Coatings Formulation Guide

Coatings

Formulation

Formulating High-Quality

Coatings with Celatom

®

Functional Additives

A

round the world, makers of high-quality architectural and industrial coatings have discovered the benefits of Celatom® _diatomaceous

earth (DE), also known as diatomite or kieselgühr. In most industrially-developed regions, DE is used in the majority of high-quality interior and exterior formulations. In recent years, strong economic growth and booming construction markets in developing countries have attracted the attention of major international paint companies. They have acquired local companies and invested heavily in modern facilities and advertising, in markets that were traditionally served by local or regional paint producers. In response, local producers are seeking to increase the quality of their products to remain competitive. In many cases, Celatom® _{DE has been an}

important component of their new high-performance formulations.

This guide is intended primarily for those coatings chemists who are not experienced with the use of DE. It will provide an explanation of the functions of DE in coatings, a comparison of DE to other minerals, and some sample formulations that may serve as starting points for product development and testing. EP Minerals® _{also has a dedicated}

coatings formulation and testing laboratory, with the capability to assist our customers with their development programs.

A

regional coatings producer in Turkey needed a deep matte architectural finish for their market, and they desired to improve the performance of their products to be more competitive with higher-quality imported coatings. We introduced them to Celatom®

MW-27 as the most effective matting agent on the market, and they began trials. They were impressed with the performance of MW-27 ― not only to achieve a dead-flat finish, but also for improved hiding capacity and scrub resistance. The company launched a new line of interior finishes incorporating MW-27, and developed a major marketing campaign around their new higher-quality products.

A

major international coatings producer was using a competitor’s natural DE product, but when they learned about the superior efficiency of Celatom® _{LCS-3, they began a}

re-formulation and testing program. EP Minerals' paint chemist worked with this customer on their development program, including testing their formulations in our lab and also working side-by-side in the customer’s paint lab. Together we developed a new formulation that achieved equivalent matting performance using 30% LESS DE in their formulation by using LCS-3. This allowed a lower final pigment volume concentration and improved scrub and burnish properties, with equal or reduced cost.

Case

Celatom

®

_{DE vs. Other Mineral Fillers}

Diatomaceous earth is unique among industrial mineral fillers, because of its complex microscopic structure. Most mineral fillers are produced by grinding and classification of natural crystals, which have forms which are either blocky (e.g., calcium carbonate, and ground quartz), or plate-like (e.g., talc, clay and mica).

This silica structure gives DE unique characteristics: Chemically inert — natural, safe and pure •

Dimensionally stable, even at high temperatures •

Very low density •

Compatible with (and easily dispersed in) both organic and aqueous formulations •

High strength •

Light diffraction efficiency •

Slight abrasiveness and “tooth” for improved inter-coat adhesion •

Consistent particle size and shape •

Unlike these typical minerals, DE is of biogenic origin, made by microscopic unicellular aquatic plants, called diatoms. The individual diatom structures are made of nearly pure silica, with a complex, highly porous three-dimensional structure.

What does Celatom

®

_{DE do in coatings?}

Celatom® _{DE is not just a “filler”, but a multi-functional mineral additive and a key component in}

high-performance paints. It does add bulk and reduce cost, but it also improves the overall high-performance of the coating in a variety of ways:

Superior gloss and sheen control •

Titanium dioxide (TiO

• ₂)extension

Control of solvent release and “open time” •

Control of polishing or burnish •

Viscosity control - “brush feel” and shelf stability •

“Tooth” for inter-coat adhesion •

Sanding improvement •

Scrub and stain resistance •

Resistance to cracking •

Consistent “touch-up” performance •

There are other minerals that can contribute to some of these functions, but none offer this broad array of benefits - resulting in a better overall product. Your paint will look better, be more durable, have a longer shelf life, and it will be easier to apply by brush, roller, or spray.

Function

Comment

Function

Comment

Control of gloss and sheen Excellent Effect on brightness Good Control of film permeability Good Effect on tint retention Good Tooth for topcoat adhesion Good “Touch-up” improvement Excellent

Control of pigment spacing Good Suspendability Good

Faster solvent release Good Ease of wetting Excellent

Sanding improvement Good Scrub resistance Good

Mar resistance Good Chip resistance Good

Transparency in clear coats Good Stain removal Good

Viscosity stability Good

Working together with Other Minerals

Celatom® _{DE functional additives are particularly effective when used in combination with different types}

of extender pigments and minerals. For example, talc is made more efficient and provides better sheen when used in conjunction with Celatom®_{. The sample formulations on the following pages illustrate the effects of}

substituting all of a mineral with Celatom®_{, and also the effects of substituting only a portion of another mineral,}

using the two minerals in combination.

Another major benefit is that Celatom® _{can be added in smaller amounts than other minerals, while maintaining}

the same degree of matting, thus reducing the amount of extenders needed.

Gloss and Sheen Control

Unlike other minerals such as talc and calcium carbonate, Celatom® _{DE has an intricate structure composed}

of microscopic individual diatoms. When parts of the diatoms protrude from the coating surface, they diffract light very efficiently and promote a uniform low sheen. By mixing different grades and quantities, the paint’s luster can be uniformly and reliably controlled to any degree, from semigloss to flat.

In general, the larger the particle size, the more flat the finish. For a semi-gloss finish, choose Celabrite or MW-25. For a matte finish, LCS-3, MW-27, and MW-31 are the best choices. For a textured or non-slip finish, we offer particle size ranges up to 100 microns.

In addition, our consistent high-quality and uniform particle sizes assure perfect batch-to-batch matching of color and sheen, as well as clog-free performance in professional spray equipment.

Because of the low density and high matting efficiency of Celatom® _{DE, a high degree of matting can be}

achieved with lower mineral content. The resulting lower pigment volume concentration (PVC) means a stronger and more durable, higher quality coating, at an equivalent or reduced cost. In addition, Celatom® _DE

will provide all of the other benefits described above.

Opacity and TiO

2

Extension

Because of its low density and narrow particle size distribution, Celatom® _{DE products are efficient extenders for}

more-expensive TiO2 pigments. Our diatoms, at 10 to 15 microns in diameter, are optimally sized and structured

for this purpose in two ways. First, the diatoms disperse uniformly in the coating and help space the particles of TiO2 optimally through the film, for maximum opacity and effectiveness. Second, the size and structure of the

diatoms diffract light as it passes through the film, which improves both matting and opacity, One of the following sample formulations specifically illustrates how Celatom® _{DE products can be used to replace 5% to 10% of the}

Celatom

®

_{DE Functional Additive Products}

The chart below lists the Celatom® _{products commonly used in coatings formulations. Our most popular grades}

are flux-calcined products, which are white in color and contain crystalline silica. In addition, EP Minerals offers a natural DE grades which eliminate the need for crystalline silica labeling. The natural DE also provides better suspension and dispersion properties in aqueous media.

Typical Physical & Chemical Properties

Grade # Celabrite MW-25 MW-27 MW-31 LCS-3 Sieve Analysis1 %+150 Mesh %+325 Mesh 0.00.0 0.1- 1.0- 5.0- 0.7 -Median Particle Diameter (microns) 9.0 11.0 13.0 16.0 11.0 Hegman 4.0 3.5 1.0 - 2.0 Density (lbs/ft3) Wet Bulk Dry Bulk 31₁₀ 30₁₀ 27₁₂ 25_{13 9.5}22 Density (g/l) Wet Bulk Dry Bulk 500160 480160 430190 400210 350152 pH (10%) Slurry) 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5

Color White White White White Off-White

GE Brightness 91 90 90 90 83

Oil Absorption2

Water Absorption2 120- 120- 135- 145- 170 -Refractive Index _{1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46}

How to formulate with Celatom

®

_DE

Remember that Celatom® _{DE has a low density, so less material is required than other minerals. Fine tuning of}

the resin content, solvent dilution, and dispersants may be needed to obtain the optimal performance. On the following pages are a few example formulations illustrating potential applications, along with the effects on coating performance. Density Comparison 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Dry Density g/ l CaCO3 Talc Flux-Calcined DE Natural DE

Talc Substitution in Interior Acrylic Paint (PVC = 45%)

100 parts of talc can be replaced with only 30 parts of Celatom

• ® _MW-25

Better matting (lower gloss) •

Better opacity and scrub resistance •

Equivalent burnish resistance •

Alternatively, to maintain the equal solids, 25 parts of Celatom

• ® _{MW-25 and 75 parts of calcium}

carbonate may be used in combination

Much lower gloss •

Better opacity and scrub resistance •

Reduced burnish resistance vs. talc alone or Celatom

• ® _alone

Formulation

Paint ID Talc only MW-25 only MW-25 + CaCO3

(Equal solids) TiO2 225 225 225 Talc 100 - -Celatom® _{MW-25 - 30 25} Ground CaCO3 - - 75 Paint Properties % PVC 45 40 45 % Solids by weight 47.6 42.9 47.6 % Solids by volume 35.1 32.5 35.1

Density (kg per liter) 1.258 1.234 1.222

Stormer, KU 95.9 98.6 99.7 ICI, poise 2.014 2.225 2.117 Grind 5 4.5 3.8 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 1.3 1.3 1.2 Gloss, 60° 5 4.6 3.3 Sheen, 85° 10 4.7 1.8

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.96 0.971 0.948

L* 95.89 96.29 95.85

a* -0.89 -0.77 -0.69

b* 2.84 3 3.04

Scrub resistance, cycles 973 1476 1283

Burnish resistance

Initial 85° 15.0 7.6 3.6

85° after burnish 17.3 8.8 4.3

Paint ID Talc Only MW-25 Only MW25 + CaCO3

(Equal Parts)

Ingredients Grams Grams Grams

Water 150.0 150.0 150.0 Natrosol Plus 0.5 0.5 0.5 Premix Nopocide N96 2.0 2.0 2.0 Drewplus Y-381 1.2 1.2 1.2 Tamol 731 5.4 5.4 5.4 Triton X-100 2.8 2.8 2.8 PK-80 2.4 2.4 2.4

Mix at low speed for 10 minutes

Tiona 595 225.0 225.0 225.0

Talc 100.0 -

-Celatom® _{MW-25 - 30.0 25.0}

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) - - 75.0

Texanol 12.9 12.9 12.9

Water 100.0 100.0 100.0

Grind at high speed for 10 minutes

Ucar 367 PVA 290.0 290.0 290.0

Drewplus Y-381 2.0 2.0 2.0

Premix

Water 150.0 150.0 150.0

Natrosol Plus 1.6 1.6 1.6

Letdown at low speed for 10 minutes

Ammonium Hydroxide 1.6 1.6 1.6 Drewplus Y-381 3.6 3.6 3.6 Aquaflow 300 15.0 8.5 15.0 Aquaflow 220 20.0 15.0 20.0 Total 1086 1004 1086

Interior Acrylic

Talc Replacement

Sample Formulations

Interior Acrylic (PVC = 65%)

Partial Replacement of Calcined Clay and Ground CaCO

3

Replace 25 parts of CaCO

• 3 carbonate and 25 parts of calcined clay with 25 parts of Celatom® MW-25

(by weight)

Improved flatting (decreased sheen and gloss) •

Equivalent hiding power (opacity) •

Slight improvement in scrub and burnish resistance •

Paint Properties

Paint ID Without MW-25 With MW-25

Density (kg per liter) 1.400 1.361

Stormer, KU 107 110 ICI, poise 2.056 2.135 Grind 4 3.5 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 1.2 1.2 Gloss, 60° 1.9 1.7 Sheen, 85° 1.2 0.9

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.978 0.964

L* 95.94 96.7

a* -0.77 -0.74

b* 3.03 3.24

Scrub resistance, cycles 350 396

Burnish resistance

Initial 85° 1.9 1.4

85° after burnish 4.4 2.9

Paint ID Without MW-25 With MW-25

Ingredients Grams Grams

Water 172.0 172.0 Natrosol Plus 0.5 0.5 Premix Diwcil 75 2.0 2.0 Drewplus Y-381 1.2 1.2 Tamol 731 5.4 5.4 Trycol 7000 2.8 2.8 PK-80 2.4 2.4

Mix at low speed for 10 minutes

Tiona 595 175.0 175.0

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) 175.0 150.0

Glomax 125.0 100.0

Celatom® _{MW-25 - 25.0}

Attegal 50 5.0 5.0

Texanol 12.9 12.9

Water 100.0 100.0

Grind at high speed for 10 minutes

Ucar 367 PVA 175.0 175.0

Drewplus Y-381 2.0 2.0

Add the grind here

Water 110.0 110.0 Natrosol Plus 1.6 1.6 Premix Ammonium Hydroxide 1.6 1.6 Drewplus Y-381 3.6 3.6 Aquaflow 300 8.0 8.0 Aquaflow 220 15.0 15.0 Water 45.0 45.0

Letdown at low speed for 10 minutes

Total 1141 1116

Interior Acrylic

Partial Replacement of Clay and Ground CaCO

3

Interior Semi-Gloss Acrylic Paint

Partial Replacement of Microcrystalline Silica

20% to 30% of Microcrystalline Silica (MS) in semi-gloss paint can be replaced with Celatom

• ® _MW-25 Reduced cost • Equivalent Performance • Formulation

Paint ID Microcrystalline_Silica Replace 20% of MS _{with MW-25} Replace 30% of _{MS with MW-25}

Imsil A 15 25 20 17.5

Celatom® _{MW-25 - 5 7.5}

Paint Properties

% PVC 21.3 21.3 21.3

% Solids by volume 37.6 37.6 37.6

Density (kg per liter) 1.271 1.266 1.268

Stormer, KU 95 98 99 ICI, poise 1.400 1.408 1.420 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 5.7 5.8 6.6 Gloss, 60° 38.1 33.6 31.9 Sheen, 85° 64.2 54.3 49.8

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.969 0.946 0.958

L* 96.01 96.83 96.43

a* -0.22 -0.27 -0.23

b* 1.44 1.20 1.20

Scrub resistance, cycles 2581 2635 2705

Burnish resistance

Initial 60° 49.5 38.2 37.9

60° after burnish 50.2 40.1 38.8

Paint ID Microcrystalline_Silica Replace 20% of MS _{with MW-25} Replace 30% of MS _{with MW-25}

Ingredients Grams Grams Grams

Water 110.5 110.5 110.5 Natrosol 330 Plus 1.8 1.8 1.8 Premix Dowicil 3.0 3.0 3.0 Propylene Glycol 32.0 32.0 32.0 AMP 95 1.5 1.5 1.5 Strodex PK 05G 3.5 3.5 3.5 Drew L-495 1.9 1.9 1.9 Tamol 731A 7.4 7.4 7.4 Celatom® _{MW-25 - 5.0 7.5} Imsil A 15 25.0 20.0 17.5

Grind at high speed for 10 minutes

Ti Pure 746 300.0 300.0 300.0 Drew L-495 2.5 2.5 2.5 Rhoplex 530.0 530.0 530.0 Texanol 19.0 19.0 19.0 Aquaflow 220 15.0 15.0 15.0 Water 5.7 5.7 5.7

Letdown at low speed for 10 minutes

Total 1059 1059 1059

Interior Semi-Gloss

Partial Replacement of Microcrystalline

Sample Formulations

Using Celatom

®

_{DE for TiO}

2

Extension and Opacity

Example: Flat acrylic latex formulation (Simplified test formulation) •

Replace a portion of the TiO

• 2 with Celatom® LCS-3, MW-27, and CelaBrite®

PVC = 29% •

Opacity (contrast ratio) is maintained, even up to 35% replacement •

Above 15% replacement, the color (b*) becomes more yellow •

Conclusion: 5% to 10% replacement is reasonable and effective, with minimal negative effects on •

coating color, opacity, and performance.

TiO

2

Replacement by LCS-3

Sample Formulations

Formulation Paint ID a b c d e f g h i j k l m n TiO2 Replacement by LCS-3 (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 - - - -TiO2 Replacement by MW-27 or CelaBrite (%) - - - 0 2 4 6 8 10 Water 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Tamol 731A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Potassium Hydroxide 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Drew Plus 381 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Dowicil 75 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Tiona 595 17.0 16.15 15.3 14.45 13.6 12.75 11.9 11.05 17.0 16.66 16.32 15.98 15.64 15.3 Celatom® _{LCS-3 10.0 10.85 11.7 12.55 13.4 14.25 15.1 15.95 - - - - -} -Celatom® _MW-27 or CelaBrite - - - 10.0 10.34 10.68 11.02 11.36 11.7

Disperse for 15 minutes using Cowles, then add:

Water 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Ucar 367 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0

Mix for 5 minutes, then add together and mix: Acrysol RM5

associative th 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Water 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

A Graph of Sheen, Contrast Ratio, and b* vs. TiO

2

Reduction with LCS-3

Formulation Paint ID a b c d e f g h TiO2 Replacement by LCS-3 (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Paint Properties Stormer, KU 83 82 84 84 86 83 85 85 ICI, poise 1.961 1.10 1.192 1.183 1.125 1.158 1.567 1.575 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Gloss, 60° 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 Sheen, 85° 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.980 0.969 0.976 0.965 0.968 0.965 0.969 0.983

L* 94.9 94.9 94.6 94.7 94.5 94.5 94.6 94.4

a* -1.6 -1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6

b* 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4

LCS-3 Replacement Performance

TiO2 Reduction using LCS-3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 % TiO2 reduction

A Graph of Sheen, Contrast Ratio, and b* vs. TiO

2

Reduction with MW-27

Formulation Paint ID i j k l m n TiO2 Replacement by MW-27 (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Paint Properties Stormer, KU 89 86 87 86 88 89 ICI, poise 0.856 0.75 0.965 0.958 1.022 0.866 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 Gloss, 60° 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 Sheen, 85° 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.973 0.971 0.946 0.949 0.937 0.945

L* 96.39 96.44 96.49 96.69 96.20 96.21

a* -0.35 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.40 -0.39

b* 1.12 0.69 0.81 0.69 0.69 0.70

MW-27 Replacement Performance

TiO2 Reduction using MW-27

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 % TiO2 reduction

A Graph of Sheen, Contrast Ratio, and b* vs. TiO

2

Reduction with CelaBrite

Formulation Paint ID i j k l m n TiO2 Replacement by MW-27 (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Paint Properties Stormer, KU 86 85 86 84 85 85 ICI, poise 0.869 0.890 0.965 0856 0.902 0.952 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Gloss, 60° 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 Sheen, 85° 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.5

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.972 0.952 0.942 0.969 0.950 0.948

L* 96.16 95.80 95.46 96.10 95.65 95.20

a* -0.28 -0.28 -0.25 -0.13 -0.29 -0.28

b* 0.86 1.15 0.87 1.19 0.82 0.98

CelaBrite Replacement Performance

TiO2 Reduction using CelaBrite

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 % TiO2 reduction

Sample Formulations

Paint ID Ground Silica Celatom® _LCS-3

Ingredients Grams Grams

• Polymac 220-1001 455.0 455.0 • Cymel 303FL 75.0 75.0 • Tiona 595 287.0 287.0 • Eastman CAB 551 - 0.2 4.0 4.0 • PM Acetate 33.5 33.5 • Optifilm Enhancer 400 20.0 20.0 • Nacure 1051 4.0 4.0 • Minusil 30 21.0 -• Celatom® _{LCS-3 - 21.0} • Dowanol PMA 33.5 33.5 • Aromatic 150 fluid 67.0 67.0 Total 1000 1000

Metal Coil Coatings

Replacement of Ground Quartz Silica

Formulation

Paint ID Ground _Silica Celatom_LCS-3® Paint Properties Stormer, KU 74 84.3 Film Properties Gloss, 20° 86.9 61.1 Gloss, 60° 98.6 91.4 Sheen, 85° 119.8 114.4

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film (76 µm) 0.790 0.804

L* 94.86 94.78 a* -0.61 -0.72 b* -0.87 -0.45 ASTM D 4145 Flexibility 90° 90° ASTM D2794 - Impact (1.8 kg weight, 1.27 cm diameter) 10 cm 10 cm

Application: Solvent-based acid-catalyzed •

polyurethane top coat

Acid catalysis requires inert fillers with •

a neutral pH

Generally cannot use calcium carbonate • or talc Functions of Celatom • ® _{DE are similar to} ground silica Inter-coat adhesion •

Flexibility (resistance to cracking and •

chipping)

Impact resistance •

UV protection (reduced chalking) •

Advantages of Celatom

• ® _LCS-3

Longer shelf life, more stable dispersion, •

reduced hard settling

Better and more consistent brightness •

Ingredient

Purpose

Supplier

AMP 95 Dispersant Dow Chemical

Aquaflow 220 Rheology Modifier Aqualon

Aquaflow 300 Rheology Modifier Aqualon

Aromatic 150 Fluid Retarder Solvent Exxon Mobil

Attagel 50 (Attapulgite Clay) Thickener BASF

Cymel 303FL Melamine Cross Linking Agent Cytec Industries, Inc.

Diafil 575 (Diatomite) Extender World Minerals

Dowanol PMA Dibasic Ester Dow Chemical

Drew L-495 Defoamer Rohm and Haas Co

Drewplus Y-381 Defoamer Rohm and Haas Co

Eastman CAB 551-0.2 Cellulose Ester Eastman Chemical Company

Glomax LL (Calcined Clay) Extender Imerys

Imsil A15 (Silica) Pigment Unimin

Minusil 30 (Silica) Extender US Silica

Nacure 1051 Sulphonic Acid Catalyst King Industries

Natrosol 330 Plus Thickener Aqualon

Nopocide N96 Fungicide Cognis

Omya Carb 8 (Calcium Carbonate) Filler Omya

Optifilm Enhancer 400 Retarder Solvent Eastman Chemical Company

PM Acetate Solvent Eastman Chemical Company

Polymac 220-1001 Saturated Polymer Resin Hexion Specialty Chemicals

Propylene Glycol Solvent Dow Chemical

Rhoplex ML 200 Waterborne Acrylic Binder Rohm and Haas Co

Sericron 3M (Talc) Extender SMI

Strodex PK-80 Phosphate Ester Surfactant Hercules

Strodex PL 95G Phosphate Ester Surfactant Hercules

Tamol 731 Dispersant Rohm and Haas Co

Texanol Coalescent Eastman Chemical Co

Ti Pure 746 (TiO2) Pigment Dupont

Triton X-100 Non-ionic Surfactant Rohm and Haas Co

Trycol 7000 Surfactant Cognis

Ucar 367 PVA Polyvinyl Resin Dow Chemical

The table below lists the suppliers of the various

trademarked ingredients used in the sample formulations:

9785 Gateway Dr. • Suite 1000 • Reno, NV 89521 Tel: (775) 824-7600 • Fax: (775) 824-7601

Email: [email protected] www.epminerals.com