Wcdma Rnp Link Budget

WCDMA RNP

WCDMA RNP

Link

Link

Budget

Budget

July 11, 2016

July 11, 2016

WCDMA RNP Link Budget

Link Budget in WCDMA

Link Budget in WCDMA

The link budget is used to calculat 

The link budget is used to calculat 

The link budget is used to calculat 

The link budget is used to calculat 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

and the receiver on a specifc environ

and the receiver on a specifc environ

and the receiver on a spec

and the receiver on a specifc environ

ifc environ

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

loss with a propagation model.

loss with a propagation model.

loss with a propagation model.

loss with a propagation model.

Link Budget in WCDMA

Link Budget in WCDMA

The link budget is used to calculat 

The link budget is used to calculat 

The link budget is used to calculat 

The link budget is used to calculat 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

 path loss to maintain a link between t 

and the receiver on a specifc environ

and the receiver on a specifc environ

and the receiver on a spec

and the receiver on a specifc environ

ifc environ

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

corresponding cell range can be deriv 

loss with a propagation model.

loss with a propagation model.

loss with a propagation model.

loss with a propagation model.

Contents

Contents





Introduction

Introduction





Parameters of Link Budget

Parameters of Link Budget



Introduction

Link Budget

Forward link :

― Difficult to ae! de"end on t#e cell edge le$el of inte%fe%ence on

t#e location of t#e &o'ile

Reverse link:

― (ay to ae

Introduction

Interference

― WCDMA i int%inically +nte%fe%ence li&ited yte&

― Co$e%age and ca"acity de"end on t#e inte%fe%ence e"e%i&ented 'y

Introduction

Interference on the Forward link

Primary source of interference: typically power broadcasted by

surrounding cells

econdary source of Interference: ot!er links in t!e same cell

Introduction

Interference on the Reverse link

Primary source of interference: ot!er "E in t!e same cell

econdary source of Interference: ot!er "E outside t!e

Introduction

Interference reduction during RNP

― c%itical

―  Need of t#o%oug# guideline in o%de% to!

- Reduce co.c#annel inte%fe%ence

- Reduce ad/acent f%euencie inte%fe%ence

 % own network

Contents



Introduction



Parameters of Link Budget

Link Budget Parameters

 (nalysis cenarios

)aximum $ransmission Power of *'+

'able Loss , Body Loss

 (ntenna -ain

EIRP.E/uivalent isotropic Radiation Power0

&oise Figure

Re/uired Eb1&o

Link Budget Parameters

Interference margin

)argin of Background &oise

Fast Fading )argin

)inimum Re/uired ignal trengt!

Penetration Loss

slow Fading )argin

oft +andover -ain

Analysis Scenarios

)orp!ology

― ene%ally, t#e%e a%e  ty"e of "lanning a%ea!

- Dene 3%'an - 3%'an

- 4u'u%'an - Ru%al A%ea - 5ig#ay

― 7#e ty"e of a%ea i&"act!

- Mean "enet%ation lo

- 4tanda%d de$iation of lo fading

Analysis Scenarios

)orp!ology .'ont#0

― 9a%iou "lanning t%ategie a%e a""lied acco%ding to t#e ty"e of a%ea:

+t i necea%y to configu%e folloing "a%a&ete%!

- C#annel &odel - 4ecto%i;ation - +ndoo% co$e%age

- 7a%get e%$ice <ea&le co$e%age= - 7MA and Di$e%ity &ode

- Cell loading

- A$e%age antenna #eig#t - Ca'le lo

Analysis Scenarios

'!annel model

― 7#e c#annel &odel define t#e nu&'e% of ignal "at#, %elati$e "at#

lo and delay $a%iance to a't%act t#e i%ele c#annel:

― Acco%ding to "ecification of >PP R?<7R2:@?> 9?:0:0=, ty"ical

c#annel &odel a%e ued a folloing!

- 4tatic! no &ulti"at#

- 73>! ty"ical u%'an a%ea, "edet%ian, >k&)# - 730! ty"ical u%'an a%ea, $e#icle, 0k&)# - 73120! ty"ical u%'an a%ea, $e#icle, 120k&)# - RA120! %u%al a%ea, $e#icle, 120k&)#

- RA20! %u%al a%ea, $e#icle, 20k&)# - 57120! #ig# te%%ain, $e#icle, 120k&)#

Analysis Scenarios

'!annel model .'ont#0

― 9alue of o&e "a%a&ete% $a%y it# t#e c#annel in t#e i%ele

en$i%on&ent: 7#e $a%iance a%e acui%ed gene%ally 'y t#e link i&ulation:

- Link "e%fo%&ance! %eui%ed ('No in 'ot# c#annel

- Donlink inte%fe%ence &a%gin! due to t#e $a%iance of o%t#ogonal facto% in diffe%ent c#annel en$i%on&ent

- at fading &a%gin <Poe% cont%ol #ead%oo&=! due to diffe%ent link  "e%fo%&ance

- 4oft #ando$e% gain o$e% fat fading &a%gin! due to diffe%ent link  "e%fo%&ance

Analysis Scenarios

ectori2ation

― 7#%ee ty"e of ecto%i;ation a%e co&&only ued!

- *&ni - >.ecto%  - 6.ecto% 

― 7#e ite& caue c#ange!

- Antenna gain! t#e antenna ty"e i diffe%ent it# t#e ecto%i;ation: - Cell loading! t#e a%ea of cell co$e%age and t#u oft #ando$e%

Analysis Scenarios

Bearer $ype

― 7#i i t#e 'it %ate t#at t#e ue% e%$ice %eui%e:

― ene%ally in 3M74 t#e folloing o"tion a%e u""o%ted!

- ?: k') - :1 k') - :@ k') - 6: k')

― 7#e %eui%e&ent of ('No a%e diffe%ent it# 'ea%e% o% e%$ice:

- :? k') - :@ k') - 10:2 k') - 12:2 k')  % .()R 3oice 'odec0 - 6? k') LCD83DD - 1?? k') LCD83DD - >? k') LCD83DD

Analysis Scenarios

*iversity mode

― 7#e di$e%ity in Node B ― 3"link %ecei$e di$e%ity

- to.antenna - fou%.antenna

― Donlink t%an&it di$e%ity -  None

- 477D <4"ace 7i&e 7%an&it Di$e%ity= - Cloedloo".Mode1

- Cloedloo".&ode2

Analysis Scenarios

$ower )ounted (mplifier .$)(0

― 7MA ill 'oot ignal t%engt# to o$e%co&e t#e effect of noie in

t#e fi%t a&"lifie% on t#e %ecei$e%:

+t can 'e $e%y ueful #en t#e feede% lo i o la%ge:

Analysis Scenarios

Indoor coverage

― W#et#e% indoo% co$e%age i a$aila'le de"end on t#e intention of

t#e o"e%ato%:

― 7#e "enet%ation lo and t#e tanda%d de$iation of lo fading a%e

Maximum Transmission Power of TC

"plink $4 Power 

― o% a 3(, t#e &ai&u& t%an&iion "oe% of DC5 i t#e a&e a

it no&inal &ai&u& out"ut "oe%:

― 7#e 3( i au&ed to t%an&it t#e &ai&u& "oe% in t#e link

 'udget: Acco%ding to >PP 74 2:101 9>::0, fou% clae of out"ut "oe% a%e "ecified fo% 3(!

Power Class Noinal a!iu

out"ut "ower  #olerance 5 677dBm 65187dB 9 69:dBm 65187dB 7 69;dBm 65187dB ; 695dBm <9dB

Maximum Transmission Power of TC

*ownlink $4 Power 

― 7#e &ai&u& t%an&iion "oe% fo% a 7C5 in t#e donlink i

dete%&ined 'y t#e RNC and $a%ie it# t#e e%$ice:

― +n t#e link 'udget, it can 'e configu%ed acco%ding to t#e e%$ice

Ca!le Loss

$!e cable between t!e cabinet and t!e antenna or $)( often

introduces loss of signal power#

$!e cable loss impacts:

― Noie igu%e of t#e %ecei$e% in t#e u"link 

― (+RP in t#e donlink 

For t!e 1=> cable? t!e loss is about to be @dB per !undred8 meter

lengt! in 9- fre/uency band# Besides? t!e loss of Aumper and connector s!ould be included#

Body Loss

Introduces t!e effect of t!e !uman being !andling t!e

terminal in t!e link budget#

 (nd depends on t!e operational conditions#

$ypical values are about 7dB for voice service and dB for

Antenna "ain

 (ccounts for t!e gain at t!e antennas of t!e mobile terminal

and Base tation

$ypical values for t!e )obile station are dBi #

Base station antennas gains are dependant on

#I$P

E/uivalent Isotropic Radiation Power .EIRP0 is defined as

follows in Link Budget:

= < = < = < = < = < dB nna GainOfAnte dB  BodyLoss dB CableLoss dBm owerOfDCH  nsmissionP   MaximumTra dBm  EIRP 

+

−

−

=

%oise &igure

"E

― 7y"ical $alue fo% 3( %ecei$e% i dB

B

― Define t#e ca'le connecto% of t#e antenna a t#e %efe%ence "oint fo% N

calculation to acco&&odate t#e cae of it# and it#out 7MA

―  +n t#e cae of it#out 7MA and > dB fo% ca'le lo, acco%ding to t#e

folloing diag%a& and t#e fo%&ula of N calculation,

t#e noie figu%e can 'e calculated a follo!

Cable NodeB NF Gain XdB NF at this port: 2.72 dB -XdB 2 :  = 10 1 10 10 lg< 10 1 > : 0 22 : 0 > : 0

₊

−

_≈

⋅

=

−

+

=

₋ Cable CabinetTo Cable G  !"   !"   !" 

%oise &igure

B .'ont#0

― +n t#e cae of it# 7MA and >dB fo% ca'le lo,

i&ila%ly t#e noie figu%e can 'e calculated a follo!

Cable NodeB NF Gain XdB -XdB TMA Jumper beore TMA 2.!dB "2dB !.#dB -!.#dB

NF at this port is Channel Gain related$ %ee Table Belo&

Cable TMA  #umer  CabinetTo TMA  #umer  Cable  #umer  TMA  #umer  G G G  !"  G G  !"  G  !"   !"   !"  ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ − + − + = 1 1 −1

 Note! t#e N_Ca'inet7o"i a $a%ia'le "a%a&ete% 'ecaue of gain ad/ut&ent to co&"enate gain $a%iance and &aintain a contant R c#annel gain:

$e'uired #!%o

&eeded by t!e user service to maintain t!e link wit!

acceptable /uality#

Cutput from Link8level imulation according to t!e following

factors:

― C#annel ty"e ― Mo'ile "eed ― o4

Sensiti(ity of t)e $ecei(er

)inimum signal power on t!e cable connector of antenna needed

by t!e receiver to demodulate signal wit! specific BER or BLER target#

― +n t#e Link Budget, t#e eniti$ity of %ecei$e% i dete%&ined 'y

 "e%fo%&ance of B4 o% 3( itelf and %eui%ed (')No:

- Di$e%ity, e%$ice and c#annel.%elated i&"act on t#e eniti$ity of %ecei$e% a%e included in t#e %ele$ant %eui%ed (')No

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- E! Eolt;&ann contant

- 7! te&"e%atu%e in deg%ee Eel$in - W! %ecei$e% 'andidt#

- N! Noie igu%e of t#e %ecei$e% on t#e ca'le connecto% of antenna - ('No! %eui%ed de&odulation t#%e#old

Sensiti(ity of t)e $ecei(er

&ote t!at t!e concept of sensitivity of t!e receiver is different from t!at defined in t!e specification of 7-PP $9D#5; 37## in t!e following aspects:

― Refe%ence "oint! it i t#e ca'le connecto% of t#e antenna #et#e% a 7MA i

a$aila'le in t#e link 'udgetF co&"a%ati$ely in t#e "%otocol it i defined a #e%e t#e figu%e indicate!

― Di$e%ity &ode! it i au&ed a %ecei$e% it# a$aila'le di$e%ity in t#e link 'udgetF

 'ut none fo% t#e %eui%e&ent in t#e "%otocol:

― C#annel &odel! only tatic c#annel i au&ed in t#e "ecification %eui%e&ent: BS

ca!inet

7et o%tA 7et o%tB

#xternal di *le xer o%  $+ filter 'if any, #xternal L%A 'if any)  "rom antenna *onne*tor  ⇐ 

Interference Margin

$!e interference margin is used to account for t!e increase

in t!e interference level wit!in t!e cell due to ot!er users#

It introduces in t!e Link Budget a way for accounting for t!e

loading of t!e cell#

$!e more loading is allowed t!e larger margin is needed#

$ypical values for t!e interference margin are between 58

-*link Loading

$!e loading factor can be defined as:

!ere R _A is t!e bit rate of t!e A8t! link in t!e cell

υ

 _A is t!e user activity factor 

i is t!e ot!er to own cell interference ratio E_b&_ is t!e target for t!e A8t! link in t!e cell  is t!e c!ip rate

(

)

_∑

= _{+ ⋅ ⋅} ⋅ + =  !   +  +  +  + b ,L - R %   !   E  i 1 0 1 = ) < 1 1 1 1 η 

-*link Interference Margin

$!e uplink interference margin s!ould be e/ual to t!e

maximum planned noise rise in B receiver:

,L ,L   !oiseRise  IM  η  − = = 1 1

Downlink Loading

In t!e *ownlink t!e loading factor can be expressed as

W#e%e

α

 _/ i t#e o%t#ogonality facto% in t#e donlink  R  _/ i t#e 'it %ate of t#e /.t# link in t#e cell

υ

 _/ i t#e ue% acti$ity facto% 

 i _/ i t#e ot#e% to on cell inte%fe%ence %atio of /.t# link  ( _')N₀ i t#e ta%get fo% t#e /.t# link in t#e cell

W i t#e c#i" %ate

∑

= + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + =  !   +  +  +  +  +  + b  DL i - R %   !   E  1 0 = 1 < 1 = ) < 1 1 1 α  η 

Downlink Interference Margin

$!e downlink interference margin s!ould be e/ual to t!e

planned maximum noise rise in t!e receiver of "E on cell edge# For a user A on cell edge:

 DL  !  n ₊ n n n b n  !   + CCH   +  +  !   + T.   B&   +  +  !  OC  &C   !   !  Total   + CL CL  R %   !   E  - P  CL  P  i  P  CL  P  i  P   I   I   P   P   +  I   !oiseRise

η

−

⋅

⋅

+

⋅

⋅

+

α

+

=

⋅

+

α

+

=

+

+

=

=

∑

= 1 G ) = ) < H = < 1 ) = < 1 = < 1 0  I 

Downlink Interference Margin

W#e%e

α

 _/ i t#e o%t#ogonality facto% in t#e donlink  R  _/ i t#e 'it %ate of t#e /.t# link in t#e cell

υ

 _/ i t#e ue% acti$ity facto% 

 i _/ i t#e ot#e% to on cell inte%fe%ence %atio ( _')N₀ i t#e ta%get fo% t#e /.t# link in t#e cell W i t#e c#i" %ate

P_CC5i t#e co&&on c#annel "oe% t%an&itted 'y t#e B4 P _Ni t#e noie floo% of 3(

CL _/i t#e cou"ling lo, #ic# i t#e lo 'eteen t#e antenna connecto% of B4 ca'inet and 3( %ecei$e% fo% /.t# link  _{BodyLoss  PenetrationLoss GainsOfAnt ennae CableLoss}  Pat/Loss

Downlink Interference Margin

CL &IR  !  CL  R %   !   E  - E   !  CL  R %   !   E  - _n n n b n n  !  n _n n b n ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅

∑

= GJ ) = ) < K G ) = ) < H 0 1 0 = < =G 1 < ) = ) < KH =G 1 < ) = ) < H = 1 < 1 = ) < 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 i &IR  !  i  R %   !   E  - E   !  i  R %   !   E  -i - R %   !   E   +  +  +  + b n  !   +  +  +  +  + b n  !   +  +  +  +  +  + b  DL

+

α

⋅

⋅

=

+

α

−

⋅

⋅

⋅

=

+

α

−

⋅

⋅

≈

+

α

−

⋅

⋅

+

=

η

∑

∑

= =

 (ssuming t!ere are enoug! users in t!e cell and demodulation performance is irrelevant to location? suc! approximation can be supposed:

Downlink Interference Margin

o t!e downlink interference margin can be written as:

= ) < 1 = < 1 1 G ) = ) < H = < 1  1 G ) = ) < H = < 1 K 1 0 1 0  +  DL  !   + CCH   DL  +  +  DL  !  n  ₊ n n n b n  !   + CCH   +  +  DL  !  n ₊ n n n b n  !   + CCH   +  +  +  DL CL CL i  P  CL  P  i CL CL  R %   !   E  - P  CL  P  i CL CL  R %   !   E  - P  CL  P  i  E   !oiseRise  IM 

⋅

+

α

η

+

⋅

η

−

+

α

+

=

η

−

⋅

⋅

+

⋅

⋅

+

α

+

=

η

−

⋅

⋅

+

⋅

⋅

+

α

+

=

=

∑

∑

= =

&ote: mean values wit!out subscript A refer to averaging over all users in t!e cellG mean values wit! subscript A refer to averaging over users on t!e cell edge#

Interference Margin .IM, (s/ Load &actor

 (n example of downlink interference margin vs# downlink

Interference Margin (s/ Load &actor

It indicates a nonlinear relations!ip between downlink

interference margin and load factor#

!ile downlink load factor approac!es unit? t!e system

reac!es its pole capacity and t!e noise rise over t!ermal goes to infinity#

Because of common c!annel power? t!e noise rise over

t!ermal is a non82ero value w!ile no user accesses to t!e cell# It is different from t!at of uplink#

IM (s/ Load &actor (s/ Cou*ling Loss

 (ccording to t!e following figure? it s!ould be noticed t!at

t!e variation of coupling loss on t!e cell edge will impact t!e noise rise of "E t!ere#

Total Transmission Power (s/ Load &actor

In t!e downlink? it is important to estimate t!e total amount

Total Transmission Power (s/ Load &actor

tarting from t!e same point w!ere load factor is 2ero?

power re/uirements reac! t!e maximum limited by t!e power amplifier in different rates? and wit! different

downlink loading#

 (nd t!e figure also presents t!at t!e larger t!e cell range?

t!e faster t!e increase rate and t!e less load factor w!ile !itting t!e limit#

It means t!at for a large cell? t!e B s!ould allocate more power for compensating pat! loss instead of more links t!an t!e B of a small cell does#

0*timal Design wit) PA and Ca*acity

-enerally? t!e larger maximum transmission power ? t!e

more available capacity# But regarding t!e issue of cost8 performance ratio? t!ere is a optimal design wit! capacity and maximum transmission power? w!ic! determines t!e cost of t!e power amplifier? t!e most valuable component of B !ardware#

Anot)er Definition of DL Load 1 IM

*ue to t!e limit of transmission power in downlink? t!e

loading can be estimated by:

 (ccordingly? t!e interference margin in downlink is:

 MA.   +  DCH   MA.  CCH   MA.  T.   B&   DL  P   +  P   P   P   P   P 

∑

+

=

=

= <  I  η   +  !   DL  MA.   +  +  +  !   DL  MA.   +  +  +  DL CL  P   P  i CL  P   P  i  E   !oiseRise  IM 

⋅

η

⋅

⋅

+

α

+

=

⋅

η

⋅

⋅

+

α

+

=

=

= < 1 G = < 1 H

Anot)er Definition of DL Load 1 IM

it! given _ A? i A? 'L A and maximum transmission power? t!e

interference margin c!anges linearly wit! t!e load in t!e *L#

*ue to an intuitive linear relations!ip? toget!er wit! t!e

concern of t!e link between transmission power and capacity in t!e downlink? t!is definition of *L load and interference margin is applied in t!e link budget#

Margin of Background %oise

 (ccounts for t!e environmental noise above t!e t!ermal noise of

t!e receiver#

$!e background noise is introduced by ot!er systems? !uman

beings and so on#

 ( non82ero margin of background noise means:

― Reduced cell %ange of t#e neto%k  ― Reduced ca"acity of t#e neto%k 

=

<

==

<

=

<

<

=

<

dB

 . 

dBm

0 

dBm

 . 

dBm

 MG! 

=

+

−

&ast &ading Margin

In t!e link budget? t!e re/uired Eb&o is estimated by t!e link8 level simulation wit! t!e assumption of perfect power control# $!e assumption will be invalid If a terminal transmits wit!

maximum power on t!e cell edge and subse/uently suffers from fast fading# It is because t!e terminal cannot respond to t!e power increase command issued by power control

algorit!m from R&'#

$!e fast fading margin? or P' !eadroom? is included to account for t!e additional !eadroom needed in t!e mobile station transmission power to maintain ade/uate power# 'onse/uently? fast fading margin can be calculated as:

 erfe*tPC 

 Eb!o

noPC 

 Eb!o

/eadroom

Minimum $e'uired Signal Strengt)

Cn t!e base of sensitivity of t!e receiver? toget!er wit!

gains? losses and margins? t!e minimum signal strengt! re/uired for ac!ieving link /uality can be estimated by:

― o% t#e u"link 

― o% t#e donlink 

 !oise  Ba*12round   for   Mar2in  "adin2   "ast  o-er  Gain &HO  Mar2in  "adin2   "ast   Mar2in *e  Interferen Gain  Anetnna 3  Re*ei-er  of   y &ensiti-it  &tren2t/ &i2nal   Re4uired   Minimum + − + + =  !oise  Ba*12round   for   Mar2in  "adin2   "ast  o-er  Gain &HO  Mar2in  "adin2   "ast   Mar2in *e  Interferen  Loss  Body  Loss Cable Gain  Anetnna 3  Re*ei-er  of   y &ensiti-it  &tren2t/ &i2nal   Re4uired   Minimum + − + + + + =

Penetration Loss

If indoor coverage is guaranteed? penetration loss s!ould

be included in t!e link budget#

 (ngles of incidence? building structures and material are

among t!e factors determining penetration loss#

It is assumed t!at penetration loss is log8normal distributed

and described wit! standard deviation and mean value#

In t!e link budget? t!e standard deviation of penetration

loss combine wit! t!at of pat! loss to calculate t!e standard deviation of indoor loss according to t!e following formula:

nLo Penet%atio 2 Pat#Lo 2 7*7

=

σ

+

σ

σ

Slow &ading Margin

If t!e $ransmitter cannot increase its output power and

compensate t!e pat! loss to ensure minimum re/uired signal strengt! on t!e Receiver? t!e link will be failed and outage occurs#

In order to ensure t!e coverage probability? or keep a

certain link outage probability? t!e low Fading )argin must be considered#

 low Fading )argin is relative to t!e coverage probability?

Slow &ading Margin

$!e outage probability is:

It is obvious t!at w!en a "E is located on t!e cell edge? it is of

most possibility for a outage to occurs#

=J < P%K J = < P%K J = < P%K J = < P%K J = < P%K = < P%I  &in &a  I  &in &a  I  &in &a  I  d  d  d   PL &   P  &  d   PL  P  &  d   PL  P  d  outa2e ,E  ,E  ,E 

ρ

>

ξ

=

ξ

<

ρ

=

ξ

<

−

−

=

<

ξ

−

−

=

<

−

=

W#e%e , it %e"%eent t#e diffe%ence

 'eteen &ai&u& "e%&itted "at# lo and a$e%age "at# lo at a location it# t#e ditance of %:

= < =

< =

<r  = P _,E  I &a, −& _&in − PL r  = PL_&a, − PL r  ρ

Slow &ading Margin

Slow &ading Margin



it! given standard variation of slow fading and maximum outageit! given standard variation of slow fading and maximum outage probability on t!e cell edge? t!e cell

probability on t!e cell edge? t!e cell range can be deduced by range can be deduced by followingfollowing diagram:

diagram:



slow fading margin and reserved in t!e calculation of pat! loss slow fading margin and reserved in t!e calculation of pat! loss to ensureto ensure t!e coverage

t!e coverage reliabilityreliability##



)ore common t!an )ore common t!an outage probabilityoutage probability? minimum edge cov? minimum edge coverage probabilityerage probability or area coverage probability are used in

or area coverage probability are used in t!e target of network planning#t!e target of network planning#

 R

 R

 R

 R

 PL

 PL

 R

 R

outa2e

outa2e

<<

==

==>

==>

ρ

ρ

 _R R

==>

==>

<<

==

==>

==>

P%I 

P%I 

1 1 22 >> 1

1 DD.1.1HP%I HP%I outa2eouta2e<< R R=G=G

 R  R ==σ σ ⋅⋅  ρ   ρ  2 2 << == << == &in &in &a, &a,  I 

 I  & &  RR

 PL  PL  R  R  PL  PL == _,E ,E  −− −−ρρ > >

Re$e%e "at# lo function "ecified 'y P%o"agation

Slow &ading Margin

Slow &ading Margin



'onsidering t!e following expression:'onsidering t!e following expression:

―

― +t i au&ed & +t i au&ed & _minmini un%elated to t#e location: +t i t%ue fo% t#ei un%elated to t#e location: +t i t%ue fo% t#e

u"link: u"link:

―

― Becaue t#e inte%fe%ence &a%gin in t#e donlink i Becaue t#e inte%fe%ence &a%gin in t#e donlink i u'/ect to t#eu'/ect to t#e

location, t#e au&"tion i o&e#at in$alid: location, t#e au&"tion i o&e#at in$alid:

―

― But fo% t#e "u%"oe of i&"lification, t#e lo fading But fo% t#e "u%"oe of i&"lification, t#e lo fading &a%gi&a%gin inn in

 'ot# di%ection a%e u""oe

 'ot# di%ection a%e u""oed to 'e t#e a&d to 'e t#e a&e:e:

== << ==

<< ==

<<r r  == P  P _{,E ,E  I  I &a,&a,} −− & & _&in&in −− PL PL r r  == PL PL_&a,&a, −− PL PL r r 

ρ ρ

Soft ando(er "ain

Soft ando(er "ain



oft !andover gain accounts for oft !andover gain accounts for t!e diversity gain ac!ievedt!e diversity gain ac!ieved during soft !andover conditions #

during soft !andover conditions # In

In link link Budget? Budget? we we divide divide it it into into two two parts parts as as follows:follows:

―

― 45* gain o$e% fat fading <Mac%o Di$e%ity Co&'ining ain=45* gain o$e% fat fading <Mac%o Di$e%ity Co&'ining ain=

-- Reduce t#e %eui%e&ent fo% ('No on t#e cell Reduce t#e %eui%e&ent fo% ('No on t#e cell edgeedge

Soft ando(er "ain

― 45* gain o$e% lo fading <Multicell ain=

- Mo%e unco%%elated "at# a$aila'le to %educe t#e outage "%o'a'ility - 7#e outage "%o'a'ility on t#e cell edge in 45* a%ea i eti&ated 'y!

- 7#e gain can 'e %eulted f%o&!

ξ

σ

⋅

ξ

⋅

σ

⋅

−

ρ

π

=

∞

_∫ 

∞ − ξ − d  b a 5 e  R  R &HO Outa2e&HO 2  I  =G < H 2 1 = < P%  2 &HO  R &in2le  R

G

=

ρ

 _I 

−

ρ

 _I 

Pro*agation Model

it! t!e pat! loss calculated in t!e link budget? t!e cell

range for t!e specific analysis scenario can be figured out by using propagation model

― C*472>1.5ata, Aet tanda%d &ac%ocell,

Pro*agation Model

Contents



Introduction



Parameters of Link Budget

Scenario of Link Budget

 Recei$e% 4eniti$ity

 P_DC5IMa

 Mini&u& Reui%ed 4ignal 4t%engt#

  (iRP

 P_3(IMa -Slow Fading Margin

• Penetration Loss 7 R Du"lee%     Antenna 3( PLIDL PLI3L • Body Loss • Interference Margin • Fast Fading Margin • Margin for Background Noise 7 R Du"lee%     Ca'le Antenna  Node B • Interference Margin • Fast Fading Margin • Margin for

Background Noise

Soft Handover Area

-*link Budget

- PLI3L! &ai&u& Pat# Lo in u"link 

- PoutI3(! &ai&u& t%an&iion "oe% fo% t%affic c#annel of 3( - LcIB4! ca'le lo in B4

- LfIB4! feede% lo in B4 - aIB4! antenna gain in B4 - aI3(! antenna gain in 3(

- Mf! &a%gin of fat fading <7PC #ead%oo&= - IMf! 45* gain o$e% fat fading

- M! &a%gin of lo fading <lo fading= - IM! 45* gain o$e% lo fading

- M+I3L! &a%gin of inte%fe%ence in u"link  - MBn! &a%gin of 'ackg%ound noie

- L"! &ean $alue of "enet%ation lo - L'! 'ody lo

- 4IB4! eniti$ity of B4 %ecei$e% 

 B&  &   Lb  L  MBn ,L  MI   Ms G  Ms  Mf  G  Mf   B&   Lf   B&   L* ,E  Ga  B&  Ga ,E   Pout  ,L  PL  I   I   I   I   I   I   I   I   I   I  − − − − − + − + − − − + + =

Downlink Budget

- PLIDL! &ai&u& Pat# Lo in donlink 

- PoutIB4! &ai&u& t%an&iion "oe% fo% t%affic c#annel of B4 - LcIB4! ca'le lo in B4

- LfIB4! feede% lo in B4 - aIB4! antenna gain in B4 - aI3(! antenna gain in 3(

- Mf! &a%gin of fat fading <7PC #ead%oo&= - IMf! 45* gain o$e% fat fading

- M! &a%gin of lo fading <lo fading= - IM! 45* gain o$e% lo fading - M+IDL! &a%gin of inte%fe%ence - MBn! &a%gin of 'ackg%ound noie - L"! &ean $alue of "enet%ation lo - L'! 'ody lo

- 4I3(! eniti$ity of 3( %ecei$e% 

,E  &   Lb  L  MBn  DL  MI   Ms G  Ms  Mf  G  Mf  ,E  Ga  B&  Ga  B&   Lf   B&   L*  B&   Pout   DL  PL  I   I   I   I   I   I   I   I   I   I  − − − − − + − + − + + − − =

Cell Co(erage Calculation

$!e coverage area for one site is a !exagonal

configuration? w!ic! is estimated from

2

N

O R

 $ 

& 

=

4! co$e%age a%ea

E! contant accounting fo% ecto% configu%ation %! &ai&u& cell %ange

4ite configu%ation *&ni 2.ecto%ed >.ecto%ed 6.ecto%ed 9alue of E    2.6 1.3 1.95 2.6