draft) PNW 60069-182 Ed. 1.0 – Electric vehicle charging

and discharging metering and billing equipment

PNW PNW 69-176 Ed. 1.0 – Utility grid communication

network in electric vehicle charging infrastructure

PNW PNW 69-177 Ed. 1.0 – IEC 61851-2-x: Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 2-x: Control communication protocol between a.c./d.c. supply hybrid charging system and electric vehicle

PNW

PNW 69-181 Ed. 1.0 – Electric charging station - Charging supervisor system

PNW PNW 69-183 Ed. 1.0 – General technical requirements for off-board charging and discharging equipment

PNW PWI 69-1 Ed. 1.0 – Electric vehicle conductive

charging system - Part 24: Communication protocol between off-board charger and electric vehicle

PWI

PWI 69-2 Ed. 1.0 – Battery exchange infrastructure PWI

The standards and projects under the direct responsibility

of IEC TC69 [11] already published are shown in Table VII

and Table VIII, this later with the stage codes. It should be

noticed, that even though the stages and associated

documents have in most cases similar codes and names for

both ISO and IEC (cf. Table III, Table V, Table VI and

Table VIII), they are not always exactly the same. A full list

of IEC stage codes (as those in Table VIII), its meaning and

the equivalent harmonized stage codes can be found in [12].

C.

ISO/IEC Directives, Procedures for the technical work

As said previously, to avoid conflicts and overlaps

between ISO and IEC standards a consensus agreement and

an ISO/IEC Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) were

done. Also, to overcome the issues raised by different

procedures of each organization, ISO/IEC Directives were

established to “standardize” common standardization

activities (cf. Table II):

•

ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the

technical work [13];

•

ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and

drafting of International Standards [14];

•

ISO Supplement, Procedures specific to ISO [15];

For example, the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1, shows the

project stages and associated documents as to be used by the

both organizations and joint working groups, as in Table IX.

TABLE IX

PROJECT STAGES AND DOCUMENTS FOR ISO/IEC [13]

Project stage Associated document

Name Abbreviation

Preliminary stage Preliminary work item PWI

Proposal stage New work item proposal1) NP

Preparatory stage Working draft(s) 1) _WD

Committee stage Committee draft(s) 1) _CD

Enquiry stage Enquiry draft 2) _{ISO/DIS —}

IEC/CDV Approval stage final draft International

Standard 3)

FDIS Publication stage International Standard ISO, IEC or

ISO/IEC

1) These stages may be omitted, as described in Annex F of [13] 2) Draft International Standard in ISO, committee draft for vote

in IEC.

3) May be omitted (see 2.6.4 of [13]).

As all these stages and process can seen a little bit fuzzy,

a flowchart showing the

process for the development of new

standards and the maintenance of existing standards

and

another with the

overview of the processes for the

withdrawal and the systematic review of existing standards

can be found in the ISO Supplement [15].

D.

Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI

Concerning the Charging of Electric Vehicles

IEC and ISO have published or started to develop the

previously mentioned standards. However, there are some

difficulties on ensuring interoperability between chargers of

EVs, as, for example, at IEC level there are at least three

different types of plugs under consideration (IEC 62196-2,

Table II), and different power levels (charge modes)

previewed (IEC 61851-1, Table VII) [16]. A freely available

short explanation on this subject can be found in [17]. This

lack of interoperability would fragment the market, creating

difficulties to the EVs mobility between regions and states.

Being aware of this, in June 2010 the European

Commission, EC, by the Mandate M/468, has requested the

CEN, the CENELEC and the ETSI (European

Telecommu-nications Standards Institute) “

to develop European

standards or to review existing standards in order to:

a) Ensure interoperability and connectivity between the

electricity supply point and the charger of electric

vehicles, including the charger of their removable

batteries, so that this charger can be connected and be

interoperable in all EU States.

b) Ensure interoperability and connectivity between the

charger of electric vehicle- if the charger is not on

board- and the electric vehicle and its removable

battery, so that a charger can be connected, can be

interoperable and re-charge all types of electric

vehicles and their batteries.

c) Appropriately consider any smart-charging issue with

respect to the charging of electric vehicles.

d) Appropriately

consider

safety

risks

and

electromagnetic compatibility of the charger of electric

vehicles in the field of Directive 2006/95/EC (LVD)

and Directive 2004/108/EC (EMC).

” [18]

As a consequence of this mandate, the

Focus Group on

European Electro-Mobility

has been created and a

Final

Report to CEN and CENELEC Technical Boards in

response to Commission Mandate M/468 concerning the

charging of electric vehicles

is expected by the end of June

2011.

IV.

EV

S

’

S

TANDARDIZATION

A

CTIVITIES IN

P

ORTUGAL

Due to the intense standards development activities

presented before for EVs, also APVE and its two TCs [19],

CTE 69 –

Electric Road Vehicles,

and CT146 –

Electric

Systems for Electric Road Vehicles

, have been very active,

especially during the last two years, as these TCs participate

on that do IEC/ISO and CEN/CENELEC standards

development process, having at least to review and comment

the standards on its different stages, and to give advice to the

IPQ vote for the Portuguese position. Furthermore, in order

to help the Portuguese entities concerned with the EVs,

APVE with CTE69 and CT146 is preparing the translation

to Portuguese of the standards presented in Table X.

TABLE X

STANDARDS TO BE TRANSLATED TO PORTUGUESE Standards

EN 1986-2:2001: Electrically propelled road vehicles - Measurement of energy performances - Part 2: Thermal electric hybrid vehicles EN 61851-21:2002 : Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 21: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an a.c/d.c. supply

EN 61851-22:2002: Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 22: AC electric vehicle charging station

ISO 6469-1:2009: Electric road vehicles –Safety specifications -Part 1: On-board electrical energy storage

ISO 6469-2:2009: Electric road vehicles – Safety specifications - Part 2: Functional safety means and protection against failures

ISO 6469-3:2009: Electric road vehicles – Safety specifications - Part 3: Protection of persons against electric hazards

ISO 8713:2005: Electric road vehicles – Vocabulary

ISO 8714:2002: Reference energy consumption and range - Test procedures for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles ISO 8715:2001: Road operating characteristics

ISO 23273-1:2006: Fuel cell road vehicles - Safety specifications – Part 1: Vehicle functional safety

ISO 23273-2:2006: Fuel cell road vehicles - safety specifications – Part 2: Protection against hydrogen hazards for vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen

ISO 23273-3:2006: Fuel cell road vehicles - Safety specifications – Part 3: Protection of persons against electric shock

ISO 23274:2007: Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements –Non-externally chargeable vehicles

ISO 23828:2008: Energy consumption measurement - Vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen

V.

C

ONCLUSIONS

Before concluding, it is important to clarify the

differences between Standards and Regulations. Standards

are voluntary documents produced by technical committees

and approved by the representatives of the concerned and

interested entities in the countries (namely the IEC National

Committees or ISO national standards institutes). On the

other hand, regulations are legally binding documents, which

are issued by government. Nevertheless, our modern way of

life would not be possible without standards (and many

standards finally are adopted has regulation by the

countries). From an electrical point of view, it suffices to

think what would happen if we had several different plugs in

each country, with different voltage levels and frequencies!

The same happens with the EVs, and at this stage of the first

wave of modern EVs reaching the market, there are many

aspects of EVs that still can and need to be standardized as,

for example, the plugs for charging, the chargers voltages,

the communication between the vehicle and the chargers,

fast charging systems and respective billing, security

measures for vehicle safety and safety of persons against

electric shock, electromagnetic compatibility and health

effects issues [20], on-board electric energy storage for

propulsion and vehicle energy performance and energy

measurements.

The evolution of electric vehicle standardization, from

the very beginning, was the subject of an important doctoral

thesis on this subject,

The Electric Vehicle: Raising the

Standards

, from the actual IEC TC69 Secretary, Prof. Peter

Van den Bossche [21]. Nowadays there is still an intense

effort on this subject endured by different standardization

organizations and also by European Commission. In this

paper, the EV standardization framework was presented on a

compact form as well as the most important standardization

activities going on at world, Europe and Portugal levels.

References were given allowing the non standards expert, to

easily and quickly access the state of the standardization

activities in the EVs frameworks also in the future.

The Standardization in Electric Vehicles is not an easy

task. But a serious amount of effort is being put on this in

order to ensure that there are no obstacles from this point of

view to the EVs massive spread as a sustainable mobility

solution.

VI.

R

EFERENCES

[1] P.G. Pereirinha, J.C. Quadrado, J. Esteves, “Sustainable Mobility: Part I – Main Problems”, Proceedings of the CEE'05 - International Conference on Electrical Engineering - 10-12 October 2005, Coimbra – Portugal, in CD-ROM.

[2] P.G. Pereirinha, J.C. Quadrado, J. Esteves, “Sustainable Mobility: Part II – Some Possible Solutions Using Electric and Hybrid Vehicles”, Proceedings of the CEE'05 - International Conference on Electrical Engineering - 10-12 October 2005, Coimbra – Portugal, in CD-ROM.

[3] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) web-site, www.iec.ch

[4] International Organization for Standardization (ISO), www.iso.org [5] Peter Van den Bossche, Joeri Van Mierlo, Yonghua Cheng, Jean

Timmermans, “Evolution of international standardization of electrically propelled vehicles”, Proc. of the European Ele-Drive Transportation Conference 2007, EET-2007, 30th May - 1st June 2007, Brussels, Belgium, in CD-ROM.

[6] “ISO shapes future of electric vehicles”, Press Release, 2011-02-17, www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1402

[7] ISO/IEC Agreement Concerning Standardization of Electro-technology for Road Vehicles and the Cooperation Between ISO/TC 22 “Road Vehicles” and IEC Technical Committees, 2010.

[8] “Stages of the development of International Standards”, ISO, www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/ stages_description.htm

[9] “International harmonized stage codes”, ISO, www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/ stages_description/stages_table.htm

[10] ISO, “Standards and projects under the direct responsibility of the Secretariat of TC 22/SC 21 - Electrically propelled road vehicles”, www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse. htm?commid=46946

[11] IEC - TC 69, Electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks, Projects / Publications, www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:23:0::::FSP_ ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1255,25

[12] “Stage Codes”, IEC, www.iec.ch/standardsdev/how/processes/stage_ codes.htm

[13] ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work (8th edition, 2011).

[14] ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards (6th edition, 2011).

[15] ISO Supplement, Procedures specific to ISO (2nd edition, 2011); [16] “Plug them in and move them on!”, IEC e-tech, April 2011,

www.iec.ch/etech/2011/etech_0411/tc-1.htm [17] “IEC 62196”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62196

[18] “M/468 EN, Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI Concerning the Charging of Electric Vehicles”, European Commission, Brussels, 4th June 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/ gas_electricity/smartgrids/doc/2010_06_04_mandate_m468_en.pdf [19] Normalização, Associação Portuguesa do Veículo Eléctrico,

www.apve.pt/content01.asp?treeID=06

[20] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz), ICNIRP Guidelines, Health Physics, December 2010 – Vol. 99 - Issue 6 - pp 818-836.

[21] P. Van den Bossche, The electric vehicle: raising the standards, PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2003.