Calix 560 SBU ONT Installation
Guide
November 2007
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction...5
Overview...5 FTTH Technology Overview ...6 Voice Services ...6 Video Services ...7 Data Services ...7 Service Delivery ...7Calix Model 560 ONT ...8
ONT Enclosure ...9
Main Electronics Module (MEM) ...10
Power Supply...11
Component Locations ...11
Chapter 2: Pre-Installation Requirements...13
Overview...13
Installation Assumptions ...14
Site Preparation ...14
ONT Mounting, Access Points and Clearances ...15
UPS Mounting ...16
Proper Grounding Techniques...17
Unpacking Instructions...20
Tools Required ...20
Additional Supplies Needed ...21
Additional Grounding Supplies...21
Chapter 3: ONT Installation ...23
Overview...23
Tips on Handling Fiber Optic Cable ...23
Installation Considerations...24
Installation Procedure ...25
Mounting the ONT...25
Connecting the Earth Ground ...26
Preparing the Drop Cable ...26
Installing the Power Cable ...27
Making the Fiber Connection ...28
Installing the Main Electronics Module...30
Installing Expansion Modules ...31
Connect to Subscriber Services...31
Making Power Connections ...33
Auxiliary UPS Connections ...36
Final Set-up and Testing...37
Securing the Unit ...38
Chapter 4 Fiber Splicing Techniques ...41
Overview...41
Fiber Splicing ...41
Chapter 5 Troubleshooting...45
Overview...45
Theory of Diagnostic Operation ...45
A Word About Troubleshooting ...47
Chapter 6 Reference...49
Overview...49
Grounding the CPE...49
Grounding Options...49
Grounding Method ...50
Model 560 ONT Specifications ...56
Chapter 1
Introduction
Overview
This document is intended to provide technicians with the necessary information to unpack, properly ground, install and test a Calix Model 560 ONT.
This chapter includes a brief overview of Calix FTTH network, a description of the Model 560 ONT, the various configuration options, and components required to establish the network.
Additional technical information as well as a more detailed description of the system can be found in the following publications:
y Calix FTTH System Design Guidelines. This document discusses network
architecture options, design examples and Link Budget calculators.
y Calix F5 Installation Guide. This document covers installation and deployment of the
FTTH Technology Overview
The Calix network provides any combination of voice, video and data services for Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) networks. Signals are distributed from a central office and driven by active, powered transmitters over a fiber optic network (split up to 32 ways) to the subscriber premises without any powered signal amplification. Return signals are passively combined using optical components, without the use of powered signal amplification. The system architecture will support a 32-way passive split up to a distance of 6 miles. Distances between 6 and 11 miles are supported with a 16-way split and distances of 11 to 12.4 miles are
supported via an 8-way split.
For reference, a block diagram of the Calix GPON Architecture is provided.
Voice Services
Voice Services are provided through the flexible architecture of the F5s DACs (Digital Access Cross-connect) functionality. The shelf allows for Switched and Non-Switched T1 trunking through the Quad T1 modules. The Quad T1 modules are able to transport whole or fractional T1s as necessary. The switched services adhere to the Telcordia GR-303 standard. The GR-303 capability allows for expanded line concentration to increase the line density and still maintain industry standard blocking ratios. The Model 560 ONT receives the signal and provides POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) on binding posts for connection.
Video Services
Video Services may be provided by theses in two different formats.
RF Video
RF video is supported on a discrete path known as the VPON (Video Passive Optical Network). The origin of the video comes from an RF Video HeadEnd. The RF signal enters the optical transmitter and is multi-plexed into the GPON. The signal is converted to light and “muxed” into the voice and data network using a Course Wave Division Multiplexor (CWDM). The ONT converts the light back to the RF video signal. In this configuration, the analog video service is totally independent of the Voice/Data/Digital video service
controlled by the shelf.
Switched Video Services (SVS)
SVS is an IP video solution. The video content is digitized and combined with the voice and data traffic on the GPON. The origin of the video could be a digital feed by a content provider or another source that can provide a digital video feed. The SVS signal is sent to a data switch that combines this video signal with the data signal before forwarding it to the shelf. The shelf combines the Voice, SVS and Data and converts it to light to be sent to the ONTs via the GPON. The Model 560 sends the SVS and Data to the RJ-45 jack(s) for output to the home.
Data Services
Data Services are provided by the system through the GPON module. The module has a 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port which connects to a switch supporting the data and Switched Video Services (SVS) content. The data is converted to light and sent to the ONTs via the GPON. The Model 560 ONT converts the light back to the Ethernet signal and outputs the signal on an RJ-45 jack.
Service Delivery
The F5 transport has at its core an ATM packet engine. To assist with Quality of Service (QOS), different services are handled at different AALs (ATM Adaption Layers). Voice Service is handled at AAL2, Dedicated Services are handled at AAL1 and Data Services are handled at AAL5. The AAL5 layer incorporates prioritization of data packets, either High (1), Medium (2) or Low (3) priority. Additional features (i.e. bandwidth) are provisioned on a
Calix Model 560 ONT
The Calix Model 560 ONT provides the following primary features:
y Is designed to be mounted directly to the subscribers home (fully hardened
[weatherproof])
y Can be mounted in an internal utility room for small business applications.
y Houses the electronics that provides conversion between the fiber optic signals and
the electrical signals required by each subscriber.
y The Model 560 ONT as standard can be provisioned for up to four telephone access
lines. Additional lines may be provisioned utilizing the expansion UVG module (4 or 8 additional lines) or Quad T1 module.
Important: The Model 560 ONT is capable of supporting up to 12 binding post connections for telephone lines. In certain applications, a total of 20 lines may exist. In these cases, external termination of these lines is required.
y Telephones may be connected remotely (up to 500 feet from the unit). The 500 feet
off-premises extension capability allows for remote telephone or other accessory locations).
y All off-premises extensions require additional surge protection.
y Each CATV signal exiting the ONT is optimized to allow for a four way split (or 16
total circuits) and 50 feet of coax cable prior to reaching the device (TV, etc.)
y Power to the ONT is provided locally.
y In applications which require 8 or fewer telephony lines, a single UPS is needed to
ensure life line services can be maintained for an adequate period. For installations with 9 or more lines, an external battery pack will be required to provide the minimum 8 hours life line service.
ONT Component Descriptions
Name Description
Enclosure Complete unit. Includes Ground Bus, Splice Tray,
Fiber Management Clips, grommets, and are all pre-assembled within the unit.
Electronics Module Provides (4) Universal Voice Grade (UVG) lines of
service to the subscriber, high speed data, RF Video and Switched Digital Video to the Subscriber.
Power Supply (UPS) A separate Local Power Supply is housed external to
the ONT. In some applications, a second power supply may be required.
ONT Component Descriptions
Name Description
4 Port UVG Expansion Module
Provides (4) additional UVG lines of service to the subscriber.
8 Port UVG Expansion
Module Provides (8) additional UVG lines of service to the subscriber.
Quad T1 Expansion Module Four discrete T1 circuits can be added.
Quad Video Expansion
Module Amplifies and splits the RF Video signal into (4) individual signals.
ONT Enclosure
The Model 560 ONT enclosure is a core component of the system. It houses and protects the electronics that convert the subscriber premises electrical signals to the optical signals that are transmitted to the central office and vice versa for headend signals. The ONT has an outer and inner enclosure.
The outer enclosure has the following characteristics:
y 19.125 inches(48.58 cm) high
y 15.25 inches (38.74 cm) wide
y 4.5 inches (11.43 cm) deep
y Has a weather resistance casing to protect against wind driven rain, “sea air” and/or
dust contamination
y Incorporates two distinct levels of access: subscriber access and/or service provider
access
y It has several options for cable entrances
y It includes a fiber splice tray and tabs for securing the fiber inside the cover of the
enclosure
y It can be mounted directly on a building
The subscriber has access to all outgoing service connections including the following (located outside the secure access cover):
y Telephony connections: Tip and Ring connectors are accessible
y Video or Cable TV connections (F-Connector)
y Data connection (Ethernet [RJ-45])
y T1 Connections (RJ-45) - Optional
y Expansion UVG Connections (Tip and Ring) - Optional
Main Electronics Module (MEM)
The MEM provides the telephony, signal processing, transport and power supply circuitry for the ONT. This circuit card is mounted inside a protective electro-magnetic interference (EMI) shield, reducing the possibility of disrupting (or being disrupted by) other customer equipment.
Incoming fiber from the BPON or GPON port of the shelf is attached via an SC/APC connection mounted onto the MEM.
LEDs are built into the assembly to assist service personnel in determining component status and troubleshooting in the field (located behind the secure access cover).
Power Supply
The Model 560 ONT is designed to run on local power. A separate Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is required in order to convert either 110 VAC or 240 VAC to low voltage (48 VDC) in the ONT. A battery back-up circuit is also used to ensure lifeline services remain available during power outages. The UPS is mounted externally to the ONT, near an AC power source. In cases where many telephony lines are needed (more than 8), an external battery pack will be required. The dimensions for both UPS units is identical.
Component Locations
Components within the Calix Model 560 ONT are located as shown below.
!SECONDSYOU MUS WHEN PLUGGING ANDTWAITAT LEAST 10
UNPLUGGING THIS POWER CORD
*FEA-QUAD-UVG-440* 330106-0001 Fiber Splice Tray Inner Cover Latch (Secure) Mounting Pad
Customer Ground Mount Drop Cable
Mounting Pad Optional UVG Tip & Ring Standard Tip and Ring
Incoming Power
Outer Cover Latch
3327
Expansion Module ONT Main Electronics Module (MEM) Mounting Pad
Expansion Module
*FEA-QUAD-UVG-440*
Chapter 2
Pre-Installation Requirements
Overview
This chapter provides pre-installation instructions for the Calix Model 560 ONT and the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). Topics covered include:
y General Installation Assumptions
y Site Preparation
y ONT Mounting, Access Points, and Clearances
y UPS Mounting
y Proper Grounding Techniques
y Installation Tips
y Hardware Items Supplied
y Optional Equipment
y Unpacking Instructions
y Tools Required to Complete the Installation
Installation Assumptions
The following assumptions can be made when referring to the details of this installation:
y That the fiber optic drop cable has been buried and will enter the unit from the
ground upwards.
y That aerial drop installations are accommodated by looping the drop cable around
and underneath the unit.
y That the drop cable incorporates a metallic shield for EMI protection.
y That there is sufficient space available for mounting the uninterruptible power
supply, somewhere in the vicinity of the ONT.
Site Preparation
Before you mount an ONT to the side of the home or business, you must consider all incoming and outgoing cables or wires and where they can most easily be routed.
WARNING! It is critical that you maintain the proper airflow in and around
the ONT in its final mounted location. Only surface mount the enclosure. Do not install siding or other building material around the outside of the
enclosure. Doing so could create excessive heat and ultimately product failure.
Before making a final determination as to the enclosures location, you need to consider the proper clearances needed for swinging covers, latches or locks.
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
y Re-orient or relocate the receiving antenna.
y Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
y Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
y Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician.
y Care should be taken when handling fiber optic cable in order not to exceed
manufacturer’s stringent bend radius parameters. The use of vendor specified radius clips is highly recommended.
ONT Mounting, Access Points and Clearances
Dimensions, access points, and clearances for the Model 560 ONT are detailed in the illustration below:
UPS Mounting
The Universal Power Supply is used to provide DC power to the ONT during normal operation. The UPS also provides battery back-up to the ONT in the event a loss of primary power should occur. A rear view of the UPS mounting holes is provided below for reference.
Important: The AC power cord shipped with the UPS is 8' (2.43 M) long. Make sure a standard AC outlet is located within this distance.
11.5” (28.2 cm)
11.13” (28.27 cm)
5.0” (12.7 cm)
4.0” (10.2 cm) 2605
Note: Dimensions apply to both the standard UPS and the external battery pack (9 or more telephony lines).
Proper Grounding Techniques
WARNING! Extreme care must be taken when attaching the ground
connectors to the utility (earth) ground rod. If the ground is interrupted or disturbed in any way, an unsafe condition will exist.
The National Electrical Code (NEC), the Rural Electric Association (REA) and state/local codes require that the ONT be properly grounded. A proper ground is one that bonds the ONT to the buildings primary earth electrode. It is at this point that the power utility is also bonded. The bonding conductor used must be a #6 AWG copper or equivalent. The NEC grounding requirement stipulates that earth electrodes must conduct to earth with no more then 25 ohms of resistance. If 25 ohms can not be achieved with a single electrode a
secondary electrode must be used and bonded together using a #6 AWG copper conductor or equivalent. The secondary ground electrode must be spaced at least 8 feet away from the primary electrode. The primary and secondary electrodes, once bonded together, become the buildings primary ground point. The above named agencies do not require any additional electrodes to be installed unless the ONT is located more then 20 feet away from the buildings earth electrode.
If the ONT can not be installed within 20 feet of the building's primary earth electrode, an additional ground electrode must be provided and bonded to the primary ground point of the building. A #6 AWG copper conductor or equivalent bonding jumper must be used between the earth electrodes and the ONT.
A suitable earth electrode can be a copper clad steel rod that is driven into the earth at least 8 feet deep or a metallic cold water pipe that is under ground for a distance of at least 10 feet. If a water pipe is used as an earth electrode it must be no more then 5 feet from the outer wall that the ONT is installed on.
All ground conductors are required to provide a low impedance path to the earth electrode. The conductor must take the shortest and most direct path to the earth electrode and be free of any sharp bends. If ground conductors are to be placed inside metallic conduit they must be bonded to the conduit at both ends using a UL listed bonding type connector.
Installation Tips
WARNING! Only authorized service personnel should attempt to install
and/or repair this equipment. All problem discovery and repair procedures are detailed to allow only sub-assembly or module level repair. Due to the complexity of design, no one should attempt to make repairs at the component level or make modifications to any circuit board. Improper repairs can create a safety hazard.
Follow these tips when installing the ONT:
y Keep fiber optic cables and splicing equipment clean at all times. Use manufacturer
approved solvents and cleaning applicators. For more detailed information on Fiber
Optic Cable installation and maintenance, see Chapter 4 (see "Fiber Splicing
Techniques" on page 41).
y Take care to use the proper connectors for the application. Mismatching connectors
or the use of the wrong type of connector can result in the loss of optical power and damage to the connectors. It is absolutely critical that the ONT is connected to a known good earth ground. Failure to properly ground the unit during installation will cause loss of services.
Important: Installations which utilize off-premises telephone extensions must also incorporate a primary ground protection device for each off premises instance.
WARNING! This device does not incorporate a primary protector. If off
premises coax or telephone cable lengths exceed 140 feet (42.7 m), a listed primary protector is required per the National Electric Code.
y When routing optic fibers, be careful to avoid bending the fibers beyond the
manufacturer recommended 1” (2.54 cm) bend radius. Exceeding the bend radius can cause excess attenuation and possibly break the fiber.
y Verify all optical power levels before connections are made. If excessive loss is noted,
the use of an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) may be required.
y Clean the fiber ends before making any connections.
ALERT! A Class I laser product is used in this equipment. Use an
optical power meter to identify active fibers. Never assume laster power is turned off or that the fiber is disconnected at the other end. A protective cap or hood must be place over any radiating bulkhead receptacle or optical fiber connector.
Important: If grommets are inadvertently removed during the installation process, make certain you reseal these openings prior to leaving the site. Openings in the ONT housing can invite insects or rodents to nest inside the unit creating service delivery problems in the future.
y The electronics inside the Model 560 housing can be sensitive to electrostatic
y The ONT relies on a quality earth ground in order to process signals properly. Make sure you follow all applicable local codes for grounding.
y For subscribers using data services, it is important to remember that all data wiring
done internally to the home is true CAT5 in design.
y Fiber Optic Drop Cables (or simply drop cables) entering the ONT from
underground must be protected. Calix recommends the use of a riser tube for protecting the drop cable.
What is Included with the Model 560 ONT?
Every Model 560 ONT installation includes the following components:
y Outer enclosure, inner cover, outer cover, security screws, (4) four populated tip and
ring connectors with RJ-11 plugs attached, weather resistant grommets, a ground bus strap, Splice tray, and fiber management guides.
y (1) Main Electronics Module (MEM).
y All-in-One Local power supply converter module and Back-up UPS with input and
output power cord.
Optional Equipment
The following equipment is available separately and is not part of the standard configuration:
y Quad T1 Expansion Module
y Quad Universal Voice Grade (UVG) Module
y Octal UVG Module
y Quad Video Module (RF Video)
y Powershield 20 Amp Hour Battery
Separate installation instructions are available to assist in the installation of these components. (Shipped with the individual component).
Unpacking Instructions
The ONT comes shipped with all covers attached.
To unpack the Model 560 ONT
1. Remove the temporary fastener from the subscriber security latch on the right hand side
which keeps all the covers in place.
2. Swing the outer cover open.
3. Loosen the security screw which fastens the inner cover. Swing this cover open as well.
Tools Required
In order to install the ONT, the following tools are necessary:
y 3/8” Drill (for drilling the mounting holes).
y Drill Bits appropriate for wall anchors or fasteners of choice.
y 7/16” nut driver for securing ground strap and the Main Electronics Module (MEM).
y Reversible 5/32 and 5/16 inch combination hex pin wrench (Calix part number
100-00714).
y Wire strippers.
y Utility knife, box cutter (for unpacking).
y Coaxial connector stripper and crimper.
y Flat head and #2 Phillips Head screwdriver.
y Fiber Splicing Tools.
y Fusion Splicer for fiber optic cable.
y Carpenter’s level.
y Optical Time Domain Reflectometer capable of calibration between 1310 and
Additional Supplies Needed
You may need the following additional supplies:
y ONT mounting screws or bolts suitable for use with the material which you are
attaching to.
y Silicone sealant (for sealing entry/exit points).
y Electrical tape (for sealing buffer tube ends or wires that are not used).
y Cotton swabs (for applying silicone sealant).
y Assorted tie wraps (for securing cabling and the like).
y F-type coax cable (from CATV output port).
y Screws for mounting local power converter.
y (1) 60” p/n 12-219 Hi-cap riser pipe.
y TexWipe™ Alco pad for fiber cleaning (TX806).
y Texwipe™ cloth for fiber cleaning (TX304).
y SC/APC connectors (for fiber).
y RJ-45 Connectors (Ethernet).
y Main security bolt, padlock or other lock-out device.
y Externally mounted Tip & Ring Termination (for applications with more than 12
UVG Voice Lines).
Additional Grounding Supplies
In addition to the above items, earth grounding is essential for proper operation. The following grounding supplies may also be needed:
y (1) Sheath bonding clamp (for composite cables incorporating a metal sheath).
y (1) Earth ground rod (if not already present).
y A length of #6 gauge solid copper ground wire.
Chapter 3
ONT Installation
Overview
This chapter provides installation instructions for installing the Model 560 ONT onto the FTTH network. Final set-up and testing is also included.
ALERT! A Class I laser product is used in this equipment. Use an optical
power meter to identify active fibers. Never assume laster power is turned off or that the fiber is disconnected at the other end. A protective cap or hood must be place over any radiating bulkhead receptacle or optical fiber connector.
CAUTION! Use of controls, adjustments, or procedures other than those
specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.
Tips on Handling Fiber Optic Cable
Follow these tips when handling fiber optic cable for trouble free performance:
y When routing optic fibers, be careful to avoid bending the fibers beyond the
manufacturer recommended bend radius. Exceeding the 1” (2.54 cm) bend radius can cause excess attenuation and possibly break the fiber. The use of vendor specified radius clips is highly recommended. Refer to the list of vendors inside the front cover for information.
y Verify all optical power levels before connections are made. If excessive loss is noted,
the use of an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) may be required. Tests should be performed using the 1550 nm setting connected to the RF Video Port on the CWDM.
Installation Considerations
Note: It is assumed that the ONT has been unpacked and checked against the packing list to ensure all parts are present prior to beginning the installation.
CAUTION!It is critical that you maintain the proper airflow around the ONT
in it's final mounted location. Only surface mount the enclosure. Do not install siding or other building material around the outside of the enclosure. Doing so could create excessive heat and product failure.
Various access points are available within the housing which may or may not be used. Prior to mounting the ONT unit, you need to consider the following variables. Refer to the section on ONT Mounting, Access Points, and Clearances (see "ONT Mounting, Access Points and Clearances" on page 15) covered previously in this guide.
y Outgoing Services exit the ONT on the bottom of the unit. Do you have sufficient
conduit and/or cable management equipment to properly route the cables?
y Is there an earth ground connection available near the ONT? If not, you will need to
install the earth ground rod prior to putting the unit into service. Refer to the Reference
Section (see "Grounding Method" on page 50) for specific information on proper grounding techniques.
y What type of building material is used? Make sure you have the appropriate drills,
Board Mounting Post Fiber Management Tab Outer Cover Fiber Splice Tray Inner Cover Spiral Protective Tubing Board Mounting Post Mounting Location Ground Bus Lug Riser Pipe Grommet Incoming Local Power Grommet
All Outgoing Converged Services Exit Here (Voice, C ATV, Data )
3330
Mounting Location
Cable Management Tie-dow n Tip and Ring Pos t Board Mounting Post ONT Chassi s Board Mounting Post Mounting Location
Installation Procedure
DANGER! High voltage electrical and pressurized natural gas lines may be
present. Make sure you fully understand the locations of these and all other utility connections.
Mounting the ONT
To mount the ONT
1. Determine the location of the ONT. Plan to mount the chassis roughly at eye level for
ease of installation and service.
Connecting the Earth Ground
The Main Chassis Ground Lug for the ONT Model 560 is located on the exterior of the box in the lower left hand corner (side).
CAUTION! Extreme care must be taken when attaching the ground
connectors to the utility (earth) ground rod. If the ground is interrupted or disturbed in any way, an unsafe condition will exist.
To connect the earth ground
1. Route the earth ground wire up to the ground lug connector on the outside of the box.
2. Tighten the ground wire securely.
3. Test for transient voltages using a power meter.
Preparing the Drop Cable
To prepare the drop cable
1. Route the drop cable through the riser pipe. Make sure to leave 3 feet of exposed buffer
tube for later splicing.
2. Remove the grommet on the bottom left side of the ONT chassis and pierce the
grommet with the sharpened end of a pencil where the riser pipe will enter the unit.
Note: The rubber grommets in the bottom of the enclosure are designed to provide a seal around exiting wires/tubes. When piercing the grommet, avoid making the pierced hole too large. The grommet must stretch to the appropriate size, forming a seal.
3. Slip the grommet over the riser pipe and position the grommet roughly where it will be
attached.
4. Assemble the ground shield connector onto the drop cable.
Strength Member (Snip o ff at end of sheath ) Buffer Tube
Metal Sheathing (Runs Entire Length of Cable)
Drop Cable Clamp Slips Behind
Metal Sheathing
Slips Over Post and Secured with Nut
Nuts
Ground Strap
This Tab Mus t Pierce Sheath
5. Attach the Ground Strap to the ground shield.
6. Using electrical tape, wrap the connections just made to minimize the effects of
corrosion.
7. Push the Drop Cable Grommet into position and secure the cable to the chassis using tie
wraps.
5231 Ground Shield
Wrapped in Electrical Tape
Secure Drop Cable with Tie-Wraps Buffer Tube Drop Cable Bracket Ground Strap Attaches Here (1/4 inch nut)
Installing the Power Cable
To install the power cable
1. Pierce a hole near the back of the power supply grommet.
2. Slip the power cord through the grommet.
Note: A majority of the power cord must be threaded through the grommet. The plug on the end of the cord attaches to the MEM (to be installed in a later step) near the upper left hand corner of the chassis. Leave only enough slack to reach this distance. The remaining length (about 29’ can be coiled up and left near the unit temporarily.)
3. Route the connector end of the cable up the left hand side of the chassis and secure it
4. Slide the grommet into its channel on the ONT chassis. Trim any excess tie-wrap material.
5. Let the power cord connector hang loose temporarily.
Power Supply Connector Incoming Power Cable Tie-Wrap Power Cord Here Tie-Wrap Power Cord Here 5232
Making the Fiber Connection
To make the fiber connection
1. Remove the splice tray cover by pulling out on, popping the cover off the splice tray.
2. Remove the splice tray by removing the screw in the center of the tray.
3. Strip approximately 86” (218 cm) of fiber from the drop cable, leaving the buffer tube
intact but exposed. This will allow sufficient length to make two complete loops around the Fiber Management Tab.
5. Strip away the last 28” of buffer tube, leaving exposed, jacketed fiber.
6. Strip the 3 mm yellow jacket from the fiber so there is approximately 18” of fiber
exposed.
7. Splice the incoming fiber to a pigtail. Use quality fusion splicing equipment only.
Note: Make sure you do not exceed the manufacturers bend radius specifications for the fiber being deployed.
8. Tie wrap all fibers to the fiber management tray (holding tray upright, tie-wrap to the
left).
Important: Do not over-tighten the tie wraps which secure the fiber optic cable to the splice tray. Excessively tightened tie wraps will cause an undesirable refraction of the light, resulting in excessive signal loss.
9. Screw the fiber management tray back into the slot provided in the ONT housing.
10. Re-install the Fiber Management Tray Cover.
11. Measure the optical power exiting the fiber using an optical power meter. The GPON
fiber must have no less than -25 dB of power.
5233
Protective Sleeve Outgoing Connection
to Main Electronics Module Tie-Wraps Must
Not Pinch Fiber
Incoming Buffer Tube from Composite Cable GPON Fiber
Installing the Main Electronics Module
To install the MEM
Important: Observe all precautions for handling of electrostatic sensitive devices.
CAUTION! The back side of the MEM uses a metallic gasket designed to
protect against Electromagnetic emissions (EMI). This gasket has a sharp edge and can cut your fingers. Use care when handling the MEM. See below for an illustration of the proper handling method.
Refer to the figure belowfor completing the following steps:
1. Remove the MEM from its anti-static plastic blister pack container.
2. Orient the board with the power connector positioned in the upper left hand corner of
the board.
3. Position the board over the four mounting posts in each corner of the chassis.
4. Place the board over the posts and secure with the four captive screws mounted in the
assembly.
5. Plug in the power cord as shown. Route the power cord through the cord retainer tabs
on the left hand side of the enclosure. Leave the other end of the cord disconnected for the time being.
6. Plug in the green SC/APC connector into the board as shown. Make sure the connector is seated and secure.
7. Connect the RJ-11 phone jacks to the four ports provided on the MEM. The label
affixed to the inside cover details the location of the phone jacks.
Power Cord Connection
3332
Installing Expansion Modules
To install expansion modules
1. Refer to the appropriate installation instruction supplied with each specific expansion
module.
Connect to Subscriber Services
2. Thread the cables through appropriately sized conduit. Leave just enough extra length of all cables to secure each cable type to its intended termination point.
Note: In a typical configuration, the Model 560 ONT can accommodate (4) voice (RJ-11), (1) analog video (F-Connector) and (4) data (RJ-45) lines. Make sure the conduit chosen is big enough to accommodate a large bundle of cables. Knock-outs in the bottom of the chassis are variable in size - choose the proper one for your application.
3. Secure the conduit (if present) to the ONT unit using the knock-outs provided.
4. Connect the telephone lines from the subscriber to the colored binding posts on the
bottom right hand side of the housing.
5. Connect coaxial cable from the subscribers to the RG-59 “F” connectors on the video
board.
6. Connect the Ethernet data cables (RJ-45) from the subscribers to the Ethernet jack
located on the MEM of the Model 560 ONT.
(2) Expansion Module Slot
(4) RJ-11 Telephony Ou t (4) RJ-45 Ethernet Out (High Speed Data/SVS) (1) SC-APC Optical
Input (GPON Fiber) (1) F-Connector Video Out (To Subscriber o r Expansion Module)
5235
PO W ER PR OC ESSO R H EA LTH PO N HE AL TH TE L OFF H OO K BA TT ER Y PR ESEN T VI DE O AG C PR ESEN T PR ESEN T ST AT US ST AT US PO R T 1 LI NK 0 PO RT 4 PO R T 3 PO R T 1 PO R T 2 LI NK 1 PO R T 2 PO R T 3 LI NK 2 PO RT 4 LI NK 3
EXPANSION1 EXPANSION2 ETHERNET DATA
MODE L NUMBER: MOD-FP-56 0
GPON Fiber Connection Analog CATV Connection Data Connections Telephony Connections
Secure all Connections with Tie-Wraps
3338
Making Power Connections
Two separate UPS powering options are available for the ONT. For indoor installation, refer to the instructions below. For outdoor installations, or where more than one Model 560 ONT is to be supported, instructions can be found in the Alternate Configurations chapter.
Internally Mounted UPS
The ONT is powered via an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) located near the ONT (or in the case of multi-dwelling unit customers, the power supply may be located elsewhere). The UPS is powered via a standard 110 VAC supply.
Important: The AC power cord shipped with the UPS is 8’ (2.43 M) long. Make sure an AC outlet is available within that distance. The MEM is hot pluggable. For this purpose, an inrush current limiter is used.
3. Remove the battery temporarily.
4. Place the UPS against the wall in the desired location.
CAUTION! Do not operate the UPS in conditions outside the specified
values for temperature and humidity. Refer to the Product Data Sheet for details.
Make sure the UPS is not installed under water pipes which may leak or drip from condensation.
5. Using the keyholes as a template, mark and drill holes for (2) screw or other suitable
anchoring fasteners (not provided).
6. Insert a screw into each hole, leaving 3/16 inch (48 mm) of the screw protruding from
the wall.
7. Align the key slots on the bottom of the UPS with the screws and slide the unit down
into place.
8. Tighten the screws once the UPS is in place.
9. Replace the battery and connect the battery terminals to the UPS connector.
10. Install the AC power cord into the slot in the lower right hand corner of the power
supply. Do not plug the unit in at this time.
Important: The battery begins charging when it is connected to AC power. Four hours are required to fully charge the battery when first put into service. UPS back-up time will be reduced until the battery is fully charged. Use only a rechargeable sealed lead acid battery in this UPS.
11. Locate the DC power cord previously threaded through the ONT grommet. Strip back
the jacket of the cord 2 inches (5 cm) and dress the wires for insertion into the terminal block in the UPS.
12. Strip the insulation off each wire and attach it to each terminal strip location as shown
DANGER! The back-up battery is a rechargeable lead acid battery. The acid gel in the battery can cause chemical burns and damage equipment. Charging the battery can produce explosive gases. Using non-insulated tools may cause a short circuit, and the heat or sparks generated by the short circuit could result in burns, damage to the battery, or ignite an explosion. Rough handling may shock the battery, causing damage.
Immediately wash off any spills on your body or equipment with water. Seek medical attention if the sulfuric acid gel makes contact with your body.
Insulate metallic tools that will be used near the battery with insulating tape.
When unpacking the battery, be sure to handle it gently. Avoid tipping the battery on its side. Check that the battery is free from cracks, fractures and leaks.
Do not apply organic solvents such as paint thinner, gasoline, kerosene, benzene, or liquid detergents to the battery.
Do not charge the battery in gas tight enclosures. Keep sparks or flame away from a charging battery.
recycle the battery with automotive battery scrap at a registered recycler.
UPS Harness Wiring
Pin # Color Function
1 Brown 48 Vdc
2 Blue 48 Vdc Return
3 Black Signal Return
4 Green Operating in Battery Mode
5 Red Replace Battery Indication
6 Yellow Battery Missing (Not Connected)
7 Orange Low Battery Condition
Auxiliary UPS Connections
For ONT Model 560 deployments that utilize more than 8 POTS lines, an external battery pack may be used in order to ensure life-line services remain on for a full 8 hours.
Note: The External Battery Pack (EBP) comes with a 36 inch (91.4 cm) cable that attaches to the primary UPS. Make sure you locate the EBP within this distance.
1. Remove the battery cover by depressing the battery cover release tabs on the bottom
edge of the cover.
2. Remove the battery temporarily.
3. Place the EBP against the wall in the desired location, within 36 inches of the primary
UPS.
CAUTION! Do not operate the UPS in conditions outside the specified
values for temperature and humidity. Refer to the Product Data Sheet for details.
Make sure the UPS is not installed under water pipes which may leak or drip from condensation.
4. Using the keyholes as a template, drill holes for (2) two screws or other suitable
anchoring fasteners (not provided).
5. Insert a screw into each hole, leaving 3/16 inch (48 mm) of the screw protruding from
the wall.
6. Align the key slots on the bottom of the UPS with the screws and slide the unit down
into place.
8. Route the jumper cable to the primary UPS. Plug the cable into the primary UPS in the receptacle provided.
9. Replace the battery and connect the battery terminals to the UPS connector.
10. Re-install both covers.
PowerShield
3341
Pre-Wired Power Cord (To Primary UPS)
12 Vdc XBP Connector Battery
Connects Here
Final Set-up and Testing
1. Plug in the UPS to the premises power source. Both the green AC Power and DC Power
indicators on both UPS’s should light.
2. Return to the ONT, plug in the power cord to the MEM and view the LEDs.
A properly installed ONT Model 560 will go through a sequence of operation as follows:
y Upon power-up, the power lamp will light.
y After a short delay, Processor Health LED will light for about 1 sec.
y The Telephone Off-Hook lamp will light for about 2 seconds.
y Immediately thereafter, all lamps will light briefly.
y The Processor Health LED will light and begin blinking while it attempts to connect
y The PON Health LED will remain lit once communications are established with the headend.
y The Video ON LED will light and remain lit (assuming that a video signal is present).
Note: Each ONT that comes on line in a PON must be provisioned within the system.
ONTs may be pre-provisioned prior to installation or they may be provisioned on site. In the latter case, the installing technician must call the headend operator for provisioning. The testing scenario listed here assumes that all services are present, pre-provisioned and waiting for ONTs to be added to the PON.
If you cannot achieve this sequence of operation, turn to the Troubleshooting chapter of this manual. PO WER PRO CESSO R HEA LT H PON HEA LT H TE L O FF HOOKBATTE RY
PRESENT PRESENTSTATUS PRESENT
ST AT US PORT 1 PORT 1 PO RT 1
PORT 2PORT 3PORT 4 PORT 2 PORT 2PORT 3PORT 4
VIDEO EXPANSIONETHERNET DATA
MODE L NUMBER: MOD-FP-440
POWER PROCESSOR HEA LT H PON HEA LT H TE L OFF H O OK BA TT ER Y PRESEN T
VIDEO AGC PRESENT ST PRESENT
AT US ST AT US PORT 1 LI NK 0 PORT 4 PORT 3 PORT 1 PORT 2 LI NK 1 PORT 2 PORT 3 LI NK 2 PORT 4 LI NK 3 EXPANSION 1 EXPANSION 2
Video Services Present Battery Present Telephone Off-Hook
PON Health Processor Health
Power On
Main Electronics Module
Data Services Present
3342
Securing the Unit
Prior to putting the ONT into service, all covers must be secured.
Important: The inner cover should close quite easily. Do not force it. If the cover does not close readily, check for interference. Do not pinch cables or fiber under the cover.
To secure the ONT
1. Using the security screw tool (hex with pin wrench), tighten the inner door screw until
snug.
2. Swing the outer cover into place and secure it with the captive screw attached. (phillips
head screw)
This completes the installation of the Model 560 ONT. For provisioning of this device, or for more complete system information, refer to the F5 Installation Guide and the F5 User Guide.
Data 4 Data 3
Expansion Module (Affix Label Here)
Line 4 Line 3 Line 2 Line 1
S TANDARD SUBSCRIBER CONNECTIONS (MAIN BOARD )
EXPANSION MODULE # 2
FIBERPOINT 560 EXPANSION MODULE CONNECTIONS
D AT A OU T TELEPHONY OU T
Tested to Comply with FCC Standards
MODE L FIBERPOINT - MDU
FOR HOME OR OFFICE USE
CATV 4
Data 4
Expansion Module (Affix Label Here)
Line 4 Line 3 Line 2 Line 1
S TANDARD SUBSCRIBER CONNECTIONS (MAIN BOARD )
FIBERPOINT 440 EXPANSION MODULE CONNECTIONS
TELEPHONY OU T
CUS TOMER WIRING INSTRUCTIONS
1. Using appropriate materials (per local code), route the station wire through any access hole in the lower floor of the enclosure. 2. Locate appropriate customer access wiring bridge.
WARNING: To avoid electric shock, Complies with 21 CFR Subchapter J Parts 1010 and 1040 R UL Line 4 Line 2 Line 3 Line 1 RED REDGRNREDGRN GRNREDGRN
Data 2 Data 1 C ATV 1 EXPANSION MODULE # 1 VIDEO OUT 1 2 3 4 Subscriber Connections Reference Numbers
(Telephone Number, IP Address) Data Out (Main Board)
Telephony Out (Main Board )
Expansion Module One
Expansion Module Tw o CATV 3 CATV 2 CATV 1 VIDEO OUT Data 3 Data 2 Data 1 D AT A OU T
Model: FiberPoint - MDU
WARNING: AUTHORIZED SE R VICE PROVIDER ACCESS ONLY. ELECTRICAL SHOC K COULD OCCUR. 2336
Chapter 4
Fiber Splicing Techniques
Overview
In order to minimize optical link budget losses, it is recommended that all fiber splices be completed with the utmost care.
Following the suggestions below will provide you the basic building blocks for properly fused splices.
Fiber Splicing
Important: Calix strongly suggests that all fiber splices be fusion splices. Purchase of a quality fusion splicer is highly recommended.
ALERT! A Class I laser product is used in this equipment. Use an optical
power meter to identify active fibers. Never assume laser power is turned off or that the fiber is disconnected at either end.
A protective cap or hood must be placed over any radiating bulkhead receptacle or optical fiber connector.
Jacket Preparation
Remove the jacket, buffer tubes and strength member using a wire stripper or cutting pliers. The plastic buffer coating should be removed with a high quality wire stripper.
Fiber Preparation
Proper preparation of the fiber end face is critical to any fiber optic connection.
Perpendicularity and end finish must be within allowable tolerances in order to minimize signal loss at these connections. A divergence of as little as 2° from perpendicular should be considered unacceptable. The end finish should have a smooth, mirror-like finish free of blemishes, hackles, lips and burrs.
Ends should be prepared using the scribe and break method. Holding the fiber under slight pressure, run the cutting tool across the stationary fiber at perpendicular. Properly done, the cleave produces a perpendicular, mirror-like finish without hackles or lips. If major flaws are noticed, the process must be repeated. Inspect the fiber end under a microscope to ensure proper finish.
Note: Small scratches on the face or small pits on the outside rim of the cladding are common and should be considered acceptable. Fusion splicer readings and experience more than anything will determine the definition of “small”.
Prior to putting the fiber ends into the fusion splicer, clean each end with pure optical grade isopropyl alcohol and a lint free pad such as Texwipe™ Alco Pad or Texwipe™ Cloth. Making the Splice
In the field, the GPON fibers must have SC/APC connectors (these connector assemblies must be purchased separately) spliced onto the fiber ends for connection to the Main Electronics Module inside the ONT.
Insert both ends of the fiber to be spliced into the fusion splicer and follow the instructions as recommended by the manufacturer. Inspect the connection in the built-in viewer. The connection should appear to be seamless. Ensure that the signal loss on the display is .05 db or less. Coil the successful splice inside the splice tray, taking care not to exceed the bend radius parameters of the cable.
Cleaning Fiber Optic Connectors
Note: The process described here should not be applied routinely. This procedure should only be performed in cases where degraded performance of the assembly is noted or their is evidence of contamination. Excessive cleaning may actually increase the likelihood of fiber contamination.
Materials used for cleaning fiber-optic devices should be consistent with the function. Wiping cloths should be made of lint free, non-abrasive materials. Cotton swabs should have a tightly wrapped tip and be talcum-free. Pure optical grade isopropyl alcohol is the recommended solvent for cleaning connector tips. For removing dust from receptacles, a canned
compressed gas is recommended. Cleaning Procedures
To clean a fiber connection
1. Remove any accumulated dust or debris from the connector by blowing off the
cylindrical and end-face surfaces of the connector using the compressed gas.
2. Use a pad or a wipe saturated with optical-grade isopropyl alcohol to gently wipe the
cylindrical and end-face surfaces.
3. Use compressed gas to blow dry the connector surfaces or allow them to air dry.
4. Avoid touching the connector surfaces after cleaning. If the connector is not going to be
used, it should be covered with a dust cap to prevent contamination. Handling of APC Connectors
Although ruggedly constructed, fiber connectors must be handled with care when inserting the SC/APC connector into the MEM. Follow these tips for making secure, long lasting connections:
y After removing the protective cap, make sure the fiber end remains clean and moisture
free.
y Insert the connector into the bulkhead fitting by grasping the rigid plastic fitting directly
behind the fiber output shroud. The connection is fully seated when you hear it snap (“click”) into place.
y Never attempt to insert the connector by gripping the white or green flexible shroud.
This may cause the fiber to kink in the jacket, introducing unwanted noise to the line.
Bulkhead Fitting Remove Protective Cap
Flexible Shroud (Do not grasp here)
Chapter 5
Troubleshooting
Overview
The Model 560 ONT has several built in diagnostics functions which assist the installer in determining the nature of most abnormal conditions.
This chapter details these diagnostic routines and provides a table to assist the installer in troubleshooting.
Theory of Diagnostic Operation
When power is first applied to the ONT, the LEDs located on the MEM will indicate the status of each component within the unit as it goes through its start-up routine.
PO WER PON HEA LT H TE L O FF H O OK BA TTE RY PRESEN T
VIDEO AGC PRESENT PRESENT
ST AT U S ST AT US PO RT 1 LI NK 1 PO RT 1 PO RT 2 LI NK 2 PO RT 2 PO RT 3 LI NK 3 PO RT 4 LI NK 4
EXPANSION1 EXPANSION2 ETHERNET DATA
Video Signal Presen t
PRO C ESSO R HEA LTH Battery Indicator Telephone O ff-Hook PON Health Processor Health Power Indicator
Expansion Module Status
Expansion Module Status Ethernet Port Status
The table below lists each LED in the system.
First Segment
Power On: DC Power Applied to the Main Electronics Module
Off: No power present (No battery power either)
Processor Health Blink:The MEM is loaded and operating (heartbeat)
On: Malfunction of the MEM
Off: Malfunction of the MEM
PON Health Blink: The ONT has downstream sync and is currently
attempting to range (sync up with) the upstream path.
On: The ONT has ranged (upstream and downstream)
and is communication with the headend.
Off: The ONT has not achieved downstream
synchronization.
Tel Off Hook On: One or more of the POTS lines are off-hook.
Off: No POTS lines are in use (off-hook).
Battery Present Blink: A battery is connected to the MEM and the battery
is powering the ONT.
On: A battery is connected to the MEM and AC power is
powering the ONT.
Off: No battery is connected to the MEM and AC power
is powering the ONT.
Video AGC On: The video signal is within acceptable levels.
Blink: The video signal is too high.
Off: The video signal is off or too low.
2nd and 3rd Segments (Expansion Modules)
Present On: An Expansion Module is plugged in.
Off: No Expansion Module is present.
Status On: The Expansion Module is functioning.
Off: A malfunction to an Expansion Module has
occurred.
Port 1 (UVG)* On: At least one POTS line is off-hook.
2nd and 3rd Segments (Expansion Modules)
Port 2-4 (UVG)* On: Not applicable - this LED not functional in this
release.
Off: Not applicable - this LED not functional in this
release.
Port 1-4 (T1) On: Port is provisioned and running.
Off: The port is not provisioned.
Port 1-4 (Quad
Video) On:Off: Port is provisioned and running. The port is not provisioned.
4th Segment (Ethernet Data)
Port 1-4 On: Ethernet data is connected to the appropriate port.
Off: No data transmission is possible (No IP, no handshake).
* The LED in the Port 1 position indicates the status of any of the UVG ports (4 or 8, depending on module installed). LED Ports 2-4 are not used in this configuration (no LED is installed on the card).
A Word about Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting a communications device is simple if you keep the following basic principles in mind:
y Anytime you have a random or intermittent problem, it is best to consider the simplest
solutions first. Often, a loose connection can cause intermittent failures.
y The ONT processes three discrete signals - Voice, Data and Video. A failure of any of
these signals at the headend will result in a loss of service to a cluster of subscribers, not just four. Conversely, communications problems that affect only four subscribers most always involve troubleshooting at the ONT, not the headend.
y If there are no visible indications of trouble at the ONT (for example, LEDs showing the
normal status), the problem is probably at the Central Office.
y The CMS Software which monitors the status of every ONT in the system has
considerable diagnostic ability. Monitoring the operation of the ONT via this software will often lead you directly to the root cause.
Use the flow chart below to assist in determining the root cause of any ONT failure. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Replace ONT Services Restored? Local Power LED On? Yes
Check for input powe r. Replace UP S as required. Contact Central Office Is the ONT functioning properly? Is the ONT Provisioned? Is the ONT Connected? Is there power to the ONT? No No No No No +48 VDC Out? Yes Replace UPS Unit Check all Connections Provision ONT No No
Check AC Power Levels Levels OK?
Yes
Check Optical Inputs. Inputs Correct? Correct Input Problem or call Central Office No No Correct Input Problem No
Check Video Inputs. Inputs Correct?
Yes No
Yes
Yes
Chapter 6
Reference
Overview
This appendix includes valuable reference information to assist you in installing a Model 560 ONT:
y Grounding the CPE
y 500-Series ONT Specifications
y ONT Power/Mechanical Specifications
Grounding the CPE
This section provides information for installing a proper ground for Calix’s Customer
Premises Equipment (CPE), which includes various models of the ONT. This document also provides NEC requirements for installing a ground.
Grounding Options
The grounding requirements for various ONT models differ depending on where the unit is installed. Exterior mounted ONTs require a direct bond to the buildings primary earth electrode. For internally mounted ONTs, or ONTs which do not incorporate the Calix enclosure, It is allowable to connect to the buildings electrical ground circuit.
External Mount Grounding Requirements
When the Main Electronics Module is mounted outside the premises, the National Electrical Code (NEC), the Rural Electric Association (REA) and state/local codes require that the MEM be properly grounded. In this application, a proper ground is one that bonds the module to the buildings primary earth electrode. Extreme care must be taken when attaching the ground connectors to the utility (earth) ground rod. If the ground is interrupted or disturbed in any way, an unsafe condition will exist.
Internal Mount Grounding Requirements
The primary method of grounding in this application will be to bond the mounting bracket to the homes electrical ground circuit. It is at this point that the power utility is also bonded. The bonding conductor used must be a # 14 AWG copper or equivalent.
Grounding Method
NEC and Grounding
A very important aspect of ONT installation is to comply with the National Electric Code (NEC), as well as all state and local codes. Article 800 of the NEC requires the ONT to be grounded according to Article 250.56 of the code. To be properly grounded, the ONT must be directly bonded to the building’s AC utilities earth ground electrode using a #6 AWG copper conductor. The earth electrode can be a metallic cold water pipe or a copper clad steel rod that has been driven into the ground to a depth of at least 8 feet. Metallic cold water pipes that run under ground for a distance of at least 10 feet are considered the best ground electrodes. The NEC requires that if cold water pipes are used they must be within 5 feet of the outside wall that the ONT has been mounted on.
In the event that the ONT is installed more than 20 feet from the building AC utility earth ground electrode, a suitable secondary ground electrode must be provided. The secondary ground must be bonded to the building’s primary earth electrode. A bonding jumper of #6 AWG copper must be used between the two electrodes.
Grounding Purpose
Providing proper grounding to the ONT has two different perspectives. First of all grounding provides for the safety of the intended user and maintenance personnel. The grounding requirements of the NEC do provide a degree of safety in the event that the outer metallic case of the protected device should become energized by a current carrying
conductor. In this event, the grounded case would cause the over current device to trip thereby removing the power to the device.
The second aspect of proper grounding is for the protection and survivability of the
electronics equipment. High voltage spikes that are present during electrical storms and static buildup on power utility lines have been known to cause a great deal of damage to electronic equipment. When the voltage potentials reach sufficient amplitude, flashovers take place. In most cases, damage is caused by the super heating present during the flashover. The high voltage potentials that are induced into AC utility conductors and communications cables during electrical storms are of a wavelength that approaches the RF spectrum. To be
effective in the discharging of induced RF energy, grounding conductors must provide a low impedance path to earth. Keeping conductors as short as possible and using the most direct path, free of sharp bends, will help to lower the impedance of the ground circuit.
Note: Grounding conductors should never be placed inside a metallic conduit unless bonded at both ends of the conduit so that the conduit itself becomes the conductor.
Testing the Earth Electrode
The earth electrode is the bonding or connection point to the earth. The most common earth electrodes are ground rods, metallic cold water pipes, underground grids and water wells that use steel pipe. The ability of a grounding system to safely dissipate unwanted or harmful potentials into the earth, depends on the total resistance of the electrode, the resistance between the conducting surface of the electrode and the conducting surface of the soil that it is in. The conductivity of the earth near and around the grounding system depends on the chemical makeup and ambient moisture content of the soil.
The testing of an electrode measures the effectiveness of the earth electrode to provide electrical contact with the earth. The lower that the resistance to the earth is, the more effective the ground system will be in dissipating energy safely.
To understand the testing procedure of an earth electrode, one must first understand some of the principles of ground conductivity. The earth acts like it is made up of layers that bear a resemblance to an onion. Like an onion, the earth is made up of expanding sections or peels (layers). An electrode placed into the earth radiates current in all directions along the surface of each of these layers.
Ground Bond #6 AWG UL Listed Clamp Earth Electrode Earth Layers 5229
As the layers extend outward from the electrode, their surface area becomes larger compared to the layers nearest the electrode. The resistance of each of layer decreases in relation to the amount of surface area. From a starting point next to the earth electrode, the resistance measurement to earth will increase with distance. The amount of resistance increase due to distance will taper off at some point. As the distance from the electrode increases, the
resistance to earth does not increase. As more measurements are taken beyond this point, the amount of resistance to earth will start to increase again.
AC Voltage Source
Volt/Ohm Meter
Test Rod “P” Test Rod “C”
Earth
5225
The test setup uses an Earth Resistance Megger to determine the resistance of an earth electrode. Grounding system tests are commonly made with a “full of potential” test set. Within the test set is a AC current source, a voltage meter and a number of test terminal binding posts. The AC voltmeter inside of the test set reads out directly in Ohms of resistance. By reading the voltage drop across a current path and applying Ohms Law, the total resistance of the ground plus the surface resistance of the earth electrode to the surrounding ground can be measured.
Full-of-Potential Testing Method
The “Full-of-Potential Method” sometimes referred to as the “Three Terminal Method”, is the most commonly accepted way to measure the total resistance of a grounded earth electrode. Providing that the measured resistance at the conclusion of the test meets the
An earth resistance megger is a test set used to make resistance measurements of earth electrodes. An AC voltage is applied across two electrodes that have been placed into the ground and at a distance apart from each other. As current passes through the ground
between the electrodes, a voltage can be measured at a point between the electrodes. The test set provides an internal voltage meter to accommodate this measurement. The voltage reading taken by the test set is converted to Ohms of Resistance by using Ohms Law. (R=E/I).
The test starts with connecting the megger to the earth electrode that is to be tested. A second test electrode is placed into the ground at a distance out and away from the outer current electrode that is under test. The distance between the electrode being tested and the outer current electrode may be limited to the physical characteristic of the surrounding area or the length of the test conductor being used. It is not uncommon for the outer electrodes to be spaced at 100 feet. A third test electrode is used as a probe and placed into the ground at a number of points that are along a line between the outer electrodes. Each time the test probe is placed into the ground, a resistance reading is taken and recorded. A simple resistance curve is then plotted (See ‘Figure R-3: Plotted Curve’). At about 60% of the
distance between the earth electrode under test and the outer current electrode, the resistance over distance does not continue to increase. It is at this point that the resistance
measurement taken is most accurate.
In cases when the outer current electrode is placed too close to the earth electrode that is under test, the earth shells that surround each electrode will overlap each other. Resistance readings taken when earth shells overlap will be very inconsistent and for the most part erroneous. As resistance measurements are taken and plotted, a curve of increasing resistance over distance will accumulate. The resistance curve will not flatten out.
Most earth megger test sets will indicate the presence of stray electrical currents in the ground. Resistance measurements taken under such a condition should not be relied on as accurate. The source of the electrical currents should be identified and eliminated if possible. The presence of electrical currents in or near a ground system will compromise the overall integrity of the grounding system.
Calix recommends that the testing of grounds should be placed on a preventative
maintenance schedule to insure the maximum safety possible. Maintenance records should be kept of each CPE installation. In some locations, extremely high earth ground resistance is present. In these locations, chemicals that lower earth resistance can be added to the earth that surrounds the electrode. This type of treatment must be done on a scheduled
maintenance routine complete with resistance records.
10 20
30
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
R
e
sist
ance (
O
hm
s)
Distance (Feet)
5226Model 560 ONT Specifications
The following specifications pertain to all Model 560 ONT models:
Environmental Interfaces
Ambient
Operating Temp
-40° to 114° F -40° tp 46° C
Data Interface 10/100 BaseT Ethernet ports (auto-sensing). Shipping and Storage Temperature -40° to 140° F -40° tp 60° C Connector Type RJ-45 Rate of change (per hour) 15° F(8.3° C) Data Rate 64 Kbps to 65 Mbps sustained. 100 Mbps burst. Operating Relative Humidity 0-95% non-condensing.
Drop Length 328 feet (100 M) Maximum with CAT5 cable.
Storage Relative Humidity
0-95% non-condensing.
Video RF Analog/Digital ports via F-connector (RG-58) Altitude -200 to 10,000 feet
(sea level).
PON Single 9/125 µm single mode fiber. SC-APC connector. Minimum 55 dB return loss.
Miscellaneous Salt, Fog Resistant, Wind Driven Rain Protection, Anti-dust Enclosure.
Voice/Data PON - Optical Input Voice/Data PON - Optical Output
Nominal Wavelength 1490 nm Nominal Wavelength 1310 nm Minimum Wavelength 1480 nm Minimum Wavelength 1260 nm Maximum Wavelength 1500 nm Maximum Wavelength 1360 nm Minimum Signal Strength
-25 dBm Minimum Optical Output Power
-1 dBm Maximum Signal
Strength
-3 dBm Maximum Optical Output Power
Video PON - Optical Input Video PON - Analog RF Output
Nominal Wavelength
1555 nm Nominal Impedance 75 ohm Minimum Wavelength 1550 nm Minimum Bandwidth 54 MHz Maximum Wavelength 1560 nm Maximum Bandwidth 550 MHz Minimum Signal Strength
-5 dBm Minimum Return Loss 10 dB Maximum