Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3747

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

3747

Founding and Former Series Editors:

Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board

Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler

University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern

ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell

Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor

Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz

University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen

University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos

New York University, NY, USA Doug Tygar

University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Moshe Y. Vardi

Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Gerhard Weikum

Carlos Alberto Maziero João Gabriel Silva

Aline Maria Santos Andrade

Flávio Morais de Assis Silva (Eds.)

Dependable

Computing

Second Latin-American Symposium, LADC 2005

Salvador, Brazil, October 25-28, 2005

Proceedings

Volume Editors Carlos Alberto Maziero

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná

Programa de Pós-Gradução em Informática Aplicada 80.215-901 Curitiba PR, Brazil

E-mail: [email protected] João Gabriel Silva

Universidade de Coimbra Dep. Eng. Informatica - Polo II

Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: [email protected]

Aline Maria Santos Andrade Flávio Morais de Assis Silva

Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)

Departamento de Ciência da Computação (DCC) Laboratório de Sistemas Distribuídos (LaSiD)

Campus de Ondina - Prédio do CPD, Av. Adhemar de Barros, S/N, CEP 40170-110, Salvador-BA, Brazil

E-mail: {aline,fassis}@ufba.br

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005933898

CR Subject Classification (1998): C.3, C.4, B.1.3, B.2.3, B.3.4, B.4.5, D.2.4, D.2.8, D.4.5, E.4, J.7

ISSN 0302-9743

ISBN-10 3-540-29572-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-29572-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Foreword

TheLatin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing, LADC, is the main Latin-American event dedicated to the discussion of the many issues related to dependability in computer systems and networks. It is a forum for researchers and practitioners (from all over the world) to present and discuss their latest results and experiences in this field.

LADC 2005, the second edition of this event, followed on the success of LADC 2003, which took place at the Polytechnic School of the University of S˜ao Paulo. It was organized by LaSiD, the Distributed Systems Laboratory associated with the Department of Computer Science of the Federal University of Bahia. LADC 2005 was sponsored by SBC, the Brazilian Computer Society, in cooperation with IEEE TC on Fault-Tolerant Computing, IFIP Working Group 10.4 “Dependable Computing and Fault-Tolerance”, SADIO, the Argentine Society for Informatics and Operations Research, SCCC, the Chilean Computer Science Society, and SMCC, the Mexican Society for Computer Science.

LADC 2005 was structured around technical sessions, keynote speeches and a panel. Two workshops were co-located with LADC 2005: WDAS (Latin-American Workshop on Dependable Automation Systems) and WTD (3rd Workshop on Theses and Dissertations on Dependable Computing). WDAS is a forum where members of academia and industry can meet to discuss specific dependability issues related to automation systems. WTD is a student forum dedicated to the discussion of ongoing and recent work in the field of dependability carried out at graduate level.

We would like to thank the LADC 2005 Organizing Committee and the sup-port staff at LaSiD for having helped us with the organizational tasks, the Steer-ing Committee for their advice, and the chairs of the technical committees for their cooperation. A special “thank you” goes to Raimundo Macˆedo and to Rog´erio de Lemos who were sources of constant support and suggestions. We are also grateful to Raimundo Macˆedo for having suggested our names to chair this symposium. Additionally, we would like to thank the invited guests, all the authors of submitted papers, the support provided by CAPES (Coordena¸c˜ao de Aperfei¸coamento de Pessoal de N´ıvel Superior), the sponsoring partners, and Springer for accepting to publish the LADC proceedings in the LNCS series.

We hope all present at LADC 2005 enjoyed the symposium and their stay in Salvador.

October 2005 Aline Maria Santos Andrade

Preface

Welcome to the proceedings of LADC 2005.

We are very proud of the high-quality program that LADC offered this year in Salvador.

It was our privilege to have the opportunity to select from such high-level papers as were submitted to LADC 2005. The profile of those submissions clearly shows that the previous (and first) LADC edition in 2003 was successful in setting a high-quality standard that all the prospective authors understood.

The 16 accepted papers, chosen from 39 submissions, laid out the guarantee of a technically very rewarding conference. The review process was very careful and selective, and we felt that our mission was that of strengthening the high-quality and international character of LADC. The accepted papers are from seven different countries, the majority of them from outside Latin America. The submitted papers had a similar profile, showing that LADC is clearly a conference that, in spite of the focus on Latin America, has a strong international visibility.

All papers were reviewed by four members of the Program Committee, and if needed by outside reviewers. The reviews were in general quite detailed, offering significant advice to the authors of accepted papers in preparing the final ver-sion, and to the authors of rejected papers in perfecting their work for a future submission. The acceptance decision was taken after a careful evaluation of all reviews, paying a very special attention to the reviews’ content and not just the proposed numerical scores.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge the enthusiastic support of the LADC Steering Committee in all steps of this process, as well as of the Brazilian Com-puter Society for hosting the web tool supporting the paper submission and selection process. A word is also in order to our institutions, the Pontif´ıcia Uni-versidade Cat´olica do Paran´a and the Universidade de Coimbra, without whose support we would not have been able to perform this task. A special thanks goes also to William Sanders and Christof Fetzer for accepting to hold the keynote presentations.

Above all, we are confident that LADC 2005 will be remembered as a tech-nically very rewarding conference, for the quality of both the papers and the discussions and contacts in Salvador.

October 2005 Carlos Maziero

Organizing Committee

General Co-chairs: Aline Maria Santos Andrade (UFBA, Brazil) Fl´avio Morais de Assis Silva (UFBA, Brazil) Program Co-chairs: Carlos Alberto Maziero (PUCPR, Brazil)

Jo˜ao Gabriel Silva (UCoimbra, Portugal) Publication Chair: George Lima (UFBA, Brazil)

Publicity Chair: Luciano Porto Barreto (UFBA, Brazil) Finance Chair: Sergio Gorender (UFBA, Brazil) Local Arrangement Co-chairs: Marcela Santana (UFBA, Brazil)

Sandro Santos Andrade (UFBA, Brazil) Registration Co-chairs: Frederico Barboza (UFBA, Brazil)

Ivo de Carvalho Peixinho (UFBA, Brazil) Tutorial Co-chairs: Elias Proc´opio Duarte Jr. (UFPR, Brazil)

Sergio Rajsbaum (UNAM, Mexico) Workshop Chair: Raul Ceretta Nunes (UFSM, Brazil) WDAS Co-chairs: Herman Augusto Lepikson (UFBA, Brazil)

Leandro Buss Becker (UFSC, Brazil) WTD Co-chairs: Avelino Zorzo (PUCRS, Brazil)

Ingrid Jansch-Pˆorto (UFRGS, Brazil) Fab´ıola Gon¸calves P. Greve (UFBA, Brazil)

Steering Committee

Francisco Brasileiro, Brazil Joni da Silva Fraga, Brazil Rog´erio de Lemos, UK Raimundo Macˆedo, Brazil Eliane Martins (Chair), Brazil

Carlos Maziero, Brazil Sergio Rajsbaum, Mexico Taisy Silva Weber, Brazil Fl´avio M. Assis Silva, Brazil

X Organization

LADC Program Committee

Pedro Mejia Alvarez, Mexico Lorenzo Alvisi, USA

Pedro d’Argenio, Argentina Jean Arlat, France

Marinho Barcellos, Brazil Andrea Bondavalli, Italy Francisco Brasileiro, Brazil Jo˜ao B. Camargo Jr., Brazil Ricardo Cayssials, Argentina Jose Contreras, Chile Mariela Curiel, Venezuela Xavier D´efago, Japan

Elmootazbellah Elnozahy, USA Joni da Silva Fraga, Brazil Paulo L´ıcio de Geus, Brazil Michel Hurfin, France Ravi Iyer, USA

Ingrid Jansch-Pˆorto, Brazil Ricardo Jim´enez-Peris, Spain

J¨org Kaiser, Germany Johan Karlsson, Sweden Kane Kim, USA

Jean-Claude Laprie, France Rog´erio de Lemos, UK Raimundo Macˆedo, Brazil Jos´e C. Maldonado, Brazil Eliane Martins, Brazil

Fernando Pedone, Switzerland Ravi Prakash, USA

Michel Raynal, France Cec´ılia M. Rubira, Brazil William H. Sanders, USA Richard Schlichting, USA Paulo Ver´ıssimo, Portugal Pedro Gil Vicente, Spain Raul Weber, Brazil Taisy Weber, Brazil

LADC External Referees

Jorge Rady Almeida Jr., Brazil Alysson Bessani, Brazil

Jos´e Eduardo Brand˜ao, Brazil Andrey Brito, Brazil

L´asaro Camargos, Brazil Julien Cartigny, Japan Mauro Fonseca, Brazil Shashidhar Gandham, USA Diogo Kropiwiec, Brazil Srikant Kuppa, USA Dorival Le˜ao, Brazil Lau Lung, Brazil

Paulo Marques, Portugal Paulo Masiero, Brazil

Carlos Maziero, Brazil Neeraj Mittal, USA Mansoor Mohsin, USA Felipe Pereira, Brazil L´ıvia Sampaio, Brazil Giuliana Santos, Brazil Rodrigo Schmidt, Switzerland Fl´avio Assis Silva, Brazil Jo˜ao Gabriel Silva, Portugal Henrique Silva, Portugal Adenilso Sim˜ao, Brazil Matthias Wiesmann, Japan

Organizer

Distributed Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Department of Computer Science (DCC), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA)

Organization XI

Sponsor

Brazilian Computer Society (SBC)

In Co-operation with

IEEE TC on Fault-Tolerant Computing

IFIP Working Group 10.4 “Dependable Computing and Fault-Tolerance” SADIO, Argentine Society for Informatics and Operations Research SCCC, Chilean Computer Science Society

Table of Contents

Invited Talks

Probabilistic Validation of Computer System Survivability

William H. Sanders . . . . 1

Timed Asynchronous Distributed Systems

Christof Fetzer . . . . 2

WLAN in Automation - More Than an Academic Exercise?

Edgar Nett. . . . 4

Evaluation

Using Stratified Sampling for Fault Injection

Regina L´ucia O. de Moraes, Eliane Martins,

Elaine C. Catapani Poletti, Naaliel Vicente Mendes . . . . 9

A Methodology for the Automated Identification of Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities in Executable Software Without Source-Code

Jo˜ao Dur˜aes, Henrique Madeira . . . . 20

Quantitative Evaluation of Distributed Algorithms Using the Neko Framework: The NekoStat Extension

Lorenzo Falai, Andrea Bondavalli, Felicita Di Giandomenico . . . . 35

Certification

Airborne Software Concerns in Civil Aviation Certification

Benedito Sakugawa, Edson Cury, Edgar Toshiro Yano . . . . 52

Modelling

A Method for Modeling and Testing Exceptions in Component-Based Software Development

Patrick Henrique da S. Brito, Camila Ribeiro Rocha,

Fernando Castor Filho, Eliane Martins, Cec´ılia M. Fischer Rubira. . 61

Verifying Fault-Tolerant Distributed Systems Using Object-Based Graph Grammars

XIV Table of Contents

The Zerberus Language: Describing the Functional Model of Dependable Real-Time Systems

Christian Buckl, Alois Knoll, Gerhard Schrott . . . . 101

Embedded Systems

Soft Error Mitigation in Cache Memories of Embedded Systems by Means of a Protected Scheme

Hamid R. Zarandi, Seyed Ghassem Miremadi . . . . 121

On the Effects of Errors During Boot

M´ario Zenha-Rela, Jo˜ao Carlos Cunha, Carlos Bruno Silva,

Lu´ıs Ferreira da Silva . . . . 131

A Fault Tolerant Approach to Object Oriented Design and Synthesis of Embedded Systems

M. Fazeli, R. Farivar, S. Hessabi, S.G. Miremadi . . . . 143

Time

Scheduling Fixed-Priority Hard Real-Time Tasks in the Presence of Faults

George Lima, Alan Burns. . . . 154

On the Monitoring Period for Fault-Tolerant Sensor Networks

Filipe Ara´ujo, Lu´ıs Rodrigues. . . . 174

Adapting Failure Detectors to Communication Network Load Fluctuations Using SNMP and Artificial Neural Nets

F´abio Lima, Raimundo Macˆedo. . . . 191

Distributed Systems Algorithms

Parsimony-Based Approach for Obtaining Resource-Efficient and Trustworthy Execution

HariGovind V. Ramasamy, Adnan Agbaria, William H. Sanders . . . . 206

Generating Fast Atomic Commit from Hyperfast Consensus

Fab´ıola Gon¸calves Pereira Greve, Jean-Pierre Le Narzul . . . . 226

Group-Based Replication of On-Line Transaction Processing Servers

A. Correia Jr., A. Sousa, L. Soares, J. Pereira, F. Moura,

Table of Contents XV

Workshops

Third Workshop on Theses and Dissertations on Dependable Computing

Avelino Zorzo, Ingrid Jansch-Pˆorto,

Fab´ıola Gon¸calves Pereira Greve. . . . 261

Latin-American Workshop on Dependable Automation Systems

Herman Augusto Lepikson, Leandro Buss Becker. . . . 262

Tutorials

Software Architectures for Dependable Systems

Rog´erio de Lemos, Paulo Asterio de Castro Guerra . . . . 263

Fault-Tolerant Techniques for Concurrent Objects

Rachid Guerraoui, Michel Raynal . . . . 265

Agreement Protocols in Environments with Temporal Uncertainties

Fab´ıola Gon¸calves Pereira Greve. . . . 266