War Fighting Techniques

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Sergeants Distance

Education Program

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MCI Course 8016A i Course Introduction

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES (8016A)

Course Introduction

Scope This course will focus on battlefield techniques. It will teach you how to do some of the skills that are required of a small unit leader. Unlike MCI Course 8014A, Introduction to Warfighting and MCI Course 8015A, Warfighting

Tactics which focused on the art and tactical decision making involved in

combat leadership, this course will focus on some of the actual tasks a successful small unit leader needs to perform in combat.

Techniques

Defined This course is built around techniques, not tactics. Techniques are the skills _{you learn through drill and repetition. Unlike tactics, which involve situation}

decision making, techniques are skills that are easy to quantify and measure.

Course Layout This course will teach you some of the techniques a noncommissioned officer (NCO) must perform on the battlefield. It will cover basic radio operation procedures for the Single-Channel Ground Airborne Radio System

(SINCGARS) radio, calling and adjusting indirect fire, and how to handle enemy prisoners of war (EPWs) and medical evacuations (MEDEVACs).

How to Study

This Course Unlike MCI Courses 8014 and 8015, this course will teach you exactly what _{you should do in combat. This course will help you prepare for combat by}

teaching you the basic skills that will be required of an NCO in a combat environment. These skills are not military occupational specialty (MOS) specific, but must be known by all Marines. You must also remember that these skills are perishable. To maintain sufficiency in these tasks, keep this course for your professional library and refer to it on a regular basis.

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MCI Course 8016A ii Course Introduction

Course Introduction,

Continued

References The following references were used in the writing of this course: · TM 11-5820-890-30-6, SINGARS Manual.

· MCWP 3-16.6, Supporting Arms Observer, Spotter, and Controller. · FMFM 6-21, Tactical Fundamentals of Helicopterborne Operations. · FM 8-10-6, Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations.

· FM 21-11, First Aid for Soldiers.

· NAVAIR 00-80T-113, Helicopter Handling Signals.

· NAVEDTRA 14295, Standard First Aid Course, Chapter 4 Emergency

Medical Procedures, Virtual Naval Hospital .com

· TBS STUDENT HANDOUTS

· B7551 Assault Support and Helicopterborne operations · B7557 Helicopter Operations

· B8601 Basic Life Support · B8603 Combat Related Injuries

· B8604 Casualty Evaluation and Evacuation

Table of

Contents The following is the table of contents for this course.

Study Unit Title Page

-- Course Introduction i

1 Single-Channel Ground Airborne Radio System 1-1

2 Indirect Fire Support 2-1

3 Combat Skills 3-1

-- Review Exercise R-1

Estimated

Study Time You will need about 7 hours and 20 minutes to complete this course. This _{includes time to study the text, complete the exercises, and take the final}

exam.

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MCI Course 8016A iii Course Introduction

Course Introduction,

Continued

Reserve Retirement Credits

You earn two retirement credits for completing this course. You earn reserve retirement credits at the rate of one credit for each 3 hours of estimated study time.

Note: Reserve retirement credits are not awarded for the MCI study you do during drill periods if awarded credits for drill attendance.

Summary The table below summarizes all-important “gateways” needed to successfully complete this course.

Step When you Then you will For more

information

1 Enroll in the program

Receive your program material

Refer to the Program Introduction

2 Complete the

self-paced text

Arrange to take the final examination

3 Pass the final examination

Receive a course completion certificate

Additional

References The following table lists publications that can be used as additional sources of _{information about the content of this course}

Publication Number Title

FMFM 6-5 Marine Rifle Squad

FMFM 6-8 Supporting Arms Observer

-- Marine Battle Skills Training Handbook 3

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MCI Course 8016A iv Course Introduction

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MCI Course 8016A 1-1 Study Unit 1

STUDY UNIT 1

SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM

Overview

Estimated

Study Time 45 minutes

Scope This study unit is designed to familiarize you with the Single-Channel Ground Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) radio and its capabilities. As an incidental operator, the AN/PRC-119B configuration is the most

commonly used radio in the Marine Corps. More detailed use of the SINCGARS radio will be taught in the resident Sergeants Course.

Learning

Objectives After completing this study unit, you should be able to

· Identify the N/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.

· Identify the operation steps of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.

In This Study

Unit This study unit contains the following lessons.

Topic See Page

Overview 1-1 Description 1-3

Assembly and Operation of the AN/PRC-119B 1-11

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MCI Course 8016A 1-3 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

LESSON 1

DESCRIPTION

Introduction

Estimated

Scope This lesson will enable you to identify the characteristics, capabilities, and components of the AN/PRC-119B (SINCGARS) radio.

Learning

Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to

· Describe the characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio. · Identify the capabilities of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio. · Identify the components of the AN/PRC-119B by function.

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics.

Topic See Page

Introduction 1-3

Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS Radio 1-4

Components of the AN/PRC-119B 1-7

Lesson 1 Exercise 1-8

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Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS RADIO

AN/PRC-119B

Radio The illustration below shows the AN/PRC-119B radio.

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Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS RADIO,

Continued

Capabilities The table below describes the capabilities and applicability of the

SINCGARS controls (knob, switches, etc.) by basic radio characteristics.

Characteristic Capabilities

Type of Modulation Frequency Modulated (FM)

Frequency Range 30,000 megahertz (MHz) to 87,975 MHz Channel Spacing 25 kilohertz (kHz)

Channels of Operation 2,320 Frequency Offset Ability ± 5 (or 10) 10 kHz Number of Preset

Channels · Eight in single-channel mode _{· Six in frequency-hopping mode}

Emissions _{· Voice}

· Secure voice · Digital data Radio Frequency (RF)

Power Output · Low (LO): 500 microwatts _{· Medium (M): 160 milliwatts} · High (HI): 4 watts

· Power Amp (PA) used only in vehicular configuration: 50 watts

Power Requirement _{· Manpack: 13.5 VDC} 1. BA-5590 2. BB-590 · Vehicular: 27.5 VDC · HUB 6.75 VDC 1. BA 1372 2. BA 5372

Rated Range Power, Distance

· LO - 500 microwatts, 330 yards · M - 160 milliwatts; 2.5 miles · HI - 4 watts; 5 miles

· PA - 50 watts; 22 miles

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Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS RADIO,

Continued

Capabilities, continued

Characteristic Capabilities

Modes of Operation _{· Single-channel - (SC)} · Frequency-hopping (FH) · Frequency-hopping Master - (FH-M) · Retransmission 1. SC to SC 2. SC to FH 3. FH to FH

· Electronic Remote Fill (ERF) relay · Remote

1. Plain text 2. Cipher text

3. With AN/GRA-39, control-monitor, or Control Receiver-Transmitter (RT) C-11561 (C)/U

Tuning _{· Electronic frequency entered manually by using}

the keyboard

· Up to eight single-channels and six FH

channels can be loaded and later selected using CHAN (channel) switch

Electronic Counter-Counter Measure (ECCM) Capable

· ECCM capable.

· Capable to overcome or avoid jamming. · Capable of frequency-hopping (randomly

changing frequencies while maintaining

communication). These systems will frequency hop at a rate of 6,000 frequencies per minute.

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Components of the AN/PRC-119B

Manpack

Version The illustration below shows the manpack configuration, the most widely _{used configuration.}

Functions The table below lists the parts for the AN/PRC-119B and their functions.

Part Function

Receiver-Transmitter (RT) · VHF-FM Combat Net Radio _{· Provides primary means of command and control} voice, secure voice, and digital data

Manpack

Antenna · Radiates/receives radio frequency (RF) signals for the RT

Handset Used for voice communications

Battery Box _{· Connects to the RT and protects the battery}

· Houses and provides interconnection with the remote control unit (RCU) via the line binding post mounted on the bottom

Batteries _{· Located in the battery box} · Connected to RT for power

· Supply the 13.5 VDC needed to operate the manpack · Supply the primary energy source for operation Note: The batteries are not components of the

AN/PRC-119B but are required for use. Field Pack _{· Used to transport the AN/PRC-119B}

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MCI Course 8016A 1-8 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise

Estimated

Directions Complete the following items. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.

Item 1 What is the power output for low radio frequency on the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio? a. 4 watts b. 50 watts c. 160 milliwatts d. 500 microwatts

Item 2 An electronic frequency entered manually using the keyboard is a. an electronic counter-counter measure.

b. referred to as tuning. c. an emission.

d. a type of modulation.

Item 3 Which component provides the primary means of command and control voice, secure voice, and digital data?

a. Manpack antenna b. Receiver-transmitter c. Handset

d. Battery box

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Lesson 1 Exercise

Answers The table below provides the correct answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.

Item Number Answer Reference Page

1 d 1-5

2 b 1-6

3 b 1-7

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LESSON 2

ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION OF THE AN/PRC-119B

Introduction

Estimated

Scope This lesson teaches the procedures used to assemble the AN/PRC-119B and the steps to prepare the SINCGARS for single-channel (SC) operations.

Learning

· Identify the steps to assemble the AN/PRC-119B.

· Identify the steps to perform a self-test on the AN/PRC-119B.

· Identify the steps to load single-channel frequencies on the AN/PRC-119B. · Identify the steps to correctly store information into the permanent memory

on the AN/PRC-119B.

Topic See Page

Introduction 1-11

Assembling the AN/PRC-119B 1-12

Self-Testing the AN/PRC-119B 1-16

Loading Single-Channel Frequencies 1-18

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Assembling the AN/PRC-119B

Procedure The table below lists the steps to assemble the AN/PRC-119B.

Step Action

1 Place the function (FCTN) switch on the receiver transmitter (RT) in the OFF position.

2 Stand the RT on its front panel guards to make the battery and battery box easier to install.

3 Visually inspect the battery box for dirt and check the connecting pins for damage.

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Assembling the AN/PRC-119B,

Continued

Procedure, continued

Step Action

4 Place the battery (BA-5590/BB-590) on its side; then insert the battery in the battery box. Be sure to match the connectors on the battery with those inside the battery box.

5 Secure the battery box cover by latching the butterfly clips located on each side of the battery box.

6 Attach the battery box to the RT using the hold down latches.

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Assembling the AN/PRC-119B,

Continued

Step Action

7 Remove the HUB cover by loosening and removing the two screws. Lift the cover off the panel.

8 Position the battery (BA-1372/BA-5372) with the flat end positioned.

9 Reposition the HUB cover and secure it using the two screws you loosened in step 7. Secure the screws snug enough to keep out moisture.

CAUTION: Do not cross thread the screws or you will damage the equipment.

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Assembling the AN/PRC-119B,

Continued

Step Action

10 Handtighten the manpack antenna (AS-3683) to the antenna (ANT) connector. Carefully align the ANT to the connector (RT-1523) to avoid damage.

CAUTION: Do not cross thread the ANT or you will damage the antenna and radio.

11 Connect the handset (H-189/H-250) to the AUD/DATA connector on front of the RT as seen in the picture below.

Note: A handset or other audio accessories may be connected to the AUD/FILL connector only after the radio has been filled with correct data.

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Self-Testing the AN/PRC-119B

Performance

Test After assembling the AN/PRC-119B, you, as an incidental operator, must _{self-test the radio to be sure the radio is working and capable of performing}

the required tasks to accomplish the mission.

Procedure The table below lists the steps to self-test the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.

Step Action

1 Set the FCTN switch to Z-FH. This will reset the system.

2 Set COMSEC switch to CT.

3 Set the FCTN switch to the TST position and observe the following:

· ECCM (E) and COMSEC module (C) check. If either module is not in the RT, a dash is shown in place of the letter. Short bursts of rushing noise should be heard. If “E” is displayed, a beep should be heard after the rushing noise.

· Signal strength display check. Signal strength indicator should light at all positions from LO to HI.

· Display check. All LED’s should light up in the display window.

At the end of a successful self-test, “GOOD” will appear in the display. If the display shows any FAIL codes, check all switch positions and connections then reinitiate the self-test. If FAIL CODE appears again, follow appropriate troubleshooting techniques.

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Self-Testing the AN/PRC-119B,

Continued

Step Action

4 Put the CHAN control knob in the MAN position. Be sure the data function is OFF.

Note: The radio is still functional in the SC and FH modes, but not with data communication.

5 Position the FCTN switch in the TST position. 6 If test is successful, display will show word "OK".

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Loading Single-Channel Frequencies

Importance After you have successfully performed the self-test, be ready to load single-channel frequencies for single-single-channel operations. Single-single-channel operation is the most frequent operation you will perform as the incidental operator.

Procedure The table below lists the steps to load single-channel frequencies into the RT-1523.

Step Action

1 Set up the RT-1523 for loading single-channel frequencies by placing the

· FCTN switch in the LD position · MODE control knob in the SC position · CHAN control knob in the MAN position 2 Load single-channel frequencies by

· Pressing the FREQ key on the RT-1523 keyboard · Pressing the CLR key on the RT-1523 keyboard · Entering the frequency number

3 Press the STO key to store the information into permanent memory.

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Lesson 2 Exercise

Estimated

Item 1 When assembling the AN/PRC-119B, what component is connected to the AUD/DATA connector?

a. Handset b. Antenna c. Battery d. Transmitter

Item 2 When assembling the AN/PRC-119B, align the _____ to the connector RT-1523.

a. AUD/DATA b. RXMT c. ANT d. AUD/FILL

Item 3 When performing a self-test on the AN/PRC-119B, in which modes is the radio still functional?

a. FH and FH-M b. SC and FH-M c. SC and PA d. SC and FH

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Lesson 2 Exercise,

Continued

Item 4 Which position is the MODE control knob in when loading a single-channel frequency on the AN/PRC-119B?

a. FH-M b. SQ ON c. SC d. PA

Item 5 Which key on the keyboard of the AN/PRC-119B do you press to store the SC frequency into permanent memory?

a. LOUT/9 b. STO c. SYNC/3 d. FCTN

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Lesson 2 Exercise

1 a 1-15

2 c 1-15

3 d 1-17

4 c 1-18

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(This page intentionally left blank.)

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STUDY UNIT 2

INDIRECT FIRE SUPPORT

Overview

Estimated

Study Time 1 hour

Unit Scope You are in a combat zone, and responsible for calling in fire support for your unit. The problem is you have no formal training on calling in fire support. Your unit was called to provide perimeter support, and you were given a quick course on call-for-fire. You are now considered the duty expert. Like any other person, you are not very comfortable with the basic instruction received. Some questions you might ask are

· How can I incorporate artillery fire to support my unit? · What kinds of rounds are available?

· What are they used for?

These questions and more will be answered in this study unit.

Learning

Objectives After completing this study unit, you should be able to

· Identify the various parts of the indirect fire team. · Identify target location.

· Identify how to construct and transmit a complete call-for-fire. · Identify various artillery ammunition.

· Identify how to adjust rounds onto target.

· Identify how to construct and transmit damage assessment and target intelligence.

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Overview,

Continued

In This Study

Unit This study unit contains the following lessons:

Topic See Page

Overview 2-1 Call-for-Fire 2-3

Adjusting Indirect Fire 2-27

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LESSON 1

CALL-FOR-FIRE

Introduction

Estimated

Study time 20 minutes

Lesson Scope In combat, one of the assets used to accomplish your mission is indirect fire. You must function as a forward observer (FO) for artillery. Your rifle squad, when linked to a fire direction center (FDC) through wire or radio, becomes a powerful instrument of destruction. Indirect fire can engage and destroy the enemy forces while minimizing risk to your squad. Using indirect fire is essential to conducting successful combat operations.

Learning

· Identify the three components of the indirect fire team by function. · Identify the four essential tools of a forward observer (FO) by function. · Identify the two types of adjustments for binoculars.

· Describe the two methods for locating targets. · Identify the four types of fire missions.

· Identify the six elements of a call-for-fire. · Identify the three transmissions of a call-for-fire. · Identify the contents of a message to observer. · Identify various artillery shells.

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Introduction,

Continued

Topic See Page

Introduction 2-3

Functions of an Indirect Fire Team 2-5

Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment 2-7

Locating Targets 2-10

Types of Fire Missions 2-12

Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire 2-13

Transmitting a Call-for-Fire 2-16

FDC Response to a Call-for-Fire 2-17

Artillery Ammunition 2-19

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Functions of an Indirect Fire Team

Indirect Fire Team Components

The three components of an indirect fire team are · FO

· FDC · Guns

FO Functions The FO's functions are to

· Maintain and operate the tools and equipment necessary to call for and adjust indirect fire.

· Locate suitable targets. · Call-for-fire.

· Adjust fire on target.

· Communicate with the FDC.

· Plan indirect fires to support the mission.

FDC Functions FDC's functions are to · Plot the call-for-fire.

· Determine the firing data required for the guns to fire the mission. · Send the data to the guns.

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Functions of Indirect Fire Team,

Continued

Guns Functions The guns functions are to

· Apply firing data received from the FDC to the howitzer within the proscribed time.

· Fire the mission as requested (when ready, at my command, etc.)

Process After observing an appropriate target, the FO puts together a call-for-fire. This is then sent to the FDC who then translates it into firing data, which is then sent to the gun line. The guns then fire the mission according to the firing data received.

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Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment

Four Essential

Tools The four essential tools a FO needs to call for and adjust indirect fire are

· A map · A compass · Binoculars

· Communication equipment

Map The FO’s primary use of a map is to locate targets and plan indirect fires within the area of operations. The FO can also use maps to determine the grid azimuth to a target.

Compass Use a compass to determine magnetic azimuths. You must tell the FDC if you use magnetic azimuths in your call-for-fire; for example, “4700

magnetic.” The FDC uses grid azimuths when plotting the target, but FDC personnel can convert your magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth before plotting it.

Azimuths determined using a compass are either in degree or mils. FDCs prefer mils but will accept degrees. You must tell the FDC if you use degrees; for example, “190 degrees magnetic.”

Binoculars Use binoculars to

· Maintain surveillance of the area of operation · Help you adjust indirect fire on target

· Identify troops, equipment, weapons, or vehicles, etc · Observe enemy movement or positions

· Locate targets · Study terrain

· Improve vision at night or during periods of reduced visibility

Note: Prolonged use of the binoculars will produce eye fatigue. Use should be limited to 30 minutes followed by 15 minutes of rest.

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Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment,

Continued

Binocular

Adjustments Listed below are two adjustments you must make to use your binoculars.

· Interpupillary adjustment. The interpupillary distance is the distance between your eyes. The monocles are hinged together so they can be adjusted to meet this distance. The hinge is adjusted until the field of vision ceases to be two overlapping circles and appears as a single, sharply defined circle. The setting on the hinge scale should be recorded for future reference.

· Focal adjustment. Each individual and eye of that individual requires a focus setting.

Adjusting the Focus for Each Eye

The table below lists the steps to adjust the focus for each eye using the binoculars.

Step Action

1 With both eyes open, look through the binoculars at a distant object.

2 Place one hand over the objective lens over the right monocle and turn the focusing ring of the left monocle until the object is sharply defined.

3 Repeat step 2, focusing the opposite monocle.

4 Uncover both monocles. The object should be clear in both eyes. If not, repeat steps 1, 2, and 3.

5 Read and record the diopter scale on each focusing ring for future reference.

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Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment,

Continued

Mil Reticle

Pattern Inside the left eyepiece of the M-22 Binoculars is the mil reticle pattern. _{There are scales both vertical and horizontal. Each number on the horizontal}

scale indicates 10 mils, for a total of 100 mils of measurement. This reticle pattern will be used later for adjusting subsequent rounds.

Example of Mil Reticle Pattern Communi-cation Equipment

You must communicate with the FDC to call-for-fire. Usually, you use radio communications, but you can use field telephones when time is available to lay the wire.

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Locating Targets

Two Methods When transmitting call-for-fire, the FO must tell the FDC the location of the target. Listed below are two methods you can use to locate targets for the FDC.

· Grid coordinate method · Polar plot method

Grid Coordinate Method

The grid coordinate method is the most common method for locating targets. It involves simple map reading. You pinpoint the target on your map and transmit a six-digit grid coordinate for its location. For example, “Grid 769731, over.” The FDC does not need to know your location.

Polar Plot

Method To use the polar plot method, the FDC must already know your location. The _{polar plot method is usually used in static situations in which the FDC has}

your position plotted on their map. This method consists of transmitting the direction from your location to the target, observer to target (OT) direction, and the distance from your location to the target.

Observer to Target Direction

Observer to target (OT) direction is the direction from the observer to the target, determined with either a compass or a map and protractor. Remember that all readings from the compass are magnetic and must be announced as such. For example, “3220 magnetic.” When using the map and protractor, “magnetic” is not announced.

Determining the Distance to the Target

To determine the distance to the target, you can · Use your map

· Estimate by eye

· If available, use a laser range finder (distance is given in meters) An example of complete direction and distance transmission is “Direction 3220 magnetic. Distance 1500, over.”

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Locating Targets,

Continued

Preplanned

Targets The grid and polar methods are used if a target’s position is unknown. _{Targets can also be “preplanned targets.” Targets that are preplanned often}

have intelligence indicating where the enemy is known or likely to be. To set up a preplanned target, you must turn in a list to the FDC, which contains a target.

Number Description Location

Any remarks (i.e. Ammo mix or specific number of rounds)

Example of Known Points and Locations

The table below is a sample list of known target points and their locations.

Target Description Location Remarks

AH1001 Church 453 671 Smoke

AH1002 Bridge 453 863

AH1003 Mortar Section 463 661 HE/VT

AH1004 Fuel Dump 471 694 HE/WP mix

Kn Pt 1 Hilltop 482 541

Using a Preplanned Target

The commands to fire on a preplanned target is simple: “Fire , Target Number AH1002.”

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Types of Fire Missions

Types of Fire

Missions Listed below are four types of fire missions.

· Adjust fire

· Fire for effect (FFE) · Suppression

· Immediate Suppression/Smoke

Fire Mission

Situation The following table lists the types of fire missions and the situation where _{they might occur.}

Fire Mission Situation

Adjust fire You need spotting rounds to adjust on the target before calling for fire for effect.

Fire for effect (FFE) Your target location is accurate enough for your first rounds to have an effect on the target. You will not receive spotting rounds.

Suppression You need to fire on a planned target that is not currently active. Include duration and rate of fire. Immediate

Suppression/Smoke

You need to fire on or obscure a planned target or target of opportunity that has taken friendly maneuver or aerial units under fire.

Note: Suppression missions have a higher priority than adjust fire and fire for effect missions. Immediate suppression missions have the highest priority of all.

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Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire

Call-for-fire

Format The following table is the entire transmission sequence in the call-for-fire _{format including the sub-elements.}

Element Sub-Elements Remarks Example

1 Observer Identification “Saipan, this is Lima” 2 Warning Order · Type of fire mission · Size of element to fire for effect · Method of target location

All but fire mission may be omitted

“Adjust fire”

3 _{Target Location} “Grid 372589”

4 Target Description “Plt T-72 dug in” or “Inf AA in the open” 5 Method of Engagement

See below May be

omitted

“DPICM in effect”

6 _{Method of Fire}

and Control

See below May be

omitted

“Request splash”

Observer

Identification Tells the FDC who is calling for fire and clears the net.

Warning Order Tells the FDC the type of mission and the method of target location.

Target

Location Gives the FDC target location data based off the method used by the FO.

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Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire,

Continued

Target

Description The FO needs to give some essential target information to the FDC.

· What is the target? (Infantry, tanks, artillery, fuel depot, etc) · What is the target doing?

· How many are there? (Platoon, 2 tanks, etc) · Degree of protection (in open, dug in, etc) · Size and shape if significant

Method of

Engagement Method of engagement is used to describe the attack of the target. Common _{sub-elements include:}

· Danger Close. Predicted impact of shells is with 600m of friendly troops. · Trajectory. Two types, low and high. High is mainly used for attacking

positions on reverse slopes or if an intervening crest is between the gun position and target. High angle fire must be specified for.

· Ammunition. Standard ammo is HE/Q for adjustment and fire-for-effect. FO must request another type if desired, and is indicated by stating

shell/fuze combination followed by saying, “in effect.”

· Volume of fire. FO may request the number of rounds to be fired in effect. Each “round” requested equals a volley from the firing unit. “Two rounds in effect” equates to 12 rounds total. If omitted, FDC will

determine and announce in the message to observer.

· Distribution. FO can control the type of sheaf or pattern of bursts. There are four types: Circular, rounds landing with a 100m radius of the target (standard). Converged, all rounds land on a specified point. Open sheaf separates the bursts by max effective burst width. Parallel places the bursts of all the pieces parallel.

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Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire,

Continued

Methods of Fire

and Control Method of fire and control allows the FO to indicate the desired manner of _{attacking the target and how the fire is to be controlled, if at all. Methods}

include:

· At my command. If you desire to control the time that the guns fire, announce “At my command.” When the guns are ready to fire, the FDC will announce “ready.” The FO then says “fire” when he is ready for the guns to fire. This only applies to adjustment rounds and the first volley of a fire-for-effect. This method can be used to engage moving targets or to achieve surprise.

· Do Not Load. Allows gun line to prepare ammunition and lay on the target without loading the howitzer. When the command, “Cancel do not load” is given, section will load and fire the round (unless it is an At my command mission). Recommended for long wait or uncertain missions. · Cannot observe. If you cannot observe to adjust onto the target, but you

know a target that you need to engage is at that location, announce, “Cannot observe.” This alerts the FDC that no adjustments or battle damage assessment will follow.

· Time on Target (TOT). If you want the rounds to impact at a specified time, announce “Time on Target,” and the time that you want the rounds

to impact. For example, “TOT, 0610.”

· Continuous Illumination. Illumination rounds will be fired at a specified time to provide uninterrupted lighting on the target or area.

· Cease Loading. Used to stop the loading of rounds during a multi-round mission. Guns will still fire any rounds previously loaded.

· Check Firing. Used for an immediate halt in firing. Once given, the command “cancel check firing” must be given to resume firing.

· Splash. FO requests the FDC to announce 5 seconds before the round impacts. Aids in making sure the spotting round is yours.

· Repeat. While adjusting, “repeat” will tell the FDC to fire another round with the same data used to fire the previous round. During FFE, the FDC will fire the same number of rounds using the same method of fire for effect. Any changes may also be requested.

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Transmitting a Call-for-Fire

Three

Transmissions The call-for-fire is sent to the FDC in three transmissions.

Transmission Elements 1 _{· Observer Identification} · Warning Order 2 _{· Target Location} 3 _{· Target Description} · Method of Engagement · Method of Fire and Control

Note: Often, elements are omitted. Your call-for-fire will not always have all six elements. If the target location is given in the warning order, as in the fourth and fifth examples below, then call-for-fire will only have two transmissions.

Sample Calls

for Fire The table below contains four examples of calls-for-fire in three-segment _{transmissions.}

Transmission Second Third

“Nightmare this is Runner, adjust fire, over.”

“Grid 548739, over.” “Platoon advancing in tree line, over.” “Pelham this is Sumo,

FFE, polar, over.”

“Direction 3220 magnetic, distance, 1500, over.” “12 tanks, stationary, DPICM, at my command, over.” “Workhorse this is Bronco, suppress tgt number AB1005, over.”

Not required Not required

“Hammer this is Palehorse, immediate suppression, grid 552783, over.”

(44)

FDC Response to a Call-for-Fire

Accuracy in

Read Back After each transmission, the FDC will read the transmission back to you. _{This is called a short phase read back. If there is an error, announce}

“Correction” and repeat your entire transmission. When the read back is correct, continue with the call-for-fire.

For example:

FO: “Pelham this is Sumo, adjust fire polar, over” FDC: “Sumo this is Pelham, adjust fire polar, out” FO: “Direction 4600, distance 2300, over” FDC: “Direction 4800, distance 2300, out”

FO: “Correction, direction 4600, distance 2300, over” FDC: “Correction, direction 4600, distance 2300, out” FO then continues with call-for-fire.

Example of FDC Read Back

The following table shows an example of a call-for-fire with FDC’s read back.

Call-for-Fire Transmission FDC Read Back

“Roadie this is Nickel, adjust fire,

over.” “Nickel, this is Roadie, adjust fire, out.”

“Grid 382735, over.” “Grid 382735, out.”

“Platoon dug in with overhead cover, HE/Quick in effect, over.”

“Platoon dug in with overhead cover, HE/Quick in effect, out.”

FDC Determines Method of Engagement

After receiving a call-for-fire, the FDC determines how the target will be attacked. You can request certain types of rounds, fuses, special sheaf, etc., in your call-for-fire (method of engagement). But the FDC will make the final determination. They are the experts. They know which rounds and how many guns are available.

(45)

FDC Response to a Call-for-Fire,

Continued

FDC Message to Observer (MTO)

The FDC will announce mission critical information to you in a message to observer (MTO). The MTO will consist of

· The unit of fire

· The number of rounds per gun in effect

· Any change to your request in your call-for-fire · Target number

After receiving the MTO, read it back to the FDC. The FDC can then be sure you were passed the correct information. Additionally, if you are using the grid method of target location, you can pass the observer to target (OT) direction. This direction will be necessary later on to make subsequent corrections.

Example of a Message to Observer

FDC: “Yankee this Cadillac, message to observer, Cadillac (unit to fire), 3 rounds, HE/VT in effect, target number AH 1001, over”

FO: “Message to observer, Cadillac (unit to fire), 3 rounds, HE/VT in effect, target number AH 1001, break…direction 2300, over”

FDC: “Direction 2300, out”

(46)

Artillery Ammunition

Ammunition

Considerations To have the greatest effect on the enemy, the right shell needs to be used. _{Certain shells are more effective on certain targets or in certain}

circumstances. While an FO can request a particular shell, the Fire Direction Officer will have the final say. He bases this determination off of

commander’s guidance and ammunition availability.

Shell Types While there are a variety of shells available for use, this course will only focus on the most common type used on the battlefield:

· High Explosive (HE) · White Phosphorus (WP) · Smoke

· Illumination

· Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM)

High Explosive High Explosive (HE) is the most common and versatile artillery shell used. It is the standard shell used for adjusting rounds. It has a casualty radius of 50 meters. HE can be used with numerous fuzes causing a variety of effects from airbursts or penetration against bunkers. It is best used against · Personnel standing or prone

· Unarmored vehicles · Light materiel

White

Phosphorus White phosphorus (WP) shells are filled with WP impregnated felt wedges _{that start burning when combined with oxygen. WP has four uses:}

incendiary, marking, obscuring, and screening. It is best used against · Vehicles

· Petroleum, oils and lubricants (POL) sites · Ammunition storage areas

· Enemy observers

(47)

Artillery Ammunition,

Continued

Smoke In addition to WP, smoke can be used to obscure or screen. It is more effective than WP, as it last longer and has fewer tendencies to pillar.

Illumination This shell is basically a flare attached to a parachute that functions at a computed height. It can be used to adjust artillery at night or illuminate areas of known or suspected enemy activity. The shell can illuminate an area up to 1,000 meters in diameter for up to 2 minutes.

Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions

Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM) shell contains a number of shape-charged grenades that are highly effective against armor and personnel. The DPICM sub-munitions have a small dud rate when used. DPICM should not be used in forests or mountainous/uneven terrain, as it increases the dud rate. Effectiveness also decreases when used on terrain that is marshy, covered with deep snow or water.

(48)

Lesson 1 Exercise

Estimated

Item 1 Name the three components of the indirect fire team. a. FO, FDC, and Guns

b. Guns, MT, and Supply c. Armor, Infantry, and Cavalry d. FO, FDC, and MTO

Item 2 Which of the following lists four functions of a FO?

a. Communicate with the firing unit, engage targets with indirect fire, screen friendly units with smoke, and illuminate the battlefield at night.

b. Maintain and operate the tools and equipment necessary to call for and adjust indirect fire; locate, call for, and adjust fire on suitable targets; communicate with the FDC; and plan indirect fires.

c. Establish final protective fires, mark targets for close air support, call for and adjust fire, and report battle damage assessments.

d. Plan no fire zones, report observations to the FDC, coordinate indirect fire and close air support, and identify known points.

Item 3 Which answer best describes a function of FDC?

a. Determine the firing data required for the guns to fire the mission. b. Load the weapons with ammo.

c. Call in air support.

d. Provide security for the FO.

(49)

Lesson 1 Exercise,

Continued

Item 4 What are the functions of the Guns?

a. Observe the impacts and call corrections.

b. Send a message to observer and determine OT distance. c. Apply firing data and fire the mission.

d. Determine firing data and apply firing data to howitzer.

Item 5 What are the four essential tools a FO needs to call for and adjust indirect fire?

a. Map, binoculars, rifle, and ammo

b. Compass, communication equipment, radar, and water c. Map, compass, binoculars, and communication equipment d. Chow, map, pencils, and communication equipment

Item 6 What are the two types of adjustments you must make to use binoculars properly?

a. Long and short ranges b. Near and far

c. Interpupillary and focal adjustments d. Quick and long-term ranges

Item 7 What equipment is usually used to transmit vital information to the FDC? a. Binoculars

b. Radar c. FDC d. Radios

Item 8 What are the two methods to locate targets? a. Polar plot, and sun spot methods

b. Radar, and sun spot methods

c. Hand estimation and grid coordinate methods d. Grid coordinate, polar plot methods

(50)

Lesson 1 Exercise,

Continued

Item 9 Which is the most common method for locating a target? a. Shift from known point method

b. Grid coordinate method c. Sun spot method d. Radar method

Item 10 Which of the following lists the four types of fire missions? a. Artillery, mortar, naval gunfire, and CAS

b. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps

c. Adjust fire, fire for effect, suppression, and immediate suppression/smoke d. Local, integrated, coordinated, and exfoliated

Items 11

Through 14 Matching: For items 11 through 14, place the letter of the description in _{column 2 that best matches the type of fire mission in column 1. The answers}

in column 2 may be used only once.

Column 1

Type of Fire Mission

Column 2 Description

___ 11. Adjust fire ___ 12. Fire for effect ___ 13. Suppression

___ 14. Immediate suppression

a. Rapidly brings fire on a preplanned target.

b. If your target location is accurate enough, your first rounds have an effect on target.

c. Receive spotting rounds. d. Rapidly brings fire on a target

that is engaging friendly forces. Continued on next page

(51)

Lesson 1 Exercise,

Continued

Item 15 Which of the following lists the six elements of a call-for-fire?

a. Observer identification, warning order, target location, target description, method of fire, and method of control

b. Observer identification, type of fire mission, target location, target description, type of ammunition, and method of control

c. Begin planning, arrange recon, make recon, complete the plan, issue, and supervise

d. Higher unit, supported unit, type of fire mission, target location, number of rounds, and time on target

Items 16

Through 18 Matching: For items 16 through 18, place the letter of the element of a call-_{for-fire transmission in column 2 that occurs in the segment identified in}

column 1. The answers in column 2 may be used only once.

Column 1 Segment of Call-for-fire Transmission Column 2 Element of Call-for-fire Transmission ___ 16. First transmission ___ 17. Second transmission ___ 18. Third transmission a. Target location b. Target description c. Warning order d. EOM

Item 19 Which of the following lists the contents of a message to observer?

a. Unit to fire, number of rounds in effect, changes to your call-for-fire, and target number

b. Record as target, refinements, end of mission, battle damage

c. Adjust fire, fire for effect, suppression, immediate suppression/smoke d. Observer ID, target number, method of engagement, number of rounds in

effect

(52)

Lesson 1 Exercise,

Continued

Item 20 High explosive shell is best used against a. personnel standing.

b. tanks. c. POL sites.

d. battlefield illumination.

Item 21 Illuminations shells will illuminate an area for up to a. 30 seconds.

b. 1 minute. c. 2 minutes. d. 3 minutes.

Item 22 Which of the following artillery shells is most effective against POL sites? a. HE

b. DPICM c. Smoke d. WP

(53)

Lesson 1 Exercise,

Continued

Answers The table below provides the answers for the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.

1 a 2-5 2 b 2-5 3 a 2-5 4 c 2-6 5 c 2-7 6 c 2-8 7 d 2-9 8 d 2-10 9 b 2-10 10 c 2-12 11 c 2-12 12 b 2-12 13 a 2-12 14 d 2-12 15 a 2-13 16 c 2-16 17 a 2-16 18 b 2-16 19 a 2-18 20 a 2-19 21 c 2-20 22 d 2-19

(54)

LESSON 2

ADJUSTING INDIRECT FIRE

Introduction

Estimated

Lesson Scope Adjusting indirect fire is the process of moving the impact of rounds to within 50 meters of the target. The process involves spotting the impact of a round, determining the corrections required, and transmitting the corrections to the FDC. This is repeated until you have effects on target. The goal is to use the minimum number of rounds as possible to adjust.

Learning

· Describe the steps to spot the impact of artillery rounds. · Identify the two elements to adjust rounds onto targets. · Describe the procedure for making lateral adjustments. · Identify the two methods for making range adjustments. · Describe the steps for bracketing to adjust rounds onto targets. · Describe the steps for creeping to adjust rounds onto targets. · Describe the various subsequent corrections.

· Identify the content of an end of fire mission statement.

(55)

Introduction,

Continued

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following lessons:

Topic See Page

Introduction 2-27 Spotting 2-29 Adjusting Rounds 2-30 Lateral Correction 2-31 Range Correction 2-33 Subsequent Corrections 2-36

End of Mission (EOM) 2-38

(56)

Spotting

Defined Spotting is the mental determination of where a round impacted in relation to the target. There are two types of spottings

· Left or right · Long or short

When

Conducted Spotting is conducted immediately after the round impacts.

How to

Conduct The table below lists the steps to conduct spotting.

Step Action

1 To spot, hold your binoculars just below eye level.

2 Observe the target area with the naked eye until you sight the burst.

3 Raise the binoculars to eye level and make your spotting. 4 Spot for range then for lateral deviation.

(57)

Adjusting Rounds

Types of

Corrections Spottings must be converted into corrections. The two different elements of _{round corrections are}

· lateral adjustment (left or right of target) · range adjustment (add or drop of target)

Observer to Target Direction

Before making any adjustments, the FDC must have the OT direction. If you have used the polar method of target location, the FDC already has the OT direction. If you used the grid method of target location, there are two times when you can send OT direction. As discussed in the lesson one, it can be sent immediately after receiving the MTO. If you did not, you must transmit the OT direction before to making any subsequent corrections.

(58)

Lateral Correction

Determine Lateral Corrections

To determine the lateral corrections, you must convert the deviation in mils into distance in meters. Use the binoculars to determine how many mils you are off from the target. Remember, each number indicates 10 mils.

Mil Reticle Pattern With Target WERM

Formula The WERM formula is used to convert mils deviation into the meters _{difference. Multiply the range (R) by the deviation (M) in mils. This gives}

you the correction in meters.

(59)

Lateral Correction,

Continued

Example Using the WERM Formula

The table below shows the steps to determine lateral corrections using the WERM formula.

Step Action Example

1 Determine the range to the target

(estimate or measure on your map). 1,800 meters 2 Convert the range from step 1 to an

OT factor by

· Dividing the range to the target by 1,000

· Rounding off to the nearest whole number

1,800/1,000 = 1.8

1.8 rounded to nearest whole number = 2

R = 2

OT factor = 2 3 Use the reticle pattern in your

binoculars to measure the mil deviation angle between the burst and the target.

Example mil deviation angle = 45

4 Complete the formula (W = R x M) by multiplying the OT factor by the mil deviation angle.

Round off to the nearest 10 meters. The result is the lateral deviation in meters.

W = 2 x 45 W = 90 meters

Note: Ranges of less than 1,000 meters use an OT factor of 1. Deviation adjustments are made in multiples of 10 meters with a minimum adjustment of 30 meters.

Note: The OT factor can and will change based on your corrections for range. For example, you initially believe the target is 2,600m away. Your first round was spotted over. The initial OT factor is 3. You decide to drop 800. The new OT factor would now be 2

(1,800/1,000=1.8 rounded to 2). The OT factor can continue to change until you are range correct.

(60)

Range Correction

Determine Range Corrections

The two methods you can use to correct for range are · Bracketing

· Creeping

Bracketing

Method When using the bracketing method, your intent is to bracket the target by _{having rounds land long and short of the target. After your initial spotting}

round, add or drop enough range to place the next round on the opposite side of the target to create the bracket. Use an even amount of meters (i.e. 800m, 400m, etc.) in your adjustment. Assuming you used enough range to create a bracket, continue to place successive rounds either over or short of the target, each time cutting the range in half. Once you split the 100 meter bracket (i.e. 50 meter correction) fire for effect.

Minimum

Bracket Guide Use the minimum bracket guide to help you estimate how much to add or _{drop. Following this guide, make your first range correction large enough to}

ensure that the next round lands on the opposite side of the target.

For example, if your first round impacts short of the target and the OT range is 1,800 meters, then your minimum first range correction is add 200 meters. If the next round does not land on the other side of the target, continue to add range until it does.

The table below is the minimum bracket guide.

OT Range Minimum Correction

Less than 1,000 meters 100 meters

1,000 meters to 2,000 meters 200 meters

Greater than 2,000 meters 400 meters

Splitting the

Bracket Once you create your bracket, successively split the bracket in half until a _{round impacts on the target or get down to a 50-meter adjustment. Then, fire}

for effect.

(61)

Range Correction,

Continued

Example of Bracketing Method to Adjust Rounds

Your first round is over. In your first range adjustment, drop 400. The next round impacts short. You have bracketed the target. Split the bracket in half for your next adjustment by adding 200. The next round impacts long. Split the bracket in half again by dropping 100. The next round impacts long. Add 50 and fire for effect.

This example is depicted in the following illustration.

(62)

Range Correction,

Continued

Creeping Use the creeping method of adjustment when the rounds will land “danger close.” Rounds are considered danger close when they are within 600 meters of the target when calling for artillery.

The creeping method usually requires more spotting rounds and more time than bracketing but ensures the safety of the friendly troops. When you’re creeping announce, “danger close” in the method of engagement of your call-for-fire. The table below lists the steps to adjust using the creeping method shown in the illustration below.

Step Action

1 Determine target location.

2 Announce “danger close” in Method of Engagement portion of CFF.

3 When sending subsequent corrections, use increments of 100m or less.

4 Repeat step 3, “walking” the rounds to the target until you are within 50 meters of the target.

5 Then FFE.

(63)

Subsequent Corrections

Various

Corrections After determining the necessary corrections to move the round onto the target, _{these are sent to the FDC in one transmission. This transmission can include}

other items that the FO wishes to change in the mission. The following are subsequent corrections used to change the mission. These are listed in the order they are to be transmitted.

· Direction · Danger Close · Trajectory · Shell · Fuze · Deviation · Range

· Change in type of mission/control · Splash

· Repeat

Direction Key element in adjustment of rounds. The FDC will not be able to accurately adjust subsequent corrections if the direction is wrong. Announce a new direction if it changes by 100 mil/5 degrees.

Danger Close When sending corrections, if the round will burst within 600 meters, announce “danger close.” For example, “Drop 100, danger close, over.”

Trajectory To switch between low and high angle or vice versa.

Shell/Fuze Switch the shell/fuze combination if you determine the current ammunition is ineffective.

Deviation Lateral corrections are sent as left or right and the distance in meters.

Range Range corrections are sent as add or drop and the distance in meters.

(64)

Subsequent Corrections,

Continued

Change in Type of Mission/ Control

These include changes like switching from firing “when ready” to “at my command.”

Splash Request “splash” if you want the FDC to alert you 5 seconds before the round hits.

Repeat To have the FDC fire another spotting round or FFE with the same data, simply transmit, “repeat.”

Example of Adjustment Transmission

The table below is an example of a subsequent correction transmission and the FDC’s read back transmission to be sure they copied it correctly.

FO FDC

“Left 50, add 400. Over.” “Left 50, add 400. Out.” “Direction 5820, Right 30, Add 200,

request splash, over.”

“Direction, Right 30, Add 200, request splash, out.”

(65)

End of Mission (EOM)

FFE Impact When the FFE impacts, it should have an effect on target. If the FFE did not have the desired effect, you can have it shot again by transmitting “Repeat, Over.” The guns will shoot on the same data. You can also send minor adjustments. For example, “Left 50, repeat, Over.”

End of Mission

Statement Upon achieving the desired effect on the target, an End of Mission (EOM) _{statement needs to be sent to the FDC. The EOM statement consists of four}

items, some of which are required:

· Refinements. Target data can now be refined under the normal minimum corrections of 30m deviation and 50m range. Refine the data if needed and if you intend to save the target data.

· Record as target. Record it as a target if you think you will use artillery at the same spot in the future. This can speed future fire missions since adjustments are not required.

· End of mission. This tells the FDC that the mission is over and they can clear that firing data. If you want the target saved, you must let the FDC know before saying “End of Mission.” Once EOM is announced, that data is cleared and is irretrievable. Required item.

· Surveillance. In surveillance, inform the FDC of the effect the FFE had on the target. Use the terms no effect, destroyed, neutralized, or suppressed to describe the effect on target and include a casualty estimate. Required item.

EOM Example “End of mission, 2 T-72’s destroyed, enemy fleeing north, over”

“Right 10, Drop 25, record as target, end of mission, ZSU-23-4 neutralized, over.”

(66)

Lesson 2 Exercise

Estimated

Item 1 Which of the following defines spotting relative to indirect fire? a. Locating targets

b. The mental determination of where a round impacts relative to the target c. Locating known points

d. Plotting the forward observer’s and the target’s location on your map

Item 2 Which of the following are the two elements of an adjustment? a. Bracketing and creeping

b. OT direction and range

c. Lateral adjustment and range adjustment d. Over and short

Item 3 Which formula is used to determine lateral deviation? a. BAMCIS

b. LARS c. METT-T d. WERM

Item 4 Which of the following are the two methods used to adjust for range? a. OT direction and shift

b. Over and short

c. Bracketing and creeping d. Add and drop

(67)

Lesson 2 Exercise,

Continued

Item 5 What are the steps to adjust rounds onto targets using bracketing? a. Spot round, connect rounds in 100m increments, FFE

b. Spot round, add/drop successive rounds in thirds, split 50m bracket, FFE c. Spot round, add/drop necessary range, split bracket in half, estimate d. Spot round, add/drop successive rounds in half, split 100m bracket, FFE

Item 6 What are the steps to adjust rounds onto targets using creeping? a. Add, subtract, locate, and repeat

b. Determine target location, announce “danger close,” correct rounds in 100 meter or less increments, walk rounds in, FFE

c. Repeat, bracket, adjust, and WERM d. Look, listen, learn, and launch

Item 7 When do you announce a new target direction? a. When you face a new direction

b. When converting degrees magnetic to grid c. If the targets changes direction of travel d. If direction changes by 100 mils

Item 8 What are the contents of an EOM statement? a. Battle damage assessment and record as target

b. Refinement, record as target, end of mission, surveillance c. Quit shooting and return to rear

d. Do not load and FFE

(68)

Lesson 2 Exercise,

Continued

1 b 2-29 2 c 2-30 3 d 2-31 4 c 2-33 5 d 2-34 6 b 2-35 7 d 2-36 8 b 2-38

(69)