IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap

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IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap

Prepared by SMB Smart Grid Strategic Group (SG3)

June 2010; Edition 1.0

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD...6

1 Management Summary ...8

2 Introduction ... 11

2.1 General ... 11

2.2 Purpose and Scope of the Document... 11

3 Smart Grid Vision ... 12

3.1 Smart Grid Drivers ... 12

3.2 Smart Grid Definitions ... 13

3.3 Smart Grid landscape ... 14

4 IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap ... 16

4.1 Description of Work ... 16 4.2 General ... 18 4.2.1 Communication... 18 4.2.1.1 Description... 18 4.2.1.2 Requirements ... 23 4.2.1.3 Existing Standards ... 23 4.2.1.4 Gaps ... 32 4.2.1.5 Recommendation ... 32 4.2.2 Security ... 33 4.2.2.1 Description... 33 4.2.2.2 Requirements ... 34 4.2.2.3 Existing Standards ... 34 4.2.2.4 Gaps ... 35 4.2.2.5 Recommendation ... 35

4.2.3 Planning for the Smart Grid ... 36

4.2.3.1 Description... 36 4.2.3.2 Requirements ... 36 4.2.3.3 Existing Standards ... 37 4.2.3.4 Gaps ... 37 4.2.3.5 Recommendation ... 38 4.3 Specific Applications ... 38

4.3.1 Smart transmission systems, Transmission Level Applications ... 39

4.3.1.1 Description... 39

4.3.1.2 Requirements ... 40

4.3.1.3 Existing Standards ... 40

4.3.1.4 Gaps ... 41

4.3.1.5 Recommendation ... 42

4.3.2 Blackout Prevention / EMS ... 42

4.3.2.4 Gaps ... 47

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4.3.3 Advanced Distribution Management... 48 4.3.3.1 Description... 48 4.3.3.2 Requirements ... 50 4.3.3.3 Existing Standards ... 50 4.3.3.4 Gaps ... 52 4.3.3.5 Recommendation ... 54 4.3.4 Distribution Automation ... 54 4.3.4.1 Description... 54 4.3.4.2 Existing Standards ... 56 4.3.4.3 Gaps ... 57 4.3.4.4 Recommendation ... 57

4.3.5 Smart Substation Automation – Process bus ... 57

4.3.5.4 Gaps ... 63

4.3.6 Distributed Energy Resources ... 65

4.3.6.4 Gaps ... 71

4.3.6.5 Recommendations ... 72

4.3.7 Advanced Metering for Billing and Network Management... 72

4.3.7.2 Smart Grid Infrastructure... 72

4.3.7.5 Gaps ... 76

4.3.7.7 Smart Metering ... 77

4.3.8 Demand Response / Load Management ... 84

4.3.8.4 Gaps ... 87

4.3.9 Smart Home and Building Automation... 87

4.3.9.1 Description... 87 4.3.9.2 Requirements ... 88 4.3.9.3 Existing Standards ... 88 4.3.9.4 Gaps ... 89 4.3.9.5 Recommendation ... 89 4.3.10 Electric Storage ... 89 4.3.10.1 Description... 89 4.3.10.2 Requirements ... 90 4.3.10.3 Existing Standards ... 91 4.3.10.4 Gaps ... 91

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4.3.10.5 Recommendation ... 92 4.3.11 E-mobility ... 92 4.3.11.1 Description... 92 4.3.11.2 Requirements ... 92 4.3.11.3 Existing Standards ... 93 4.3.11.4 Gaps ... 95 4.3.11.5 Recommendation ... 96 4.3.12 Condition Monitoring... 96 4.3.12.1 Description... 96 4.3.12.2 Requirements ... 97 4.3.12.3 Existing Standards ... 97 4.3.12.4 Gaps ... 97 4.3.12.5 Recommendations ... 98

4.3.13 Renewable Energy Generation ... 98

4.3.13.4 Gaps ... 101

4.3.13.5 Recommendations ... 102

4.4 Other General Requirements ... 102

4.4.1 EMC ... 102

4.4.2 LV Installation ... 104

4.4.3 Object Identification, Product Classification, Properties and Documentation ... 104

4.4.4 Use Cases... 106

5 General Recommendations ... 107

6 Appendix ... 108

6.1 Appendix – Core Standards ... 108

6.2 Appendix - Overview of IEC Standards ... 109

6.2.1 SOA – IEC 62357 ... 110

6.2.2 Common Information Model (CIM) – IEC 61970 ... 111

6.2.3 Information Technology – HES – ISO/IEC 14543 ... 112

6.2.4 Information technology – Security – ISO/IEC 27001... 113

6.2.5 Electrical Relays – IEC 60255 ... 113

6.2.6 Electrical installations of buildings – IEC 60364 ... 113

6.2.7 Power-line – IEC 60495 ... 113

6.2.8 HVDC – IEC 60633 et al ... 114

6.2.9 Teleprotection equipment of power systems – IEC 60834-1 ... 114

6.2.10 Telecontrol – IEC 60870-5 ... 114

6.2.11 TASE2 – IEC 60870-6 ... 114

6.2.12 Solar voltaic – IEC 60904 et al ... 115

6.2.13 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – IEC/TR 61000... 115

6.2.14 General considerations for telecommunication services for electric power systems – IEC/TS 61085 ... 115

6.2.15 LV-protection against electric shock – IEC 61140 ... 115

6.2.16 DLMS” Distribution Line Message Specification – IEC/TR 61334 ... 115

6.2.17 Wind Turbines – IEC 61400 ... 116

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6.2.19 Hydro Power – IEC 61850-7-410 ... 119

6.2.20 DER – IEC 61850-7-420 ... 119

6.2.21 Electrical vehicle charging – IEC 61851 et al ... 119

6.2.22 Instrument transformers – IEC 61869 ... 120

6.2.23 Power electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems – IEC 61954 ... 120

6.2.24 Distribution Management – IEC 61968... 120

6.2.25 Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) – IEC 61970... 121

6.2.26 Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicles – IEC 61982 ... 121

6.2.27 Metering – IEC 62051-54 and IEC 62058-59... 121

6.2.28 COSEM – IEC 62056 ... 122

6.2.29 Fuel cell standards – IEC 62282 ... 123

6.2.30 Framework for energy market communications – IEC/TR 62325 ... 123

6.2.31 Security – IEC 62351... 124

6.2.32 IEC TR 62357... 124

6.2.33 High availability automation networks – IEC 62439 ... 126

6.2.34 Security of Control Systems – IEC 62443 ... 126

6.2.35 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors for Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles – IEC 62576 ... 126

6.2.36 Marine Power – IEC 62600 series... 127

6.2.37 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems – IEC 61508 ... 127

6.3 Appendix – Technical Committee / Subcommittee Involvement... 127

6.4 Appendix – Abbreviation... 133

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FOREWORD

Across the world many vendors, policy-makers and utilities have already, or are in the process of, implementing smart technologies into their transmission, distribution and customer systems, based on several factors such as implementing legislative and regulatory policy, realizing operational efficiencies and creating customer value. Smart Grid value realization by utility customers and society at large is, in part, linked to the pace of technology implementation that enables a secure, smart and fully connected electric grid.

Therefore, it can be said that the Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid. The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of generation and any point of consumption.

IEC – Setting global standards for Smart Grids

The IEC is the most trusted international electrical standards development organization, providing a large catalogue of extremely well focused standards. With the creation of the IEC

Smart Grid Strategic Group in 2008, it is also now seen as a 'beacon' for the electrical

industry in terms of Smart Grid. This Smart Grid Strategic Group is now providing a “one-stop shop” for the large number of Smart Grid projects that are being launched worldwide.

The IEC Smart Grid Strategic Group has also prepared a web window allowing Smart Grid projects easy access to a first release of ready-to-use standards as well as guidance to make the most of them [www.iec.ch/smartgrid].

In addition, an action plan guiding the different IEC Technical Committees towards a comprehensive set of harmonized global standards, supporting the smart grid requirements, is fully underway.

Starting point:

During its autumn 2008 meeting in São Paulo, Brazil, the IEC Standardization Management Board (SMB) approved the creation of a Smart Grid Strategic Group, which is also referred to

as IEC SG3. This group of experts from 14 nations has since developed a framework for IEC

Standardization which includes protocols and model standards to achieve interoperability of Smart Grid devices and systems and which is presented in this Roadmap document.

The Strategic Group widely engaged internal and external stakeholders, in order to offer a first release of such an IEC Standards Framework based on existing (or close to completion) IEC standards that can be used consistently for today’s projects.

Additionally, the IEC, in close coordination with the Smart Grid Strategic Group, has developed an interactive web window allowing Smart Grid Project Managers, Executives

and External SDOs, easy access to a first release of ready-to-use standards as well as

providing guidance to make the most of them.

Furthermore, SG3 is presently gathering information from actual industry ‘Use-Cases’, with the purpose of developing a target architecture which can be mapped and can aid in the development of a “Generic Reference Architecture” for Smart Grid. It is expected that this

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Generic Reference Architecture will ultimately be used by anyone who references this IEC Smart Grid Technical Reference Roadmap document.

At long last, an action plan is now in place to involve the different IEC Technical Committees in order to manage their activities towards a joint goal of providing, in successive defined steps, a set of harmonized global standards supporting the Smart Grid requirements.

Is there a need to develop new standards?

Let’s pick up the fruits already lying on the ground before grabbing the low hanging ones! The Smart Grid is broad in its scope, so the potential standards landscape is also very large and complex. However, the opportunity today is that utilities, vendors and policy-makers are actively engaged. Technology is not a barrier to adoption. The fundamental issue is organization and prioritization to focus on those first aspects which provide the greatest customer benefit towards the goal of achieving an interoperable and secure Smart Grid.

Mature standards and best practices are already available and can be easily used to facilitate Smart Grid deployment. The main problem with adoption seems to be a lack of awareness of those standards by those involved in designing Smart Grid systems at a high level and a lack of clear best practices and regulatory guidelines for applying them.

Another major issue is that Smart Grid projects need to use standards developed separately by different groups or Technical Committees. Subtly they look similar but in fact they deal with concepts at many different levels that finally do not fit together.

Ultimately, Smart Grid interoperability certification will have to be subsequently addressed. Guidelines should then be developed, including mechanisms for interoperability enforcement and, where appropriate, leverage commercial certification activities.

Long-awaited Standards Framework

The projects cannot restart from scratch each time and recreate the same discoveries and costly mistakes. In addition, vendors might limit their investments in developing new innovative products if a global market does not emerge clearly.

A framework must be able to be used universally and seamlessly as a toolkit by the industry Smart Grid project managers. Such a framework must include best practice guidelines and a suite of standards:

• Smart Grid project guidelines describing major steps that can appear common sense but are still not always implemented (Requirements, Design, Integration, Testing, Validating), and how to define the boundaries and the appropriate level of interoperability.

• A suite of standards to be used at the User Requirements level, with generic use cases. This area is the newest and therefore the development of such standards can be directed more easily.

• A suite of standards to be used at the Technical Design and Specification level, covering electrotechnical and Information Technology aspects. This is where too many standards exist, and cross-cutting compatibility must be demonstrated in great detail. The value of a framework here is to provide a catalogue of compatible guaranteed short listed standards (or parts of standards).

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IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap

The aim of this document is to draft a strategic, but nevertheless technically oriented, reference book which represents the standardization requirements for the IEC Smart Grid Roadmap based on the recent work of IEC SG3. As a living document, this roadmap will be subject to future changes, modifications and additions, (i.e. completion of the mapping of a Generic Reference Architecture for Smart Grid) and will be incorporated into future editions. This roadmap presents an inventory of existing (mostly IEC) standards, and puts them into perspective regarding the different Smart Grid applications. Gaps between actual standards and future requirements are analyzed and recommendations for evolution are presented. Nevertheless, different national and international groups have delivered input which, after review and discussion in SG3, has been integrated in this version of the Roadmap.

1 Management

Summary

Smart Grid is a term which embraces an enhancement of the power grid to accommodate the immediate challenges of the near future and provides a vision for a future power system in the long term. It is somewhat intangible in definition and relevant scope. However the main focus is on an increased observability and controllability of the power grid, including all its participating elements. This will then demand a higher level of syntactic and semantic interoperability of the various products, solutions and systems that build up a power system. Furthermore, specific requirements like long term investment security and legacy systems must be considered. These two rationales – interoperability and investment security – make it absolutely necessary to base all developments and investment on a sound framework of standards. This framework will be at the core of new developments and benefits reached through the implementation of Smart Grid. The IEC, as the only international standardization organization in the field of electrotechnical standardization, is ideally positioned to contribute to the development of Smart Grid and its beneficial effects on society as a whole.

Within the IEC, SMB Strategic Group 3 “Smart Grid” has taken on the task of coordinating the standardization work towards Smart Grid. In a first step the relevant fields are described, the new requirements are derived and existing standards as well as future gaps are summarized. In Clause 3 “Smart Grid Vision” a short definition of the Smart Grid is given. The main drivers: need for more energy; increased usage of renewable energy resources; sustainability; competitive energy prices; security of supply and aging infrastructure and workforce are named. The main elements/applications of Smart Grid are described.

In Clause 4 “IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap” the main areas of Smart Grid are investigated. Besides the general topics of communication and security the following topics are included: HVDC/FACTS; Blackout Prevention/EMS; Advanced Distribution Management; Distribution Automation; Smart Substation Automation; Distributed Energy Resources; Advanced Meter Infrastructure; Demand Response and Load Management; Smart Home and Building Automation; Electric Storage; Electromobility and Condition Monitoring.

For each of the topics, recommendations for immediate actions are defined and described. In Clause 5 “General Recommendations” the actions for the IEC as a whole are defined and described. These are:

Recommendation G-1

There is no single unified concept of what a "Smart Grid” is. Smart Grids can have multiple shapes. Furthermore legacy systems must be incorporated. Therefore existing mature domain

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communication systems should be used. The IEC should further standardize necessary interfaces and product requirements and must avoid standardizing applications and business models.

Recommendation G-2

The IEC should promote its excellent work on Smart Grid standardization. In particular, the potential of IEC/TR 62357 should be promoted. The IEC should take this chance to inform stakeholders about the possible applications of the TC 57 framework through white papers, promotions and workshops.

Recommendation G-3

Technical connection criteria are subject to standards, regulations and various local specifications. A harmonization of these criteria seems to be out of the scope of IEC standardization. General minimum requirements could be specified in TC 8, but the IEC should refrain from detailed standardization of these issues.

The IEC should seek close cooperation with stakeholders in the domain “markets”. A lot of proprietary work is done in that field. The IEC should seek close cooperation with organizations such as UN/CEFACT and UN/EDIFACT as well as other important regulatory authorities and trade associations. An investigation of the most promising market data systems must be performed. This input is vital for an extension of the Smart Grid with market information.

The IEC should acknowledge the work already done by NIST and the participants of the NIST roadmap effort. The IEC should actively offer support in the identified prioritized action fields where the IEC is involved and offer consultation in some areas, whereas NIST focuses on local or regional standards (e.g. AMI, DER) (see Figure 1).

The IEC should seek a close cooperation with the NIST roadmap activities.

The IEC can already look back at an impressive collection of standards in the field of Smart Grid. Some of these standards are considered to be core standards for any implementation of Smart Grid now and in the future.

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GID

–

Generic Interface Definition (IEC 61970-4xx)

Field Devices

CIM

-

Common Information Model

(IEC 61970-301, IEC 61968)

Support

Services

IEC 61850

Object Models

(IEC 61850-7-3, 7-4, 7-410, 7-420)

IEC 61850

Service Models

(IEC 61850-7-2 ACSI & GOOSE)

IEC 61850

Profiles &

Mapping

(IEC 61850-8 & 9, Web Services, OPC/UA)

Application Domains

Communication

Level

Fi el d Cont ro l Ce n te r

Applications and Databases

SA

(S ub sta tio n)

DER

(D istr ib ute d R es our ce s)

DA

(D is tri bu tion A ut om atio n)

CUS

(Cust ome r)

GE

N

(Gen er ati on )

Ot

her

…

..

SC

L

S ys tem Co nf igu ra tio n Lan guage ( IE C 6 18 50-6)

SEC

Se curi ty ( IE C 6 23 51 & O the r Secur ity T echn ol ogi es )

NS

M

N et w or k and S yst em M anagem en t ( IE C 6 23 51-7 ) Control Center

GID

–

Generic Interface Definition (IEC 61970-4xx)

Field Devices

CIM

-

Common Information Model

(IEC 61970-301, IEC 61968)

Support

Services

IEC 61850

Object Models

(IEC 61850-7-3, 7-4, 7-410, 7-420)

IEC 61850

Service Models

(IEC 61850-7-2 ACSI & GOOSE)

IEC 61850

Profiles &

Mapping

(IEC 61850-8 & 9, Web Services, OPC/UA)

Application Domains

Communication

Level

Fi el d Cont ro l Ce n te r

Applications and Databases

SA

(S ub sta tio n)

DER

(D istr ib ute d R es our ce s)

DA

(D is tri bu tion A ut om atio n)

CUS

(Cust ome r)

GE

N

(Gen er ati on )

Ot

her

…

..

SC

L

S ys tem Co nf igu ra tio n Lan guage ( IE C 6 18 50-6)

SEC

Se curi ty ( IE C 6 23 51 & O the r Secur ity T echn ol ogi es )

NS

M

N et w or k and S yst em M anagem en t ( IE C 6 23 51-7 ) Control Center Control centre

Cont

rol

cent

re

Figure 1 – IEC 61850 models and the Common Information Model (CIM)

These core standards include:

IEC/TR 62357 – Framework of power automation standards and description of the SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) concept

IEC 61850 – Substation automation and beyond

IEC 61970 – Energy Management System – CIM and GID definitions IEC 61968 – Distribution Management System – CIM and CIS definitions IEC 62351 – Security

The main focus of new activities are AMI (e.g. IEC 62051-62059; IEC/TR 61334); DER (e.g. IEC 61850-7-410: -420) and EV (e.g. IEC 61851). Furthermore there are areas which are not traditionally standardization topics such as market and service systems. These, however, also pose new requirements for IEC standardization. A close cooperation with the relevant organizations in these fields should be sought.

The survey has identified over 100 relevant standards and standard parts for Smart Grid. Twelve specific applications and six general topics have been analyzed. 44 recommendations for future work and actions have been defined.

The IEC, as the acknowledged international electrotechnical standardization organization, is well prepared to provide relevant standards for Smart Grid. The new challenges must be accepted. The IEC as an organization must enlarge its cooperation to sectors and organizations which have not been traditionally within the scope of the IEC. Through these

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2 Introduction

2.1 General

“Smart Grid” is one of the major trends and markets which involves the whole energy conversion chain from generation to consumer. The power flow will change from a unidirectional power flow (from centralized generation via the transmission grids and distribution grids to the customers) to a bidirectional power flow. Furthermore, the way a power system is operated changes from the hierarchical top-down approach to a distributed control.

One of the main points about Smart Grid is an increased level of observability and controllability of a complex power system. This can only be achieved by an increased level of information sharing between the individual components and sub-systems of the power system. Standardization plays a key role in providing the ability of information sharing which will be required to enable the development of new applications for a future power system.

2.2 Purpose and Scope of the Document

The following document tries to identify existing standardization and potential gaps in the IEC portfolio which will be relevant for Smart Grid implementation.

The importance of these standards will vary in their relation to Smart Grid applications. A number of standards will form a core set of standards, which will be valid or necessary for nearly all Smart Grid applications. These standards will be considered priority standards. Their further promotion and development will be a key for the IEC to provide support for Smart Grid solutions. These standards are at the core of an IEC roadmap for the standardization of Smart Grid.

Besides these priority standards, the goal will also be to provide an overview of all the IEC standards capable of serving as a base for Smart Grid. The priority of these standards will be lesser compared to the priority standards mentioned above. However the collection should be comprehensive and also provide an overview of all the standardization involved.

Furthermore a whole framework of IEC standards and a roadmap of further actions are defined in order to help the Smart Grid vision to become a reality. With this the IEC will provide a necessary precondition for Smart Grid to become accepted by the market. Since Smart Grid investments are long-term investments, it is absolutely necessary to provide the stakeholders with a fixed set of standards which will provide the base for a sustainable future investment.

Care must be taken to concentrate standardization efforts on providing additional value to the Smart Grid implementation. This will be especially true for all interoperability standards, which will help to reach the goal of increased observability and controllability of the power system. In this respect the IEC offers the absolute precondition for a further promotion of Smart Grid. On the other hand, the IEC refrains from standardization of solutions or applications itself. This would actually block innovation and the further development of Smart Grid.

Standards from other SDOs are not the focus of this roadmap. Where further cooperation with another SDO may seem necessary to provide an optimal solution, standards other than IEC standards will be specified. A path of harmonization or incorporation may be evaluated.

The IEC acknowledges the vast literature and documentation which is already available on the Smart Grid topic and, to a far lesser extent, also on the standardization of Smart Grid. One notable exception for the latter is the so-called NIST Interoperability roadmap. This effort, based on the Energy Act (2007) in the USA, is currently one of the most advanced efforts towards a comprehensive collection of standards. The IEC is supportive of most of the results

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and is ready to participate in future efforts to further develop standardization when there is international relevance.

3 Smart Grid Vision

3.1 Smart Grid Drivers

Efficient and reliable transmission and distribution of electricity is a fundamental requirement for providing societies and economics with essential energy resources.

The utilities in the industrialized countries are today in a period of change and agitation. On one hand large parts of the power grid infrastructure are reaching their designed end of life time, since a large portion of the equipment was installed in the 1960s. On the other hand there is a strong political and regulatory push for more competition and lower energy prices, more energy efficiency and an increased use of renewable energy like solar, wind, biomasses and water.

In industrialized countries the load demand has decreased or remained constant in the previous decade, whereas developing countries have shown a rapidly increasing load demand. Aging equipment, dispersed generation as well as load increase might lead to highly utilized equipment during peak load conditions. If the upgrade of the power grid should be reduced to a minimum, new ways of operating power systems have be found and established. In many countries regulators and liberalization are forcing utilities to reduce costs for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Therefore new methods (mainly based on the efforts of modern information and communication techniques) to operate power systems are required to secure a sustainable, secure and competitive energy supply.

The key market drivers behind Smart Grid solutions are: • Need for more energy

• Increased usage of renewable energy resources • Sustainability

• Competitive energy prices • Security of supply

• Ageing infrastructure and workforce

The utilities have to master the following challenges: • High power system loading

• Increasing distance between generation and load • Fluctuating renewables

• New loads (hybrid/e-cars)

• Increased use of distributed energy resources • Cost pressure

• Utility unbundling • Increased energy trading

• Transparent consumption & pricing for the consumer • Significant regulatory push

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The priority of local drivers and challenges might differ from place to place. Some examples:

China is promoting the development of Smart Grid because of the high load increase and the need to integrate renewable energy sources.

The Indian power system is characterized by high inefficiency because of high losses (technical as well as very high non-technical losses). Smart Metering and flexible power system operation will make a change for the better.

In all countries with high portion of overhead lines in the distribution grid the frequency of outages is high. The number of outages, outage duration and energy not delivered in time can be reduced by using smart grid technologies.

3.2 Smart Grid Definitions

“Smart Grid” is today used as marketing term, rather than a technical definition. For this reason there is no well defined and commonly accepted scope of what “smart” is and what it is not.

However smart technologies improve the observability and/or the controllability of the power system.

Thereby Smart Grid technologies help to convert the power grid from a static infrastructure to be operated as designed, to a flexible, “living” infrastructure operated proactively.

SG3 defines Smart Grids as the concept of modernizing the electric grid. The Smart Grid is integrating the electrical and information technologies in between any point of generation and any point of consumption.

Examples:

• Smart metering could significantly improve knowledge of what is happening in the distribution grid, which nowadays is operated rather blindly. For the transmission grid an improvement of the observability of system-wide dynamic phenomena is achieved by Wide Area Monitoring and System Integrity Protection Schemes.

• HVDC and FACTS improve the controllability of the transmission grid. Both are actuators, e.g. to control the power flow. The controllability of the distribution grid is improved by load control and automated distribution switches.

• Common to most of the Smart Grid technologies is an increased use of communication and IT technologies, including an increased interaction and integration of formerly separated systems.

European Technology Platform Smart Grid defines smart grid as follows [3]:

A SmartGrid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

A SmartGrid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies to:

• better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies;

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• provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply;

• significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system;

• deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply.

Smart Grid deployment must include not only technology, market and commercial considerations, environmental impact, regulatory framework, standardization usage, ICT (Information & Communication Technology) and migration strategy but also societal requirements and governmental edicts.

3.3 Smart Grid landscape

Smart Grid is the combination of subsets of the following elements into an integrated solution meeting the business objectives of the major players, i.e. a Smart Grid solution needs to be tailored to the users' needs (see Figure 2).

Source: NIST Smart Grid Framework 1.0 Sept 2009

Figure 2 – Conceptual model

The Smart Grid consists of the following:

• Customer / Prosumer

o Smart Consumption will enable demand response and lies at the interface

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o Local Production is currently not a large component, however it is proposed as a future driver of Smart Grid requirements.

o Smart Homes are houses which are equipped with a home automation system

that automate and enhance living. A home automation system interconnects a variety of control products for lighting, shutters and blinds, HVAC, appliances and other devices with a common network infrastructure to enable energy-efficient, economical and reliable operation of homes with increased comfort.

o Building Automation and Control System (BACS) is the brain of the building.

BACS includes the instrumentation, control and management technology for all building structures, plant, outdoor facilities and other equipment capable of automation. BACS consists of all the products and services required for automatic control including logic functions, controls, monitoring, optimization, operation, manual intervention and management, for the energy-efficient, economical and reliable operation of buildings.

• Bulk Generation

o Smart Generation will include the increased use of power electronics in order

to control harmonics, fault ride-through and fluctuating generation from renewables as well as the required increased flexibility of conventional Fossil Power Plants due to the increased fluctuation of feed from the renewables.

• Power Grid (Transmission and Distribution)

o Substation Automation & Protection is the backbone for a secure

transmission grid operation. During recent years serial bus communication has been introduced (IEC 61850). Security is based on protection schemes.

o Power Quality and Power Monitoring Systems act in a very similar way to

Quality Management Systems in companies. They are independent from Operation, Control and Management Systems and supervise all activities and assets/electrical equipments in a corresponding grid. Therefore such systems can be used as “early warning systems” and are a must to analyze faults and to find out the corresponding reasons.

o The Energy Management System (EMS) is the control centre for the Transmission Grid. Today customers require an open architecture to enable an easy IT integration and a better support to avoid blackouts (e.g. phasor measurements, visualization of the grid status, dynamic network stability analysis).

o In contrast to traditional protection devices, which protect the primary equipment (e.g. transformers) from fatal fault currents, the Decision Support

Systems and System Integrity Protection Schemes protect the power

systems from instabilities and black-outs. System Integrity Protection Schemes will enhance the target of protection devices, to protect the primary equipment (e.g. transformers) from fatal fault currents in such a way that uncontrollable chain reactions, initiated by protective actions, are avoided by limited load shedding actions.

o Power Electronics is among the “actuators” in the power grid. Systems like

HVDC and FACTS enable actual control of the power flow and can help to increase transport capacity without increasing short circuit power.

o Asset Management Systems and Condition Monitoring devices are

promising tools to optimize the OpEx and CapEx spending of utilities. Condition-based maintenance, for example, allows the reduction of maintenance costs without sacrificing reliability. Furthermore they may also be used to utilize additional transport capacity due to better cooling of primary equipment, e.g. transmission lines on winter days.

o Distribution Automation and Protection: Whereas automated operation and

remote control is state of the art for the transmission grid, mass deployment of Distribution Automation is only recently becoming more frequent, leading to “Smart Gears”. Countries like the United States of America, where overhead

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lines are frequently used, benefit most. Advanced distribution automation concepts promote automatic self configuration features, reducing outage times to a minimum (“self-healing grids”). Another step further is the use of distributed energy resources to create self-contained cells (“MicroGrids”). MicroGrids can help to assure energy supply in distribution grids even when the transmission grid has a blackout.

o The Distribution Management System (DMS) is the counterpart to the EMS and is therefore the control center for the distribution grid. In countries where outages are a frequent problem, the Outage Management System (OMS) is an important component of the DMS. Other important components are fault location and interfaces to Geographic Information Systems.

o Smart Meter is a generic term for electronic meters with a communication link.

“Advanced Metering Infrastructure” (AMI) allows remote meter configuration, dynamic tariffs, power quality monitoring and load control. Advanced systems integrate the metering infrastructure with distribution automation.

• Communication

o Communication as a whole is the backbone of Smart Grid. Only by

exchanging information on a syntactic and semantic level can the benefits of Smart Grid be achieved.

o Security of a critical infrastructure has always been an issue. However Smart

Grid solutions will see an enormous increase in the exchange of data both for observability but also for controllability. Therefore security of this data exchange and the physical components behind it will have an increased impact.

4 IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap

4.1 Description of Work

The following Clause is intended to describe the procedure taken to identify existing IEC standards and gaps, which will need new standardization activities. First of all a top-down approach is taken. As described in the preceding Clause, the descriptions of the major applications of Smart Grids are based on the Smart Grid drivers. The use cases of the applications will indicate the requirements posed by such applications and use cases. These requirements in turn will help to analyze the tasks and necessities for standardization.

An even more detailed procedure is described as requirements building blocks:

1. Capturing and describing all the functional and system management requirements of electric energy operations

• Organize operations into domains (e.g. market operations)

• Identify all functions (e.g. distribution automation, generation dispatch) that are/will be/could be used for operations

• Describe each function very briefly

• Identify key interfaces between entities for each function

• Determine all system management requirements (data management, security, etc.) for supporting each function

2. Evaluate and rate the impact of each functional and system management requirement on the design of an architecture

3. Identify and briefly assess those functions which could have significant impact on architectural designs

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This document does not focus on an elaborate function and domain analysis. This is done elsewhere. However the major findings are presented in short form. A prerequisite for determination of existing standards and standards gaps are the requirements posed by the individual functions. These are described briefly in this Clause.

Whether the requirements are met by already existing standards or by yet to be developed standards will be analyzed. Finally each Subclause will end with recommendations concerning the IEC. These recommendations may address different levels of the organization of the IEC, from the top management councils like the SMB/SB1, to the more technical work in TCs, SCs and the respective working groups.

Most of the Clause consists of a summary of applications and requirements for a future power grid with Smart Grid capabilities. First of all general requirements are investigated.

One major common requirement for most of the Smart Grid applications and use cases is a higher level of interoperability of an increased number of intelligent devices, solutions and organizations. The classical definition of interoperability is:

“The ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged.”

Therefore, interoperability includes operability and controllability of an ever more complex power grid. One main precondition for a smarter grid is intelligent devices, which are required to generate and provide the necessary information. Interoperability has different aspects which will be present in most of the applications listed below. Syntactic interoperability is the ability of two or more systems to communicate and exchange data. This is mainly done through standardized data formats and protocols and therefore is a typical domain for standardization. Much of the work of the IEC and other SDOs is concentrated on this form of interoperability. Syntactic interoperability is the precondition of a higher level of interoperability. The next step is the ability of two or more systems to automatically interpret the exchanged data. This is called semantic interoperability. To achieve this, one must accept a common information exchange reference model. This again is a major domain of standardization.

Following the remarks of the previous paragraph, communication in the above described aspects is a general requirement for all Smart Grid aspects. The increased exchange and automatic interpretation of information across all major domains of a future power net is therefore investigated in detail.

Another common requirement is security. Security is protection against danger, loss and criminal actions. Security must include provisions for actions which are intended to prevent harm. Since power grids are considered as critical infrastructures there are already many regulations and requirements through government agencies. However through the advent of Smart Grid, information exchange and the controllability of this critical infrastructure will increase significantly. Therefore Smart Grid requires a new level of cyber security, especially for these aspects.

After these general requirements the following Clauses will concentrate on 12 specific applications and requirements. These cover the main areas of Smart Grid.

Any other requirements will be analyzed later in this document. These are mainly requirements which are necessary to implement Smart Grid. However these are not specific to Smart Grid and the changes provided by Smart Grid. One example is EMC requirements, which must be fulfilled by Smart Grid solutions, but which are of course also valid for other systems.

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Organization of the individual subsystems: Each Clause describing the subsystems will follow the same structure:

• Description • Requirements • Existing Standards • Gaps

• Recommendations

First of all a short description of the applications, and if necessary some of its use cases, will be given. This is followed by the necessary requirements to cover such applications. Then – if they already exist – a number of possible candidate standards published by the IEC will be given. The remaining gaps are described and the need for new standards and the modification of existing standards are outlined. Each Subclause will end with a recommendation for the IEC.

4.2 General

4.2.1 Communication 4.2.1.1 Description

A secure, reliable and economic power supply is closely linked to a fast, efficient and dependable communications infrastructure. The planning and implementation of communications networks requires the same care as the installation of the power supply systems themselves. In a smart grid context this means the efficient integration of all components and stakeholders for a common concept. For this purpose syntactic and semantic interoperability is the challenge to be met.

In order to identify the interfaces of the involved components and stakeholders, Figure 3 describes the basic systems and their interconnection in the power utility domain.

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Source: NIST Smart Grid Framework 1.0 Sept 2009

Figure 3 – Conceptual model

From a communication point of view, each system plays the role of either supplier or consumer of information, or more typically both. In addition to this intersystem communication, these systems consist of subsystems with specific internal communications. The following paragraphs introduce the basic system including subsystems and describe the motivations for communication.

System: Bulk Generation

Generation includes all plants for bulk energy conversion into electrical power, ranging, for example, from nuclear, hydro or fossil power plants to large solar and wind farms. The plants are usually connected directly to the transmission system and provide intelligent applications such as Power System Stabilizer (PSS) functionalities.

Bulk Generation

Subsystem Communication

Process Automation In power plants process automation is applied to control and supervise the energy conversion process and provide the interface to the corresponding EMS/DMS Systems and planning systems, e.g. for generation and load schedules Substation Automation The scope of substation automation and protection is to

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protect and control the electric process and its equipment. Therefore protection and control devices exchange information about the status of the electric process. In case of abnormal conditions, an appropriate reaction is taken Intersystem Communication

Operation Information is exchanged for energy scheduling and revision planning

Markets For scheduling and trading purposes, information about the availability of power (transfer power, operating reserve) is transmitted to the market domain

System: Transmission

The transmission system of a power grid consists of electric power lines and substations in order to transmit electrical energy from generation to consumption over longer distances. For remote and local control and supervision of the transmission system, substations are equipped with substation automation systems.

Transmission

Substation Automation See Clause Substation Automation Intersystem Communication

Operation The transmission system is typically remotely controlled and supervised by a transmission system operator. Therefore information is exchanged between substations and a central EMS application. This also includes the transmission of metering information and equipment condition information for asset management applications

System: Distribution

The scope of distribution systems is the local distribution of electric power to consumers. Traditionally the power is delivered by the transmission system. Due to the trend of local generation by DER, power will be increasingly fed directly into the distribution system. In addition, the automation is extended to small transformer substations (MV to LV) in order to reduce fault clearing times by a faster fault identification.

Distribution

Substation Automation See Clause Substation Automation Distribution Automation See Clause Distribution Automation

DER See Clause DER

Intersystem Communication

Operation The distribution system is typically remotely controlled and supervised by a distribution system operator. Therefore information is exchanged between substations and a central DMS-application. Besides the transmission of metering information and equipment condition information for asset management applications, DER plants may coordinate control within a virtual power plant concept

Service Support functions for operation (e.g. forecasting for renewable generation)

Prosumers Metering, demand response and DER management require a coordinated information exchange with distribution management

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System: Operation

The operation system includes the network control centres for energy management (EMS) and distribution management systems (DMS). Also see Clause “Blackout Prevention” for EMS, section “DMS”

Operation

Substation Automation See Clause Substation Automation Distribution Automation See Clause Distribution Automation

DER See Clause DER

Bulk Generation See Intersystem Communication Bulk Generation Transmission See Intersystem Communication Transmission Distribution See Intersystem Communication Distribution

Markets For scheduling and trading purposes, information about the availability of power (transfer power, operating reserve) or order information is transmitted to or from the market system Service Support functions for operation (e.g. forecasting for

renewable generation)

Prosumers Metering, demand-site management and DER management require a coordinated information exchange between DMS and prosumer

System: Markets

In the electricity market system, electrical energy is purchased and sold as a commodity. The price of electrical energy is set by supply and demand.

In future systems market and price information will be distributed to a larger extent and to participants in the system which do not today receive price and market information. Information must be distributed online and within a far shorter time period than today. Pricing information at the consumer site may be available on an hourly or even shorter basis. The relevant standards are not within the scope of the IEC.

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Markets

Intra-Markets See Clause Markets Intersystem Communication

Operation For scheduling and trading purposes, information about the availability of power (transfer power, operating reserve) or order information is transmitted to or from the operation system

Bulk Generation For scheduling and trading purposes, information about the availability of power (transfer power, operating reserve) is transmitted from the bulk generation system

Service Support functions for markets (e.g. forecasting for renewable generation)

Prosumer For scheduling and trading purposes information about the availability of power or order information is transmitted to or from the markets system

System: Service

The service system offers potential for a wide range of new service developments. New business models may emerge due to the opportunities of the future Smart Grid. Therefore the service system will have and depend on various interfaces to other systems.

Service

The new service application shall follow a standardized way of software development in order to seamlessly fit into an overall system. The relevant standards are not within the scope of the IEC

Operation Support functions for operation (e.g. forecasting for renewable generation)

Market Support functions for markets (e.g. forecasting for renewable generation)

Prosumers Customer services (Installation, Maintenance, Billing, Home & Building Management) are quite conceivable

System: Prosumer Description

Prosumer

Subsystem Communication See Clause

HBES/BACS

Process Automation In many industries (e.g. chemical, manufacturing) process automation is applied to control and supervise not only the manufacturing process but also the energy consumption or generation

Service Support functions for operation (e.g. forecasting for renewable generation)

Operation See Clause AMI, DER

Markets For scheduling and trading purposes information about the availability of power or order information is transmitted to or from the markets system

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4.2.1.2 Requirements

From the viewpoint of Smart Grid, highly interoperable communication between all components is the major goal of smart grid communication. This means that the communication shall be based on a common semantic (data model), common syntax (protocol) and a common network concept. Therefore a convergence and a harmonization of subsystem communication shall be pursued.

General requirements are that the communication concept shall be future-proof. That means that it shall be open for future extensions regarding application fields as well as communication technologies.

The concept shall be open regarding an efficient integration of state-of-the-art components, but also open for integration of legacy communication components.

As an essential part of a critical infrastructure, the communication concept shall be deterministic, transparent and fully comprehensible at any time.

Real-time applications require system-wide time synchronization with high accuracy. In case of important and critical applications, the communication concept shall provide a high quality of service. Therefore enhanced redundancy concepts are essential.

4.2.1.3 Existing Standards

Interoperability standards

The IEC 62357 Reference Architecture (see Figure 4) addresses the communication requirements of the application in the power utility domain. Its scope is the convergence of data models, services and protocols for efficient and future-proof system integration for all applications. This framework comprises communication standards including semantic data models, services and protocols for the abovementioned intersystem and subsystem communications.

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Market Operation Apps

60870-6-503 App Services SCADA Apps EMS Apps DMS Apps _{Maintenance Apps}Engineering & External

IT Apps Data Acquisition and Control Front-End / Gateway / Proxy Server / Mapping Services / Role-based Access Control

61850-8-1 Mapping to MMS TC13 WG14 Meter Standards 61334 60870-5 101 & 104

61970 Component Interface Specification (CIS) 61968 SIDMS for Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) 61970 / 61968 Common Information Model (CIM)

Inter-Application Messaging Middleware, ebXML, and Web Services (specified in XML; mapped to appropriate protocols)

61850 Substation Devices 61850 IED Field Devices Beyond the Substation 60870-6 TASE.2 Other Control Centers 60870-5 RTUs or Substation Systems

IEDs, Relays, Meters, Switchgear, CTs, VTs

E n d-to -E nd S ec ur ity S ta ndar ds an d Re co mm endati on s ( w o rk in p rogr es s) External Systems (Symmetric client/server protocols) Specific Communication Services Mappings Specific Object Mappings Application Interfaces Equipment And System Interfaces Telecontrol Communications Media and Services

Communication Industry Standard Protocol Stacks (ISO/TCP/IP/Ethernet) XML Messaging (work in progress) Protocol Profiles XML Messaging External Systems (e.g., Substations) WAN Communications Media and Services

Field Devices

Utility Customers Energy

Market Participants Other Businesses

Application To Application (A2A) and Business To Business

(B2B) Communications Utility Service Providers N e tw or k, S ys tem, a n d D a ta Mana ge m ent (f ut ur e) TC13 WG14

*Notes: 1) Solid colors correlate different parts of protocols within the architecture.

2) Non-solid patterns represent areas that are future work, or work in progress, or related work provided by another IEC TC. 61850-7-2 ACSI 61850-7-3, 7-4 Object Models Customer Meters Peer-to-Peer 61850 over Substation bus and Process bus

60870-6-802 Object Models

60870-6-703 Protocols

Field Object Models

61850-8-1 Mapping to MMS TC13 WG14 Meter Standards 61334 TC13 WG14 Meter Standards 61334 60870-5 101 & 104

Field Devices

Field Object Models

60495 60663 60834 Market Operation Apps 60870-6-503 App Services SCADA Apps EMS Apps DMS Apps _{Maintenance Apps}Engineering & External

61850-8-1 Mapping to MMS TC13 WG14 Meter Standards 61334 60870-5 101 & 104

Field Devices

Field Object Models

61850-8-1 Mapping to MMS TC13 WG14 Meter Standards 61334 TC13 WG14 Meter Standards 61334 60870-5 101 & 104

Field Devices

Field Object Models

60495 60663 60834 60870-6 TASE.2 Other Control Centres

Figure 4 – Current TC 57 reference architecture

i)Service-oriented architecture (see Figure 5)

A modern network control system provides a service-oriented architecture with standardized process, interface and communication specifications based on standards IEC 61968 and IEC 61970. These form the basis for integrating the network control system in the enterprise service environment of the power supply company.

The services of a control system comprise:

• Data services with which, for example, the databases of the core applications can be accessed, e.g. readout of the operational equipment affected by a fault incident in the power supply system

• Functional logic services, e.g. for starting a computing program for calculating the load flow in the power supply system

• Business logic services that coordinate the business logic for specific energy management work processes of the participating systems, e.g. fault management in the network control system within the customer information system at the power supply company.

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Figure 5 – Service-oriented architecture

Flexible integration of further applications (like data concentrators for PMUs) must be ensured.

ii) Data Model

In order to survive in the deregulated energy market, power supply companies today face the urgent task of optimizing their core processes. This is the only way that they can survive in this competitive environment. The vital step here is to combine the large number of autonomous IT systems into a homogeneous IT landscape. However, conventional network control systems can only be integrated with considerable effort because they do not use uniform data standards. Network control systems with a standardized data format for source data based on the standardized Common Information Model (CIM), in accordance with IEC 61970, offer the best basis for IT integration.

The CIM defines a common language and data modeling with the object of simplifying the exchange of information between the participating systems and applications via direct interfaces. The CIM was adopted by IEC TC 57 and fast-tracked for international standardization. The standardized CIM data model offers a very large number of advantages for power suppliers and manufacturers:

• Simple data exchange for companies that are near each other

• Standardized CIM data remains stable, and data model expansions are simple to implement

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• As a result, simpler, faster and less risky upgrading of energy management systems and also, if necessary, migration to systems of other manufacturers

• The CIM application program interface creates an open application interface. The aim is to use this to interconnect the application packages of all kinds of different suppliers using “Plug and Play” to create an EMS.

The CIM forms the basis for the definition of important standard interfaces to other IT systems. The working group in IEC TC 57 plays a leading role in the further development and international standardization of IEC 61970 and the CIM. Working group WG14 (IEC 61968 Standards) in the TC 57 is responsible for standardization of interfaces between systems, especially for the power distribution area. Standardization in the outstation area is defined in IEC 61850.

With the extension of document IEC 61850 for communication to the control centre, there are overlaps in the object model between IEC 61970 and IEC 61850.

The CIM data model describes the electrical network, the connected electrical components, the additional elements and the data needed for network operation as well as the relations between these elements. The Unified Modeling Language (UML), a standardized, object-oriented method that is supported by various software tools, is used as the descriptive language. CIM is used primarily to define a common language for exchanging information via direct interfaces or an integration bus and for accessing data from various sources.

The CIM model is subdivided into packages such as basic elements, topology, generation, load model, measurement values and protection. The sole purpose of these packages is to make the model more transparent. Relations between classes may extend beyond the boundaries of packages.

iii) Protocols

Communication technology has continued to develop rapidly over the past few years and the TCP/IP protocol has also become the established network protocol standard in the power supply sector. The modern communication standards as part of the IEC 62357 reference architecture (e.g. IEC 61850) are based on TCP/IP and provide full technological benefits for the user.

IEC 61850 “Communication networks and systems in substations”

Since being published in 2004, the IEC 61850 communication standard has gained more and more relevance in the field of substation automation. It provides an effective response to the needs of the open, deregulated energy market, which requires both reliable networks and extremely flexible technology – flexible enough to adapt to the substation challenges of the next twenty years. IEC 61850 has not only taken over the drive of the communication technology of the office networking sector, but it has also adopted the best possible protocols and configurations for high functionality and reliable data transmission. Industrial Ethernet, which has been hardened for substation purposes and provides a speed of 100 Mbit/s, offers enough bandwidth to ensure reliable information exchange between IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), as well as reliable communication from an IED to a substation controller. The definition of an effective process bus offers a standardized way to digitally connect conventional as well as intelligent CTs and VTs to relays. More than just a protocol, IEC 61850 also provides benefits in the areas of engineering and maintenance, especially with respect to combining devices from different vendors.

Key features of IEC 61850

As in an actual project, the standard includes parts describing the requirements needed in substation communication, as well as parts describing the specification itself. The specification is structured as follows:

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• An object-oriented and application-specific data model focused on substation automation.

• This model includes object types representing nearly all existing equipment and functions in a substation – circuit breakers, protection functions, current and voltage transformers, waveform recordings, and many more.

• Communication services providing multiple methods for information exchange. These services cover reporting and logging of events, control of switches and functions, polling of data model information.

• Peer-to-peer communication for fast data exchange between the feeder level devices (protection devices and bay controller) is supported with GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event).

• Support of sampled value exchange. • File transfer for disturbance recordings.

• Communication services to connect primary equipment such as instrument transducers to relays.

• Decoupling of data model and communication services from specific communication technologies.

• This technology independence guarantees long-term stability for the data model and opens up the possibility to switch over to successor communication technologies. Today, the standard uses Industrial Ethernet with the following significant features:

o 100 Mbit/s bandwidth

o Non-blocking switching technology o Priority tagging for important messages o Time synchronization of 1 ms

• A common formal description code, which allows a standardized representation of a system’s data model and its links to communication services.

• This code, called SCL (Substation Configuration Description Language), covers all communication aspects according to IEC 61850. Based on XML, this code is an ideal electronic interchange format for configuration data.

• A standardized conformance test that ensures interoperability between devices. Devices must pass multiple test cases: positive tests for correctly responding to stimulation telegrams, plus several negative tests for ignoring incorrect information. • IEC 61850 offers a complete set of specifications covering all communication issues

inside a substation.

IEC 60870-5, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 5 – Transmission protocols

This standard provides a series standard for the use of information transmission in the power utility domain. Since its publication in 1994 the standard is well established worldwide in gas, water and especially electric power telecontrol applications. Therefore today a huge installed base exists.

There are three parts for telecontrol communication:

• IEC 60870-5-101, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 5-101: Transmission protocols – Companion standard for basic telecontrol tasks

• IEC 60870-5-103, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 5-103: Transmission protocols – Companion standard for the informative interface of protection equipment

• IEC 60870-5-104, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 5-104: Transmission protocols – Network access for IEC 60870-5-101 using standard transport profiles

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The parts IEC 60870-5-101 and 104 are predominantly used for the information exchange from substations to control centres but also within substations. The application fields range from primary substations (high and medium voltage level) down to secondary substations (medium to low voltage level). Because of their generic design and their pure signal oriented communication focus they can also be applied in non-electric domains. Consequently their use for communication with gas transmission and distribution substations and in water supply facilities is popular.

IEC 60870-5-104 addresses the requirement to overcome the performance limitations of serial end-to-end communication by introducing Ethernet and TCP/IP for IEC 60870-5. This allows higher transmission rates and the use of bus systems.

IEC 60870-5-103 focuses on electric protection relays. In comparison to IEC 60870-5-101 and 104 the generic data objects are clearly defined as application specific objects to represent information of protection functions. This standard is predominantly used for communication of protection relays within substations.

Due to the widespread application of IEC 60870-5, changing the current power systems to smart grids naturally poses the requirement to adopt this existing telecontrol infrastructure in order to shape smart grid functionality.

The following paragraphs show which IEC standards cover the intersystem and subsystem communication of the basic systems. In addition it is indicated which interoperability level is provided by the individual standards.

System: Bulk Generation Bulk Generation

IEC 61850, Communication