All Branches
All Branches
Of Biology
Of Biology
May 5th, 2011May 5th, 2011Biology is the study of livin
Biology is the study of livin
g beings i.e. life. Ac
g beings i.e. life. Ac
tually the study of life processe
tually the study of life processe
s is called
s is called
Life Scienc
Life Scienc
e. Biology itself means the
e. Biology itself means the
study or science o
study or science o
f life. There are many branc
f life. There are many branc
hes
hes
of biology, as it is really it
of biology, as it is really it
covers a big part of science. Read On… to
covers a big part of science. Read On… to
find all the
find all the
branches of biology.
branches of biology.
Science
Scienceis an organized body of knowledge supported by observation and experimentation, derived from the naturalis an organized body of knowledge supported by observation and experimentation, derived from the natural
phenomena of the entire material universe. Biology had flourished a great deal in ancient India. Various systems of
phenomena of the entire material universe. Biology had flourished a great deal in ancient India. Various systems of
classifying animals and plants were developed, for
classifying animals and plants were developed, for example Jeevaj (Viviparous) animals that give birth to example Jeevaj (Viviparous) animals that give birth to young one,young one,
Andaj (Oviparous) animals
Andaj (Oviparous) animals that lay eggs, etc. Cultivation of rice was first introduced in India. It that lay eggs, etc. Cultivation of rice was first introduced in India. It is estimated thatis estimated that
more than 1000 varieties of rice had been developed. With
more than 1000 varieties of rice had been developed. Withthe inventionthe invention of microscope a whole new world of minuteof microscope a whole new world of minute
animals and plants came to human knowledge. So there’s a need to divide biology into certain branches to due to
animals and plants came to human knowledge. So there’s a need to divide biology into certain branches to due toitsits
vastness of the syllabus it covers.
vastness of the syllabus it covers.
Biology is divided into several branches. This division can be made in at least three different ways.
Biology is divided into several branches. This division can be made in at least three different ways.
A.
A. Principal sub-divisions of Biology in terms of majPrincipal sub-divisions of Biology in terms of major kinds of organism.or kinds of organism.
-- BotanyBotany – – the study of plants.the study of plants.
-- ZoologyZoology – –the study of animals.the study of animals.
-- Human BiologyHuman Biology – – The study of man as a living organism and his relationship with other living organismsThe study of man as a living organism and his relationship with other living organisms
the study of man and human society comes under Anthropology.
the study of man and human society comes under Anthropology.
B.
B. Principal Principal sub-divisions sub-divisions of of Biology Biology in in terms terms of of special special groups groups of of organisms.organisms.
-- BacteriologyBacteriology – –the study of bacteria.the study of bacteria.
-- Virology Virology – –the study of viruses.the study of viruses.
-- MycologyMycology – – the study of fungi.the study of fungi.
-- EntomologyEntomology – – the study of insects.the study of insects.
-- IchthyologyIchthyology – – the study of fishes.the study of fishes.
-- HerpetologyHerpetology – – the study of lizards, snakes etc.the study of lizards, snakes etc.
-- OrnithologyOrnithology – – the study of birds.the study of birds.
C.
C. Principal Principal sub-division sub-division of of Biology Biology in in terms terms of of approach approach on on studying studying it.it.
-- Anatomy Anatomy – – the study of gross structure of an organism as seen in dissection.the study of gross structure of an organism as seen in dissection.
-- MorphologyMorphology – –the study of form and structure of plants and animals. It includes essentially thethe study of form and structure of plants and animals. It includes essentially the
understanding and interpretation of structure.
-- HistologyHistology – – the study of minute structure of time bits of tthe study of minute structure of time bits of the body as seen with the help of a compoundhe body as seen with the help of a compound
microscope.
microscope.
-- CytologyCytology – –the study of structure and function of animal and plant cells.the study of structure and function of animal and plant cells.
-- PhysiologyPhysiology – –the study of functions and activities of organisms and their parts.the study of functions and activities of organisms and their parts.
-- EmbryologyEmbryology – – the study of formation and development of embryo of plants and animals.the study of formation and development of embryo of plants and animals.
-- TaxonomyTaxonomy – –the science of naming, grouping and classifying plants and animals. It is called Systematic.the science of naming, grouping and classifying plants and animals. It is called Systematic.
-- EcologyEcology – – the study of the relationship of an organism to both its living and non livingthe study of the relationship of an organism to both its living and non livingenvironmentenvironment..
-- BiogeographyBiogeography – – the study of geographical distribution of plants and animals.the study of geographical distribution of plants and animals.
-- PaleontologyPaleontology – –the study of prehistoric forms of life through fossils of plants and animals.the study of prehistoric forms of life through fossils of plants and animals.
-- GeneticsGenetics – – the sciences of the transmission of the sciences of the transmission of body characteristics from parents to obody characteristics from parents to offspring.ffspring.
-- ParasitologyParasitology – –the study of parasites, the organisms that live on or inside other organisms and drawthe study of parasites, the organisms that live on or inside other organisms and draw
nourishment from the hosts.
nourishment from the hosts.
-- PathologyPathology – –the study of diseases of plants and animals.the study of diseases of plants and animals.
-- ImmunologyImmunology – –the science that deals with the phenomena and the science that deals with the phenomena and causes of immunity (resistance to orcauses of immunity (resistance to or
defend against diseases)
defend against diseases)
-- EugenicsEugenics – – the science which aims to improve the humanthe science which aims to improve the humanracerace through controlled heredity.through controlled heredity.
-- BiochemistryBiochemistry – – the study of chemicals and reaction that take place inside the living things. One of itsthe study of chemicals and reaction that take place inside the living things. One of its
numerous applications is DNA fingerprinting.
numerous applications is DNA fingerprinting.
Applied Biology
Applied Biology
Biology has enormous applications in other branches of science. It forms an important part of the following
Biology has enormous applications in other branches of science. It forms an important part of the following – –
-- Agriculture Agriculture – – raising crops and livestock (cow, buffalo etc)raising crops and livestock (cow, buffalo etc)
-- Veterinary Science Veterinary Science – – treatment and surgery of animals.treatment and surgery of animals.
-- Marine BiologyMarine Biology – – study of life in the sea.study of life in the sea.
-- Household BiologyHousehold Biology – –study of household animals, insects etc, including how to prevent damage to our ownstudy of household animals, insects etc, including how to prevent damage to our own
body and to our belongings.
body and to our belongings.
-- HorticultureHorticulture – – science and art of growing fruits, science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers or ornamental plants.vegetables, flowers or ornamental plants.
-- SericultureSericulture – – technique of producing silk by raitechnique of producing silk by raising silkworms.sing silkworms.
-- PisciculturePisciculture – – the technique of growing fish.the technique of growing fish.
-- BiotechnologyBiotechnology – –the application of biological processes in technology. It includes areas such as biogasthe application of biological processes in technology. It includes areas such as biogas
production, food processing, genetic engineering, antibiotic
production, food processing, genetic engineering, antibiotic production, extracting of extracellular enzymes used asproduction, extracting of extracellular enzymes used as
bio-detergents in laundry washing powders, vaccine production, ant
bio-detergents in laundry washing powders, vaccine production, anti bodies, tissue culture etc.i bodies, tissue culture etc.
-- CloningCloning – –it is a rapidly advancing branch of biotechnology. Several animals have been cloned in which ait is a rapidly advancing branch of biotechnology. Several animals have been cloned in which a
body cell is used with no involvement of the male sperms. It also includes modifying crops easier to grow and
body cell is used with no involvement of the male sperms. It also includes modifying crops easier to grow and
improving their quality.
improving their quality.
-- BioengineeringBioengineering – – which includes techniques like the making of artificial limbs, joints and other parts of thewhich includes techniques like the making of artificial limbs, joints and other parts of the
body from metals or plastic etc? It also includes modifying crops easier to grow and improving their food quality.
body from metals or plastic etc? It also includes modifying crops easier to grow and improving their food quality.
-- Nuclear BiologyNuclear Biology – –the study of the effects of radioactivity on living thingthe study of the effects of radioactivity on living things which is also called Radiations which is also called Radiation
Biology.
Biology.
-- Space BiologySpace Biology – – the study of survival problems of living things in outer space.the study of survival problems of living things in outer space.
-- ExobiologyExobiology – – it is one the newest sciences, which contemplates to study life elsewhere in the universe.it is one the newest sciences, which contemplates to study life elsewhere in the universe.
-- GenomicsGenomics – –the study of genomes as opposed to individual genes. Genome is the entire DNA sequence of the study of genomes as opposed to individual genes. Genome is the entire DNA sequence of
an organism.
an organism.
-- BioinformaticsBioinformatics – – management and analysis of biological information management and analysis of biological information stored in databases.stored in databases.
-- BiometricsBiometrics – –the verification of a person by his certain body features such as the patter of iris in the eyethe verification of a person by his certain body features such as the patter of iris in the eye
and behavioral characteristics.
and behavioral characteristics.
The Branches of Science:
The Branches of Science:
Science is the study of the world and how it works. The types of questions that a
Science is the study of the world and how it works. The types of questions that a
scientist may study can range from “How is the leg of a fly connected to its body” to
scientist may study can range from “How is the leg of a fly connected to its body” to
“How did the universe begin” or even “Why do people choose the marriage partners
“How did the universe begin” or even “Why do people choose the marriage partners
they do”. No one scientist can
they do”. No one scientist can study every aspect of this world we live in.
study every aspect of this world we live in.
As with many complex things, the questions that scientists study
As with many complex things, the questions that scientists study are often
are often
grouped into related categories. These groupings allow scientists to focus on a set of
grouped into related categories. These groupings allow scientists to focus on a set of
similar topics and interact with others who are interested in the same questions. The
similar topics and interact with others who are interested in the same questions. The
groupings also make science much easier
groupings also make science much easier to comprehend for students. Students can
to comprehend for students. Students can
learn the basic principles involved in one
learn the basic principles involved in one aspect of the world without being
aspect of the world without being
overwhelmed with the entire scientific body of knowledge.
overwhelmed with the entire scientific body of knowledge.
There are many possible ways to organize science into basic groupings. If you look in
There are many possible ways to organize science into basic groupings. If you look in
textbooks and on the internet, you
textbooks and on the internet, you will find several different organizational schemes.
will find several different organizational schemes.
Each of the methods of grouping science has its benefits and weaknesses and no
Each of the methods of grouping science has its benefits and weaknesses and no
single method stands out as the “correct” method. Here we describe one method that
single method stands out as the “correct” method. Here we describe one method that
includes a very broad view of science including some fields that are not typically
includes a very broad view of science including some fields that are not typically
discussed in the organizational schemes.
In this organizational scheme, all of science is divided into three major branches. Each
major branch can be separated into sub-branches and each sub-branch contains many
specific fields of study. The figure below shows the overall layout of the major and
sub-branches.
Formal Science is the branch of science dealing with abstract concepts. It includes the
sub-branches of logic and mathematics. For most scientists, these branches serve as
tools to better understand their own fields of study. For example, a physicist may use
algebra and geometry to help them understand the path of an arrow through the air.
Much of the mathematics and logic that we commonly use have been understood for
centuries. We must remember, however, that at some point in history someone had to
discover that the sum of the angles in a triangle equals 180 degrees. Mathematicians
are still working to understand the complex relationships involved in large numbers,
the geometry of curved surfaces, and prime numbers. The new discoveries are being
used as tools for things like encryption for computer security.
Natural Science is the major branch most commonly recognized as “science”. It is the
branch of science dealing with the natural world. The sub-branches in natural science
include the physical sciences and the biological sciences. The physical sciences
sub- branch deals with the physical universe of matter, space, time, and energy. Within the
physical sciences are fields of study such as physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy,
as well as many others. The biological science sub-branch (sometimes called life
science) deals with living organisms. Within the biological sciences are fields of study
such as biology, zoology, genetics, botany, as well as many others.
Humanistic Science is the major branch dealing with the interaction between people
and the world. It is sometimes also referred to as Cultural Science. The sub-branches
in the humanistic sciences include behavioral science and social science. Behavioral
science includes the field of psychology. Social science includes sociology, political
science, and economics. Many of the fields of study within the humanistic sciences
involve interactions between the behavioral and social sciences. Like all sciences, the
fields of study that qualify for behavioral and social science must apply the general
scientific method. Although the official definition deals with people, the hu manistic
sciences are also being applied to other animals such as chimpanzees and dolphins.
The Branches of Science
The Physical Sciences
Physics:
The study of matter and energy and the interactions between
them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert
Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity.
Chemistry:
The science that deals with the composition, properties,
reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for
example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating
liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs.
Astronomy:
The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.
See also
: Chemistry Science Projects for Beginners, Chemistry Science
Projects: Intermediate-Level, and Chemistry Science Projects:
Advanced-Level
See also
: Physical Science Projects for Beginners, Physical Science
Projects: Intermediate-Level, and Physical Science Projects:
Advanced-Level
The Earth Sciences
Geology:
The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth,
and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has
experienced or is experiencing.
Oceanography:
The exploration and study of the ocean.
Paleontology:
The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric
or geologic periods.
Meteorology:
The science that deals with the atmosphere and its
See also
: Earth Science Projects for Beginners, Earth Science Projects:
Intermediate-Level, and Earth Science Projects: Advanced-Level
The Life Sciences (Biology)
Botany:
The study of plants.
Zoology:
The science that covers animals and animal life.
Genetics:
The study of heredity.
Medicine:
The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness,
disease, and injury.
Branches of Science
There are three major branches of science to consider when choosing a course of study. These
major branches can be broken up even further into different smaller branches. Providing a wide
variety of activities within these major areas of study is important for a well rounded science
education.
1. Physical Science
studies the nature and properties of energy and non living matter.
Branches of Physical Science:
Physics
- The science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two,
grouped in traditional fields such as acoustics, optics, mechanics, thermodynamics, and
electromagnetism, as well as in modern extensions including atomic and nuclear
physics, cryogenics, solid-state physics, particle physics, and plasma physics.
Chemistry
- The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of
matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems.
Astronomy
- The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions,
dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies
and phenomena.
2. Earth Science
studies the origin, composition, and physical features of the Earth.
Branches of Earth Science:Including:
Geology -
The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth or the
solid matter of a celestial body.
Oceanography-
The scientific study of oceans, the life that inhabits them, and their
physical characteristics, including the depth and extent of ocean waters, their
movement and chemical makeup, and the topography and composition of the ocean
floors. Oceanography also includes ocean exploration.
Paleontology -
The scientific study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic
times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms.
Meteorology -
The scientific study of the atmosphere and of atmospheric conditions,
especially as they relate to weather and weather forecasting.
3. Life Science (Biology)
studies the structural and functional organization of living
organisms and their relationships to each other and the environment.
Branches of Life Science:
Botany
- The scientific study of plants, including their growth, structure, physiology,
reproduction, and pathology, as well as their economic use and cultivation by humans.
Zoology – The scientific study of animals and animal life, including the study of the
structure, physiology, development, and classification of animals.
Genetics
- The scientific study of the principles of heredity and the variation of inherited
traits among related organisms.
Medicine
- The scientific study or practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing
diseases or disorders of the body or mind of a person or animal.
Looking at the variety of topics here, you soon realize that no science curriculum can
cover it all. Try to choose a variety of activities that will touch on each of the branches of
science, then dive into more detail with your child's favorites.
Branches of Science
Science is widely applied in every aspect of life. It is the organized body of knowledge that is achieved by a thorough research. There are a number of branches in Science. Read on to know about t hem.
Science is referred to as a system of objective knowledge obtained through deep researches done by the human being. Science is applied in every field and every aspect of life. With the help of scientific inventions and techniques, we have got all the latest facilities and high living standards. It's the science, with the help of which human being has reached beyond the space and stepped on the Moon and sent a spacecraft to Mars. There are a number of branches of science, out of which earth science, physical science and life science are the major branches. These three are considered as pure sciences. Other branches of science such as engineering, technology are associated with the practical
application of result of scientific activity.
The physical science is associated with t he nature and behavior of energy and matter. Physics includes the study of time, light and gravity. Chemistry deals with the properties, composition, structure and reactions of the matter. Astronomy involves the study of t he universe beyond the earth. The earth science that involves the study of structure and composition of the earth includes different branches such as geology, oceanography, meteorology, paleontology, etc. Life science i s also known as biology, which deals with the study of evolution, development, distribution, structure, origin and function of the living things. It is categorized into different branches such as botany, genetics, zoology, medicine, etc.
The mathematical science involves different branches such as arithmetic, al gebra, geometry, and calculus. The social science is related to the study of human society past and present. It covers various branches such as sociology, anthropology, political science, law and economics. Following is the detailed information about the many branches that the field of science has.
All Branches of Science: A List
A
Acoustics: It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. It
usually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes the behavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control.
Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motion
relative to air.
Aeronautical Engineering: It is a branch of science that is related to the study of design and
Agriculture: It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing and
management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the production of food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and rearing the animals.
Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil
management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel.
Algebra: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity and
relation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships.
Algology: see Phycology
Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of living
things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy).
Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their
disorders.
Anthropology: It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is associated
with physical and social characteristics of humanity through t he study of historical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and cultural relationships.
Apiculture: It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apis mellifera.
It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production of honey.
Applied Mathematics: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematical
techniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains.
Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physical
evidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation
Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and
galaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere such as the cosmic background radiation.
Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestial
bodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium).
Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internal structure
of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly i nvolves the study of arrangement of electrons around the nucleus.
B
Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study of bacteria in
relation to disease as well as agriculture.
Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that take
place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role of biomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms.
Bioengineering: It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative engineering
principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues and artificial organs.
Biology: It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life. It
involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of living things.
Biophysics: It is a branch of science that i nvolves an application of methods and principles of
physics to understand the biological systems.
Biotechnology: It is associated with the i ndustrial application of living organisms and/or
biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied for producing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in genetic
engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the
scientific study of plant life.
C
Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart and
major blood vessels.
Chemical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, construction and
operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics, drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions.
Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition of
substances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself.
Civil Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing,
construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the geography to suit the human needs.
Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and
investigations of its phenomena and causes.
Computer Science: It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system. It
involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods, algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and methods for testing the concepts.
Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different
cosmetics.
Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of universe,
its origin and overall structure.
Craniology: This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of the
skulls of different human races.
Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and uses of
very low temperature.
Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an
unreadable, unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm.
Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of structure,
origin, function and pathology of cells.
D
Dactylography: It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose of identification. Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles,
skin cancers, contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin conditions, related to other diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external genitalia.
Dentistry: This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the
diseases associated with teeth, oral cavity and related structures.
Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces, their action
on bodies and changes in motion they produce.
E
Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their
environment.
Electronics: It is a branch of technology, which is associated with the development and
application of circuits or systems, using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers, transistors, etc.
Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study of function
and pathology of endocrine glands.
Engineering: It is an application of scientifi c, mechanical, physical and mathematical
principles to design process, structures and products that are meant for improving the quality of life.
Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of i nsects in their relations to
forests and forest products.
Environmental Science: It is the study of interactions among biological, physical and
chemical components of environmental system.
Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in human
population.
Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind. Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition. Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings.
Eugenics: It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by controlled
selective breeding.
Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a species or
taxonomic group of organisms.
Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present beyond
the earth.
F
Forestry: It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associated
resources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits.
Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture, related with the cultivation of flowering and
ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, including the floral industry.
Forensic Science: It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing the evidence
for legal proceeding.
G
Genetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organisms as
Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, grading, evaluating and marketing the
gemstones.
Geography: It includes the study of the earth as well as it s features phenomena and
inhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil.
Geology: This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution and structure
of the earth's crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks.
Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape, size and
relative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. It is associated with polygons, vertices, triangles, meshes and associated operations to be done with them in 3D applications.
Geophysics: It involves the study of physical and geological properties and characteristics of
the earth, minerals and rocks.
Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of psychological, biological and sociological
phenomena related to aging and old age.
Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women,
particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs.
H
Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun.
Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and disease
of blood as well as diagnosis and t reatment of disorders of blood, lymph glands and spleen.
Hepatology: This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and disorders
of liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and pancreas.
Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues, using
microscopic examination of tissue slices.
Horticulture: It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamental
plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables.
Hydroponics: It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants, particularly
vegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients, instead of in soil.
Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water, internally or
externally to maintain and restore health. This treatment involves full body immersion, saunas, steam baths, colonic irrigation, sitz baths an d hot or/and cold compresses.
Hydrology: It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation of
water on the earth. It i ncludes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc.
Hydrostatics: It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids.
I
Ichthyology: It is the study of fish.
Iconography: It is a system of using images, symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a
theme or structure.
Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and body's immune system and its
functions.
Jurisprudence: It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of law and
legal system.
L
Lexicography: It is the science of compiling, writing and editing the dictionaries. It is done
on the basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the words in a given language.
Linguistics: It incorporates the study of structure, form, sound, function, variety and
development of specific languages and human speech in general.
M
Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals.
Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. It is one of the most
effective methods for an early detection of breast cancer.
Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean and
other brackish or marine bodies of water.
Mathematics: It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such as
structure, quantity, change and space. It is also one of the academic disciplines.
Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodies after
subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on t heir environment.
Mechanical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design,
construction and operation of machinery.
Medicine: It is the science of maintaini ng and/or restoring human health through the study,
diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques.
Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. It also involves
purifying the metals and casting useful items from them.
Meteorology: This branch of science involves the study of chemistry, physics and dynamics
of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earth's surface, oceans and life on the earth.
Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure and
function of microorganisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa.
Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition,
physical properties, internal crystal structure, origin, occurrence and distribution in nature of different minerals.
Molecular Biology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure, formation
and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and proteins. It also deals with the process of replication, transcription and translation of genetic information.
Morphology: It is the science of structure and form of organisms, including animals, plants
and other forms of life, with special emphasis on external features.
Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection. It
involves the study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and genetic properties and their use to humans as a source for food, medicine and tinder.
Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles and muscle
tissues.
Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of
various kidney disorders, including fluid and mineral balance.
Neurology: It is related to the structure, fu nctioning and disorders of nervous system
including the brain, spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and blood supplies.
Nuclear Physics: It is a branch of physics, which includes the study of atomic nuclei, their
interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles.
Numismatics: This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins, paper
money, medals, tokens and similar objects.
Nutrition: It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth, development and
health of an individual.
O
Obstetrics: This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetus
during pregnancy, parturition and puerperium.
Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry, physics, geology and biology of oceans in the
world.
Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy, development and diseases
of teeth.
Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors. Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents.
Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure,
function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc.
Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and
interaction of light with matter.
Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of
carbon-containing compounds, which includes their structure and reactions.
Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds.
Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure,
functions and pathology of bones.
P
Paleontology: It is a branch of biology that deals with t he study of prehistoric life, based
mainly in fossils of animals and plants.
Pathology: It is a medical discipline that i s related to cause and nature of disease. It mainly
involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the disease.
Particle Physics: It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their
fundamental reactions.
Pedology: It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil, including its formation,
composition, structure and classification.
Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history, origin, structure, occurrence and
chemical classification of rocks.
Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature, origin, properties
as well as their effects on living organisms.
Philately: It involves the study and collection of postage stamps. Philology: It is the science of language and linguistics.
Phonetics: It is the study and classification of sounds of hu man speech.
Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also known
as algology.
Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry, which includes the application of
techniques and theories from physics to study the mi croscopic, macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems.
Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties and
interactions of time, space, energy and matter.
Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical and
mechanical functions and activities of l iving organisms.
Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earth's surface and its natural
phenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna.
Plasma Physics: It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction of plasma
with itself, radiation and particle beams.
Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological, chemical and physical
characteristics of water, air, soil or food, which can cause a number of adverse effects on the living beings.
Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of fruits. Protozoology: It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans.
Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes.
R
Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactive
substances to diagnose and treat various diseases.
S
Seismology: It is a scientific i nvestigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth,
based on the study of seismic waves.
Sericulture: It is also referred to as silk farming. It is rearing of silkworms for producing the
raw silk.
Serpentology: It is a branch of zoology, which deals with the study of snakes. Sociology: It is the scientific study of society, human social interaction and social
relationships.
Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech, language and voice
disorders. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowing or communication.
Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest.
Statistics: It is a branch of applied mathematics, associated with the collection, analysis,
explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. It can be applied to a variety of academic disciplines, from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and government.
Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them in groups
according to their relationships with each other.
Therapeutics: It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease.
Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties of energy
and matter. It includes the study of amount of work, heat and other energy related to chemical reactions.
V
Virology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology, which includes the study of evolution,
structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses.
Z
Zoology: It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom, including
evolution, classification, distribution, structure, habits and embryology of animals.
With so many branches in this particular field, no wonder science makes up for one of the most extensive fields that is developing at a rapid pace.
By Reshma Jirage
Last Updated: 10/8/2011
Branches of Biology / List of biology disciplines
Aerobiology It is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, f ungal spores, very small insects, pollen grains and viruses, which are passively transported by the air
Agriculture It is the science or practice of farming. It includes the study of producing crops from the soil, with an importance on practical applications
Anatomy It is the scientific study of the s tructure of human or animal bodies.
Astrobiology the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life. Astrobiology is the study of all living things within the universe, where they might be found and how they were formed. It is the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. Also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and
bioastronomy.
Biochemistry the scientific study of the chemistry of living things. the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function
Bioengineering the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied
knowledge and especially related to biotechnology (st udy the relation between workers and their environments using biological science).
Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is the application of information technology and computer science to the field of molecular biology. the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology
the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling.
considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.
Biomedical research
the study of the human body in health and disease
Biophysics the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biotechnology It is the study of the uses of living cells and bacteria in industrial and scientific processes. it is a new and controversial branch of biology which studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
Building biology study of the indoor living environment Botany the study of plants
Cell biology the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.
Conservation Biology
the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
Cryobiology the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings. Developmental
biology
the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure.
Ecology the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment.
Embryology the scientific study of the development of embryos. (from fecundation to birth) Entomology the scientific study of insects
Environmental Biology
the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
Epidemiology the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases. it is a main factor of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of human beings
Ethology the study of animal behavior. Evolutionary
Biology
the study of the origin and descent of species over time
Genetics the scientific study of the ways in which different characteristics are passed from each GENERATION of living things to the next. the study of genes and heredity.
Herpetology the study of reptiles and amphibians
Histology the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy. Ichthyology the study of fish
Integrative biology the study of whole organisms
Limnology the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties. It is often regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science.
Marine Biology Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. The study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings. Microbiology the scientific study of very small living things, such as bacteria. It is the study of microscopic
organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
Molecular Biology the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
Mycology the scientific studies of fungi (any plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, usually growing on other plants or on decaying matter. MUSHROOMS and MILDEW are both fungi.) Neurobiology the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology
Oceanography the scientific study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean.
Oncology the scientific study of and treatment of TUMOURS in the body. the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings
Ornithology the scientific study of birds
Population biology study of the populations of organisms - most often referred as ecology, or used to point out biology adaptations, biology events sum up
Population ecology the study of populations of organisms, including how they increase and go extinct (dynamics) Population genetics the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms
Paleontology the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathology the scientific study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Parasitology the study of parasites and parasitism
Pharmacology the scientific study of drugs and their use in medicine including practical application of preparation, effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.
Physiology the scientific study of the normal functions of the living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors) Psychobiology study of the biological bases of psychology
Sociobiology study of the biological bases of sociology
Structural biology a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
Virology the scientific study of VIRUSES and the diseases caused by them
Zoology the scientific study of animals and their behaviour including classification, physiology, development, and behavior
Different Branches of Biology
Botany, biophysics, ecology and agriculture are some of the branches of biology and here, we shall take a look at these branches in brief.
The term biology is taken from t he Greek word "bios" meaning life and "logos" meaning study. Biology is the science that studies about various living organisms. A living organism could be a one-celled bacteria or a several-celled organism such as an ani mal or a plant. Biological science is classified into various branches, depending upon the organisms to be studied, and is a vast field.
Branches of Biology
Zoology
This is a branch of biology that studies animals. The term zoology originated from the Greek term "Zoon" meaning animal and "logos" meaning study. Zoology is divided into Applied Zoology , the study of production and non production animals, Systematic Zoology , dealing with evolution and t axonomy or science of naming living things andOrganismal Zoology , the study of animals in our biosphere. Applied Zoology is further divided into, Aquaculture, which involves production and maintenance of freshwater and seawater animals and plants, Piggery , which includes study of everything related to pigs, Applied Entomology ,which includes manipulation of insects for the benefit of
humans,Vermiculture, which is breeding of the worms which burrow soil, for production of natural fertilizers, Poultry Science, the study of domestic birds such as geese, turkey and
chicken, Parasitology , dealing with the study of parasites, Radiation Biology , which uses gamma rays, X-rays, electrons and protons for well-being of humans, Biotechnology , which applies engineering principles for the material processing by biological factors, Applied Embryology , which embraces test tube culture (embryo culture) for increasing productivity from cattle, Tissue Culture, involving the culture of plant tissues and cells in an artificial environment, Dairy Science, which deals with milk or milk related products, Pesticide Technology , which is the study of pesticides and their
uses, Nematology which deals with study of roundworms of organisms and their control, Ornithology , which is the study of birds, Herpetology , study of reptiles, Ichthyology , which is the study of fish and Mammology , which includes the study of mammals.
Entomology
One of the sub branches is entomology, which is exclusively based on insects. It concentrates on studying the taxonomy, features, adaptations, roles and behavior of insects.
Ethology
Truly speaking, ethology comes under zoology and deals with behavioral adaptations of animals, specially in their natural or original dwelling places.
Anatomy
Applicable to plant anatomy and animal anatomy, it involves studying the detailed structure, internal organs and the respective functions of an organism.
Physiology
Physiology is defined as the study of various functions and processes of living organisms. Physiology is further divided into Evolutionary Physiology , which is the study of physiological evolution, Cell
Physiology - the study of cell mechanism and interaction, Developmental Physiology , which involves the study of physiological processes in relation to embryonic evolution, Environmental Physiology , which deals with the study of response of plants to agents such as temperature, radiation and fire and Comparative Physiology , roughly explained as the study of a nimals except humans.
Genetics
This is considered to be an interesting field of study and is a branch of biology. Genetics is the study of genes. This term is derived from the Greek word "genetikos" meaning "origin". This branch of biology studies about the hereditary aspects of all living organisms. The study of inheritance of t raits from the parent had begun in the mid-nineteenth century and was pioneered by a renowned biologist Gregor Mendel. The modern science of genetics is based upon the foundations laid down by this biologist.
Botany
The study of plant life or phytology is known as botany. One of the most prominent among the different branches of biology, botany is a vast subject and studies the life and development of fungi, algae and plants. Botany also probes into the structure, growth, diseases, chemical and physical properties, metabolism and evolution of the plant species. Botany implies the importance of study of plant life on earth because they generate food, fibers, medicines, fuel and oxygen.
Evolution Biology
As we all know, highly developed organism have evolved from simpler forms. There is a specific branch of biology, called evolution biology that focuses on the evolution of species.
Developmental Biology
As the name signifies, development biology helps a student i n learning the various phases of growth and development of a living creature.
Ecology
Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the interaction of various organisms with one another, and their chemical and physical environment. This branch of biology studies environmental problems such as pollution and how it affects the eco-cycle. The t erm ecology is derived from the Greek term "oikos" meaning "household" and "logos" meaning "study". A German biologist, Ernst Haeckel, coined the term ecology in 1866.
This deals with the effects of extremely low temperature in living cells and organisms as a whole.
Biochemistry
This branch of biology studies the chemical processes in all living organisms. Biochemistry is a branch of science that studies t he functions of the cellular components such as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and various other bio-molecules.
Cytology and Molecular Biology
In-depth study about the cell along with its structure, function, parts and abnormalities are all studied under cell biology or cytology. Likewise, study of organisms at the molecular level is called molecular biology.
Marine Biology
Marine biology studies the ecosystem of the oceans, marine animals and plants. There is a vast portion of ocean life that is still unexplored. You can rightly say that marine biology is a branch of oceanography, which is, again, a branch of biology.
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics basically relates to genomic studies with the application of data processing, computational knowledge and statistical applications.
Mycology
According to modern-day taxonomy, fungi (singular f ungus) is neither a plant nor an animal. It belongs to a different living group and i s studied under the subject, mycology.
Biophysics
Biophysics involves the study of relation between organisms or living cells and el ectrical or mechanical energy. Biophysics is further divided into the following sub-branches:Molecular Biophysics, which defines biological functions in relation to dynamic behavior and molecular structure of various living systems such as viruses, Bio mechanics is the study of forces applied by muscles and gravity on the skeleton, Bio electricity - the study of electric currents flowing through muscles and nerves and static voltage of biological cells, Cellular Biophysics, which incorporates study of membrane function and structure, and cellular excitation and Quantum Biophysics, which includes the study of behavior of living matter at molecular and sub molecular l evel.
Aquatic Biology
It involves study of life in water, like study of various species of animals, plants and micro -organisms. It incorporates the study of both freshwater and sea water organisms. Sometimes, aquatic biology is also referred to as limnology.
Biology as a science gives us the opportunity to make observations, evaluate and solve problems that are related to plants and animals. If you are interested in biology, pursuing a career in any branch of biology can be immensely rewarding.
By Maya Pillai
Enumerate and describe the 10 important branches of
science?
Aerodynamics: the study of the m otion of gas on objects and the forces created Anatomy: the study of the str ucture and organization of living thi ngs
Anthropology: the study of human cultures b oth past and present Archaeology: the study of the m aterial remains of cultures
Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe
Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease
Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms
Botany: the scientific study of plant life
Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms
Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself
Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena
Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects
Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment
Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history
Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems
Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement
Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting
Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals
Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level
Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders
Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes
Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds
Ornithology: the study of birds
Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks
Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter
Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms
Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes
Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants
Zoology: the study of animals 10 branches of science.. Botany - the study of plants Zoology - the study of animals
Genetics - the study of the function and behavior of genes Physics - the study of the structure of matter
Chemistry - the study of the composition and changes undergone by matter Astronomy - the study of th e universe beyond the earth's atmosphere
Geology - the study of the history and structure of the earth
Paleontology - the study of prehistoric plant and animal life through fossil remains
Oceanology - the study of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the oceans, the ocean floor, mapping, and measuring the earth's surface
Meteorology - the study of the earth's weather and atmosphere Petrology - the study of rocks
This is more than ten:
Aerodynamics: the study of the m otion of gas on objects and the forces cr eated Anatomy: the study of the str ucture and organization of living thi ngs
Anthropology: the study of human cultures b oth past and present Archaeology: the study of the mat erial remains of cultures
Astronomy: the study of celestial object s in the universe Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe
Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease
Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms
Botany: the scientific study of plant life
Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms
Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself
Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation
Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena
Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects
Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment
Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources Source(s):
http://www.educationoasis.com/curriculum… 1 - Biology - the study of all living organisms
2 - Paleontology - the study of fossil remians of plants and animals 3 - Physics - the study of forms of energy, matter and motion
4 - Conservation - the study of natural resources which focuses on their wise and careful use. 5 - Chemistry - the study of substances, what they are made of, and how they change and combine 6 - Microbiology - the study of living things too small to be seen without any equipment
7 - Zoology - the study of the division of biology that studies animals
8 - Ecology - the study of organisms and their relationship to the environment 9 - Embryology - the study of the development of eggs
10 - Climatology - the study of an area's weather over time 11 - Meteorology - the study of the atmosphere
12 - Astronomy - the study of the planets and other celestial bodies 13 - Geology - the study of rocks and the changing of the earth
14 - Archeology - the study of ancient civilizations by studying things that were left behind such as artifacts and tools
15 - Oceanography - the study of oceans, what they touch and what they contain
16 - Genetics - the study of heredity (how characteristics are passed down from generation to generation through genes
The Branches of Science
In pursuit of a more deliberate and positive future, a number of methods, procedures, and disciplines
are needed to study, formulate, and enact positive change. The most significant conceptul framework
for approaching the investigation of the past, present, and the future are the branches of science.
Science may be roughly divided into the physical sciences, t he earth sciences, and the life sciences.
These areas of study might be called pure sciences, in contrast to t he applied, or engineering, sciences,
i.e., technology, which is concerned with the practical application of the results of scientific activity.
Mathematics, while not a science, is closely allied to the sciences because of their extensive use of it.
Finally, there are distinct disciplines for the study of the history and philosophy of science, and areas
concerning the society and the inte ractions of people, social science.
On this page we present these disciplines in hierarchical fashion, with a brief description of each. What
does this information have to do with the future of human evolution? All of these sciences will have an
impact on the way we work, live, learn, play, and grow. Using the met hods on our future studies
methodologies page combined with one or more of the se areas of focus may reveal some important
insights into our collective future.
A final important note: these branches of science are increasingly converging . The more we learn about
one, the more we begin to see the interconnectedness between them. More than anything, these
classifications serve as a framework for our human convenience as opposed to any definite segregation
between them.
The Physical Sciences
