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Module I:
Overview of Semantic Technologies and the
Semantic Web
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 2
Module I - Executive Briefing on Semantic Technologies
and the Semantic Web
[Course Day 1]
!
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© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 3
The Semantic Wave is NOT one thing … there are
differing
major streams
within it
!!
The Semantic Web
"
!
Information sharing on a global scale
"
!
Intranets vs. Internet
!!
Semantic Technology
"
!
Enhanced knowledge access and search
"
!
Semantic Interoperability
"
!
Information syndication
"
!
…
and so forth
Semantic Web: Make web content machine-readable!
“
The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data on the Web defined
and linked in a way that it can be
used by machines
not just for display
purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various
applications.
[W3C 2001] ”
“
The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is
given well-defined
meaning
, better enabling computers and people to work in
cooperation.
” [Tim Berners-Lee
et al
2001]
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 5
What could the Web do?
Can this sort of
interaction
become part of
the Web itself?
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 6
How could the Web do it?
Built-in by the Webmaster
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 7
What about XML? Doesn’t it support semantics?
!
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!
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© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 9
Gartner: All Tied Up with XML: 2001
From 2001 through 2004 enterprises spent $3 billion on modeling activities with no
return on investment from $ 2 billion of it.
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 10
A new Web of terminology
Use the same technology for mapping web pages
to terminology
to map terminology to one another
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 11
AAA Slogan -
Anyone
can say
Anything
about Any topic
Non-unique naming
“Java”
public String getContextPath() { try {
Method getContextPathMethod =
delegate.getClass().getMethod("getContextPath", null); //$NON-NLS-1$
return (String) getContextPathMethod.invoke(delegate, null); } catch (Exception e) { // ignore } return null; }
“Java”?
Programming language?
Hot Beverage?
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 13
What is Semantic Technology?
“Semantic technology (software) allows the meaning
of and associations between information to be known
and processed
at execution time
.
For a semantic technology to be truly at work within a
system, there must be a knowledge model of some
part of the world (an active
ontology
) that is used by
one or more applications at execution time.”
(((
--
TopQuadrant
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 14
Semantic Technology and the
Internet
1995
2000
2005
+ RDF,
OWL
?
+ XML
J2EE, .NET, …
Encoding
Paradigm
Creation
+ RDBMS
JSP, ASP, Java, …
Generated applying
specific templates,
used by people
Killer
Apps
•
!
Search
•
!
Content Mgmt
•
!
Web Application
Servers
•
!
Portals
•
!
Process
Integration
•
!
Web Services
Generated by
applications based on
fixed schemas, used
by applications and
people
•
!
Advisors
•
!
Personal Agents
•
!
IP Apps
•
!
Cognitive Engines
Generated by
applications based
on models, used by
applications,
devices and people
Static
Dynamic
Transactional
Semantic
HTML
CGI, Perl, ...
Hand crafted by
people for people
•
!
Browser
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 15
Contrasting the Semantic Web and Semantic
Technology Solutions
!
!
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9:;
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"
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9:6/
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"
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"
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"
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"
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"
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•
!
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•
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W3C standards for semantic models
!
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“Semantic Web is stimulating a
whole new class of applications
at individual, enterprise and web
scales”
– Eric Miller, W3C, Semantic
Technologies for eGOV’2003
www.w3.org/
www.w3.org/2001/sw
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 17
Application integration today
I+/%%a*;-"+"(.*
MySimon
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 18
How do they do it?
!
!
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'"&.$1#%%&*&+#+*\=.$1%"+6*S"+"(-+6*$.(%$&1Y*$.#+-6*
=$-(.1]X**
!
!
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Simplest kind of Application Integration – everyone
agrees on a simple representation. Just use it!
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 19
It’s supposed to be a web, after all!
Mash-ups are not the
responsibility of some
service on the web …
They are the
responsibility of the
web infrastructure!!
How does it work?
RDF
RDF – the Ultimate Mash-up
Language !!
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 21
Capability Case: Model-enabled Application Integrator
Solution Story: Geospatial Mashup in TopBraid Composer
A view of TopBraid Composer being used to connect a real estate
ontology and other RDF resources with geospatial ontologies.
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 22
CapabilityCase: Semantic Multi-Faceted Search
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 23
CapabilityCase: Semantic Multi-Faceted Search
SolutionStory: Executive Search Company
Semantic Model-driven Applications
3.4+")(*5.(/"%6%78*1'==%$#1*".F*#8=.1*%?*
';/,43>(
?+<3/6<<(@##73>,A"/<(
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 25
Capability Case: Semantic Portal
CapabilityCase:
Semantic Portal
http://del.icio.us/CapabilityCases/SemanticPortal
Intellidimension’s Semantic
Portal
Nokia’s Mobile Phones
Forum
Ontference
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 26
CapabilityCase: Semantic Portal
SolutionStory: Ontference
Integrating multiple sources of information – talk submissions,
attendee registrations, user profiles:
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 27
CapabilityCase: Semantic Data Integrator
SolutionStory: FAA Passenger Threat Analysis
Data for passenger threat analysis comes from
a wide range of heterogeneous, structured and
unstructured sources, including the FBI most
wanted list, flight details, news, public records,
and biometrics.
A solution built using Semagix Freedom allows
security personnel to assess passenger threats
while maintaining a high rate of passenger flow.
Semagix Freedom interfaces with diverse
information sources, extracts relevant
information in near real-time, and then organizes
and normalizes them based upon the ontology. It
co-relates the information from different sources
to determine possible threats. by discovering
hidden relationships between seemingly
unrelated pieces
of information.
Systems developed in different work practice settings have different
semantic structures for their data. Time-critical access to data is made
difficult by these different semantics. Semantic Data Integration allows
data to be shared and understood across these settings.
Aviation Security – Passenger Threat Analysis
Passenger Threat Analysis Console (Ontology-based Analysis)
Customer Story: Major retailer deploys customer site in
12 weeks
A web portal for consumers to maintain information about
their homes and belongings. Many different product – all
have different types of information.
JENA SDB
RDF Store
(User Data)
MySQL
JENA in-memory RDF Store
(domain model)
JENA in-memory RDF Store
(form models)
JENA in-memory RDF Store
(USER 1 data)
.
.
Generated Web UI
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 29
TopBraid Live – has an open Architecture
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 30
Graph stores
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© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 31
Comparing Semantic and Relational
RDB
Semantic Model (Ontology)
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#
!
Database must be designed
to answer the questions
#
!
Specific, typically complex,
queries must be developed
#
!
Ontology must be designed to
answer the questions
#
!
Queries can be generic and
very simple
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#
!
Inflexible:
"
!
Database structure must be
modified so it can continue
to answer the questions
"
!
Queries must be re-written
"
!
Data must be ported
#
!
Flexible:
"
!
Ontology can be easily extended
so it can continue to answer new
questions
"
!
No data porting required
8-(1,**#)7'
9:,,3'
#
!
Can be very fast with proper
tuning – mature technology:
"
!
Known optimization
approaches
#
!
Certain queries, such as multi
table joins and self joins are
known to cause problems
#
!
Not as fast, but improving,
tuning does not affect
flexibility:
"
!
Adding more processing
power and distributed
computation helps
#
!
Performs better than RDBMS
for certain query types
Key differences in the representation of relationships
RDB
Semantic Model (Ontology)
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#
!
Relationships are either 1:1,
many:1 or many:many
#
!
Many:many relationships must be
broken into many:1 relationships
by creating join tables
#
!
By default all relationships are
many:many
#
!
Functional properties and
cardinality restrictions are used to
specify 1:1, many:1 as well as other
cardinalities
#
!
It is possible to specify, for example, 1:4
or min 2, etc.
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#
!
Additional information about the
relationship is represented by the
extra columns in the join table
#
!
Relationship is reified (made into a
class)
#
!
Additional information is
represented as properties of the
class
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#
!
Implicit
#
!
Embedded in the name of the
join table or in the name of the
column
#
!
Explicit
#
!
Care is taken to name a relationship
in a way that its nature and
intentions are well understood
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 33
Properties (ST) vs. Attributes and Relations (OO)
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© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 34
Properties are first-class constructs
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*
This is not a class diagram!
!!
In contrast to most OO paradigms, where properties are
“owned” or “contained in” Classes
… and for other modelers to
reuse properties
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© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 35
In OWL, Properties may have Sub Properties
!
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(
S
T) In OWL, Classes are
inferred
or
computed
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© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 37
Properties (ST) vs. Attributes and Relations (OO)
!
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(6+11a*
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 38
Semantic Web – OO Gotchas!
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5/.*(6+11*%?*+"*%Jh.(#*(+"*(/+"7.`*
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A'6)=6.*1.#*4.4J.$1/-=*-1*(%44%"=6+(.*
*i%*,,*-"/.$-#+"(.*
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 39
How Semantic Languages Work
V$-"7*-"?%$4+)%"*#%7.#/.$*
C$+F*
3/D6.6/>6<
*?%$*?'$#/.$*=$%(.11-"7*
RDF
RDFS
OWL
What is RDF?
!
!
WC;*\
(
.1%'$(.*
@
.1($-=)%"*
A
$+4.F%$H]*-1*+"*
-"?$+1#$'(#'$.*?%$`*
"
!
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"
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"
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C-1#$-J')"7*4.#+&+#+*
RDF Triple:
Subject
Object
Massage
Predicate
offers
Safety Harbor
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 41
RDF: A distributed network of data!
offeredBy
Safety Harbor
offers
Massage
Safety Harbor offers Massage Facial offeredBy Safety HarborRDF Files: “bags of
triples”
…
…
Facial
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 42
RDFS is a schema language for RDF
WC;3*+66%F1*'1*#%*($.+#.*G%(+J'6+$-.1*
offers
Spa
rdf:type
Resort
rdfs:subClassOf
Safety Harbor
Massage
Treatment
Activity
rdfs:subClassOf
rdf:type
offers
rdfs:domain
rdfs:range
© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 43 SafetyHarbor offers Massage offers rdfs:domain Safety Harbor rdfs:subClassOf Resort Spa Spa rdf:type
