How To Get The Most Out Of Your Computer (For Free)

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SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATICS AND MANAGEMENT

VIDEO ON DEMAND

: :

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1 __________________________________________________ 5 2 E ________________________________________ 8 2.1 , , _______________________________ 8 2.2 ____________________________________________ 9 2.3 VoD _________________________________ 11 3 VoD ____________________ 13 3.1 _____________________________________________ 15 3.2 __________________ 16 3.3 _________________________________________ 17

3.4 Set Top Box___________________________________________________ 19 3.5 _____________________________________________________ 23 3.5.1 MPEG___________________________________________________ 24 3.5.2 JPEG ___________________________________________________ 26 3.5.3 Streaming Apple Quick Time_______________________________ 26

3.6 ________________________________________ 29

3.6.1 ______________________________________________ 29 3.6.2 _________________________________________ 32

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3.7.1 Batching _________________________________________________ 37 3.7.2 Delayed Batching/ Straggered Broadcasting______________________ 38 3.7.3 Segmentized Broadcasting ___________________________________ 39 3.7.4 Piggybacking _____________________________________________ 40 3.7.5 Interval Caching ___________________________________________ 41 3.7.6 Asynchronous Multicasting __________________________________ 42 3.7.7 Stream Tapping ___________________________________________ 43 4 - _______________________________________ 46

5 (Quality of Services, QoS)______________ 49

6 VoD ________________________________ 53

6.1 Time Warner __________________________________________________ 53 6.2 British Telecom ________________________________________________ 55 6.3 Berkeley Distributed VoD system___________________________________ 58 6.4 Embedded Interactive Video Server (EIVIS) __________________________ 60 6.5 Diamond _____________________________________________________ 61 6.6 VoD ____________________________________ 62 6.6.1 _______________________________________________________________63 6.6.2 ______________________________________________63 7 _____________________________________________ 64 8 ______________________________________________ 66

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video (VOD-Video on Demand ). µ µ video µ µ µ ' . , , video video µ . µ µ µ , µ µ µµ µ µµ . µ (set-top box) µ µ µ µ video. , µ (buffer) µ µ . video VoD . µ µ video µ µ .

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µ , µ µ , µ µ , µ µ µ , µ , µ µ , µ µ . , video µ , VoD .

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1.

. . V, . video-dvd

(video clubs) , video-dvd players,

. VoD (Video on Demand)

,

.

VoD (Video on Demand)

real time. ATM

.

video, servers, .

video ,

(set-top box)

(buffer) stream video.

.

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VoD . (bandwidth). ’ bandwidth. video (QoS). : 2 , VoD, VoD . 3 : VoD , , , . video . 4 : 5 : (Quality of Service).

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6 :

VoD.

7-8

VoD

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2.

2.1

,

VoD video , . : • , . • , . • , video, • , . • . • video. , VoD :

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• : . • : (PC) . • : video . • : . • : . • : VoD . VoD , , . dvd.

2.2

: • Broadcast (no-VoD): TV, .

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• Pay-Per-View (PPV):

. TV.

• Quasi Video-on-Demand (Q-VoD):

.

• Near Video-on-Demand (N-VoD):

• True Video-on-Demand (T-VoD):

• Adaptive Video-on-Demand: . PPV Q-VoD . N-VoD T-VoD. N-VoD video - . x ( 5 ), .

pause, forward reverse .

x, 2x .

T-VoD

, .

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. T-VoD .

2.3

VoD

VoD . : • o . o 24 . • o . o . • o . o , . • o . •

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o

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3.

VoD

, : . VoD, servers . , . , , . VoD

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servers buffers video. buffers .

buffers .

VoD servers buffers

VoD servers

,

. ,

, server,

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VoD

3.1

VoD real time

. ,

(video, , ).

VoD ,

.

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, connection-oriented.

3.2

:

• ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

• DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus)

• 100 Mbps Ethernet

ATM (Asynchronous

Transfer Mode). O (ATM)

(packet switching) (circuit

switching).

.

– (cells),

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. bandwidth . ATM: 1. , . 2. delay-sensitive 3. ( , , )

3.3

, :

• ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscriber Loop):

. H (twisted pair). , downstream 1.536 Mbps, upstream 16Kbps ISDN . " " ( ) µ

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MPEG . 5.5 Km , . . ADSL HDSL 1.544 Mbps. • HFC: (coaxial) 750 MHz µ . . • CATV: , . . , .

• SONET (Synchronous Optical Network):

,

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51.84 Mbps

.

• DSS (Direct Broadcast Satellites):

VoD . . , VoD, ADSL CATV , SONET .

3.4 SET TOP BOX

Set top Box, Video,

Video standard

. (set top box)

Video,

(rewind, fast forward), (pause),

(slow motion) . video real time.

, .

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, pc . chip . , , . , ( ), , (non-interlaced), , interface internet. . . .

, set top box

. , . (interlaced), , internet. interface ( )

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server . . VoD . marketing ( pc). VoD pc. , ,

video, PAL ,NTSC SECAM

,

interface .

.

. CPU, RAM, I/O,

MPEG .

chip

( .)

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H set top box VoD video . 500kb RAM MPEG-2, . , , ROM. . Java , .

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3.5

video . VoD , video . video . – (coders-encoders)

(set-top box). video , real time

, real

time , .

MPEG, JPEG, DVI,

Quick Time, RealVideo.

, , . , . , , . ( ) ( ).

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3.5.1 MPEG

MPEG.

Motion Pictures Expert Group. MPEG

: MPEG-1: 1993. MPEG-1 CD-ROM. 200 320 Kbps cd, bit rate 1.15 1.2 Mbps. VCR. 26:1. MPEG-2: MPEG-2 1994. studio 4 6 Mbps MPEG-3, , TV . MPEG-2 , 2 9 Mbps stream , . MPEG-4: bandwidth: 4.8 64 Kbps. . . MPEG-7: multimedia . MPEG-4

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, . MPEG-1 MPEG-2 , . MPEG-2, MPEG-1, . MPEG-1, video . MPEG-2 MPEG-1 : • interleaved . • (stream) MPEG . • format , HDTV.

• bandwidth (data streams).

• aspect ratio. MPEG-2 (720 480 30 frames/sec 15 Mbps). MPEG-2 . MPEG-2 (DSB), (CAVT) (HDTV).

3.5.2 JPEG

JPEG .

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group

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full-color (24 bit)

gray-scale (real-world scenes),

( bit/pixel), (video). JPEG , . JPEG , . JPEG , . , .

3.5.3 STREAMING

APPLE QUICK TIME

STREAMING

«Streaming» . « » , video-. ) QuickTime server.

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real-time streaming web. «streaming»

, .

streaming:

Unicast Streams : , streams,

server , . streams, . unicast . video- . Multicast Streams : multicast ip , . video . LAN.

Reflected multicasts streams: streams

unicast streams.

Streaming

streaming

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. web. multicasting . video. , web-site.

APPLE QUICK TIME

To QuickTime Apple Video- . To QuickTime . , , frames, . QuickTime

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Quick Time RTP (Real

Time Protocol), HTTP FTP,

real time. HTTP FTP, RTP

,

real time ( – buffering).

. QuickTime player.

3.6

server VoD , , server . VoD , . , .

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3.6.1

VoD . . , RAM, DVD . . – . video, robots, (tape drives) . streams , robot, . , ( n , n ).

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. backup . - DVD. DVD 4GB, MPEG-2. , DVD . - . (10msec), (10MB/sec) GB), . . striping ( ). .

RAM - RAM. RAM

bus . E

, .

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.

3.6.2

: 1. (disk farm) ,o . , , . 2. (disk array)

RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks),

, 0

0, 1 1, , n-1 n-1.

, , n 0, .

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3.6.2.1

Data Replication , . , , . stream . , . ’ , : Data Replication ’ 4 , C , . ( , )

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, .

.

3.6.2.2

Striped Retrieval

striping bytes, (sectors)

(tracks). striping , 1 1 . M ( stream stream ), n ( n ) . buffer, .

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Split-Stripe Retrieval Stripped Retrieval buffer, . , , (stripe) j 1 x k x+1 n ( n: ). split-stripe . Split-Retrieval Cyclic Retrieval (Cyclic Retrieval) stripe ( ), striping – :

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Cyclic Retrieval striping stream ( ) . , buffer stripe retrieval , buffer ( striping ). server. ’ buffer , (

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3.7

video server µ µ µ

µ ( streams ) µ server. video

servers µ µ (stream) µ , µ µ µ µ µ µ . video servers: • Batching ( µ ) • Delayed Batching ( µ µ ) / Staggered Broadcasting ( µ µ ) • Segmentized Broadcasting ( µ µ µ ) • Piggybacking ( ) • Interval Caching ( µ µ ) • Asynchronous multicasting ( µ ) • Stream Tapping ( µ )

3.7.1 BATCHING

batching, video video , µ ( . ) µ video µ . , , video

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µ -1 video. µ µ video VoD server µ µ . µ µ video server µ , µ µ . µ µ µ .

3.7.2 DELAYED BATCHING / STAGGERED BROADCASTING

delayed batching staggered broadcasting

µ µ µ

batching. µ V o D s er v er

µ µ

µ (group)

µ .

µ delayed batching, video

µ , µ . µ µ staggered broadcasting, µ streams video µ µ , µ . µ µ'

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. µ µ

µ .

, delayed batching staggered broadcasting

µ µ µ µ video, µ

µ µ video

µ µ .

3.7.3 SEGMENTIZED BROADCASTING

segmentized broadcasting µ µ µ

µ (Pyramid broadcasting), µ (Skyscraper

broadcasting) µ µ (Harmonic broadcasting).

µ µ video ' stream, video µ µ µ µ µ µ µ . µ µ µ µ µ µ , µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ video . µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ

staggered broadcasting µ ,

set-top-box. set-top-box . µ µ

µ µ µ , µ µ µ

µ video

buffer µ µ µ

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, µ µ µ video.

3.7.4 PIGGYBACKING

piggybacking, µ µ video ±5% ( ) µ . µ µ video, µ µ µ µ . µ µ µ piggybacking. µ . µ µ , µ 10 . µ µ VoD server µ µ video µ , video, .

3.7.5 INTERVAL CACHING

interval caching o VoD server µ µ

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µ µ (intervals of data) µ streams video. µ µ µ µ µ ) µ VoD server µ . . VoD , µ µ µ µ , µ µ . Dan Sitaram µ VoD servers µ 300 µ , µ µ µ µ 20 µ 40 µ video. µ 5-10% . interval caching µ . µ µ µ VoD server µ µ µ .

3.7.6 ASYNCHRONOUS MULTICASTING

asynchronous multicasting '

µ µ (multicast group) video,

video . VoD server µ

video µ µ µ µ µ ,

µ µ µ µ µ

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µµ multicast group , µ µ µ µ µ ' µ (buffer) µ µ µ µ µ µ µ . µ µ µ µ , µ µ µ µ video µ . µ µ µ video µ -1) video µµ multicast . µ =3 =6, µ µ 18 µ video, µ µ video 12 . µ µ , µ , . asynchronous multicasting stream tapping ( ) .

stream tapping video ,

,

buffer ,

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3.7.7.

(STREAM TAPPING)

µ stream tapping µ µ µ µ . µ µ µ µ µ video , µ µ µ " ". , µ video video µ' . µ µ stream tapping µ µ , µ µ µ µ µ video. , µ . , µ (set-top-box) µ µ µ µ (buffer) µ . µ stream tapping µ . µ µ , µ µ µ video µ . , video µ stream tapping µ µ . , µ video µ . µ µ µ .

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µ µ µ

µ µ µ 10 µ

video, stream tapping µ 600

µ video 300 µ

10 . µ 30 ,

µ µ 600 µ

.

µ stream tapping asynchronous multicasting

µ µ . stream tapping video µ µ , µ µ , µ µ , µ µ µ µ . , stream tapping µ µ , µ µ , µ stream tapping µ 80% µ video. µ µ , µ µ µ µ µ (broadcasting) , stream tapping , µ µ .

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4.

-

, VoD

video.

(Quality of Service - QoS)

. : q . VoD . , , . q video. µ µ . : • • µ , µ

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µ . stream , µ µ . µ µ µ µ , 10 . q . . . q . , . q . QoS. .

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q . server VoD , q Back up files back up files .

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5.

(QoS)

VoD . (QoS) . . (Quality of Service - QoS)

(objective) (subjective). q . q .

video end-to-end QoS

video server (end-users).

QoS video

:

§ (image size),

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§ (reliability) . QoS : § , § . QoS : § bandwidth, § , § jitter § loss rate. : § CPU, § (utilisation), § (buffering mechanisms), § . , :

§ frame rate benefit function

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§ synchronisation benefit function

audio/video synchronisation skew . video QoS : § , § . VoD QoS . ( . Internet), . QoS, . VoD : q (setup time). ( ) ( ). q .

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.

q .

.

q .

( fast forward, reverse, .)

VCR. q . . , video audio, . QoS

VoD , , (server), (network),

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6.

VoD

, 1990-2000 , Video on Demand. .

6.1 Time Warner

, Time Warner

Cable, Scientific-Atlanta, AT&T, SGI, Toshiba

Orlando (Florida) 1994.

VoD, .

MPEG . bitrate

3.5 Mbits/s video. AT&Ts switch

45 Mbits/s. 8 SGI Indigos servers 16

SGI Vaults 1.5 TeraBytes .

ATM VPI/VCI

AAL5. ,

Reed- Solomon 64 QAM.

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set-top

box. online .

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6.2 British Telecom

British Telecom VoD

. BT , . 1994 70 BT. : • Fiber access

• Copper pair access • Radio Access . . . . BT ADSL 2Mbps MPEG VoD . MPEG , , video .

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video . CCITT ETSI standards

. ADSL

. 6 m (

) .

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ADSL . “radio DP” , 29Ghz . User interface set-top box . set-top box BT interface VCR. . set-top

Apple Macintosh Mac

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Video server video server. : • ( ) • ( interface ). • Interface ( ). video server Unix . 70 . : 60*2 Mbps= 120 Mbps. 70 (70*3600*2 Mbits)/8 = 63 Gbytes. 100 . server .

6.3 Berkeley Distributed VoD System

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Digital Equipment Corporation, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Intel, MICRO, NEC Corporation, (NSF) MIP-90-14940, Philips Research, Siemens, and Starlight Networks video on demand , , . ( robot-tape jukeboxes) .

Berkeley Distributed Video on Demand

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video file server. ,

,

, caching ,

media.

Video Database Browser. Internet

internet browser.

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6.4 Embedded Interactive Video Server (EIVIS)

:

Dassault Electronique (F), Becker Flugfunkwerk (D), GMD (D), Hyperparallel Technologies (F), Sistemas Expertos (E), Iberia Lineas Aéreas de España (E), RENFE (E)

VoD . , VoD servers. . , , . .

6.5 DIAMOND

:

Octacon Ltd, NorthWest Labs, Screenphones, University of Strathclyde, University of Teesside, Philips Research Laboratories, Tampere University, Helsinki Telephone Company, Netherlandse Philips Bedrijven.

Diamond ( multimedia

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Video-on-Demand . / , . " " . Diamond ADSL .

6.6

VoD

6.6.1

Video on Demand Real. RealServer 8 .

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,

Real Player. video on demand server

, (NOCs).

6.7

Video on Demand video server . " " . . , video server . 2 servers: (video encoder) (video server). unicasting multicasting . . unicasting (300 Kbps, 100 Kbps, 37 Kbps) .

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, .

. 300 Kbps, 100 Kbps) ,

dialup .

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7.

Video On Demand . , , , , video clubs. Video On Demand , . VoD connection-oriented . bandwidth . µ µ µµ µ µµ ADSL µ . , , (set-top box) MPEG-2 video. server, . ,

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RAM. (RAID)(disk array) (striping). µ µ video µ . µ µ µ µ (Stream Tapping) µ µ µ . video (QoS) , .

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8.

:

• "An Overview of Interactive Video On Demand System" Miranda Ko, Irene Koo

• " "

µ ,

• " " Andrew S. Tanenbaum

• "Multimedia communications networks. Technologies and services", Mallikarjun Tatipamula, Bhumip Khasnabish

• "Improving bandwidth efficiency of video-on-demand servers", Steven W. Carter and D. E. Long

• "Video on Demand", • "Video on Demand", , , , , 2001 • "Video ", , , 1999 • "Video on Demand", , , , , 1999

• "Usability of communication performance models. A

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• "Dynamic batching policies for an on-demand video server" Asit Dan, Dinkar Sitaram, Perwez Shahabuddin. Multimedia Systems, Springer-Verlag 1996

URLs:

• Video on Demand: A Survey

http://fiddle.visc.vt.edu/courses/ee4984/Projects1996/huoponen_w agner/huoponen_wagner.html

• An Optimal Network Scheme for On-demand Video Distribution with Asynchronous Multicasting

http://www.ipsj.or.jp/members/Journal/Eng/4412/article026.html • Video on Demand http://vod.grnet.gr/vod.htm • Video on Demand www.cs.tut.fi/tlt/stuff/vod/VoDOverview/vod.html • Video-on-Demand Overview http://www.cs.tut.fi/tlt/stuff/vod/VoDOverview/vod1.html • Time Warner http://www.twcol.com/ • – VoD http://www.noc.uth.gr/vod/index_r.htm • http://www.syzefxis.gov.gr

• Quicktime Conferencing, Apple Computer, Inc.

http://quicktime.apple.com/qtconf.html • MPEG Standards

http://vod.isl.goldstar.co.kr/doc/mpeg/mpeg.html

• Fuzzycast: Efficient Video-on-Demand over Multicast

www.ieee-infocom.org/2002/papers/473.pdf • Video on Demand over IP

h71028www7.hp.com/enterprise/downloads/VOD%20over%20IP% 20solution%20brief.pdf

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portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=823656

• Improving Bandwidth Efficiency on Video on Demand Servers

portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=312361

• A Mobile Agent-Activated Middleware for Video on Demand

www.ipsj.or.jp/members/journal/jpn/4311/article007.html • Video-on-Demand Broadcasting Protocols

www.cgl.uwaterlou.ca/~gpoirier/cs860/vod.htm

• Zero-Delay Broadcasting Protocols for Video on Demand