MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING

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FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF

REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING

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Management Considerations

for Successf ul Implementation

of Reduced Impac t Log ging

PROJECT ITTO PD 110/01 REV.4 (I) :

“PROGRAM TO FACILITATE AND PROMOTE ADOPTION OF REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING (RIL) IN INDONESIA

AND THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION”

Executing Agency Executing Agency :

Center for Forestry Education and Training Forestry Department of Republic of Indonesia

Jl. Gunung Batu, P.O. Box. 141 Bogor 16610, Indonesia

Phone : (0251) 312841 / 313622 / 337742 Fax : (0251) 323565

E-mail : [email protected] Bogor, September 2006

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ISBN : 979-97847-0-0

This publication is intended for widespread use and distribution. All

parts of this document may be reproduced to advance the adoption of

improved forest practices, providing the Tropical Forest Foundation is

acknowledged as the source. Digital copies of all or part of this manual

can obtained from the Tropical Forest Foundation upon payment of a

dupplication and handling charge.

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia

Telephone: (62-21) 573 5589, Fax. (62-21) 5790 2925

E-mail : [email protected]

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Author :

Art Klassen

Editor :

Hasbillah

Design Layout : Mario Ekaroza

September, 2006

Prepared for ITTO Project PD 110 / 01 Rev. 4 (I)

for Successf ul Implementation of

Reduced Impac t Log gi ng

Forestry Departement REPUBLIK OF INDONESIA

TROPICAL FOREST FOUNDATION

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FOREWORD

F o re w o rd

This manual is the ﬁ fth in a series of technical manuals intended to provide clear, guidance on the implementation of a Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) management strategy in the lowland and hill Dipterocarp forests of Indonesia.

“Management Considerations for Successful Implementation

of Reduced Impact Logging”,

goes beyond the technical aspects of RIL into the much more crucial domain of Management. This manual provides a synthesis of how the policies and practices of a forest management concession, fundamentally infl uences the fi nal outcome of the technical aspects of RIL. In this over-arching perspective, the role of Management is often the most fundamental and infl uential factor in determining whether a forest management unit can succeed at implementing improved forest management as defi ned by an RIL standard.

This is the ﬁ nal manual on RIL developed by the Tropical Forest Foundation with

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F o re w o rd

funds provided by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO).

Preceding manuals in this RIL Technical Procedures series include:

1. “Technical Procedures for Topographic Forest Surveys

and Tree Mapping”. In this ﬁ rst manual, we provide a

step-by-step procedure for collecting inventory and contour data in order to produce accurate tree position and contour maps for operational planning.

2. “Planning Considerations for Reduced Impact Logging”,

Explores the various considerations and standards which should be taken into account when planning logging activities under an RIL regime. The manual takes the reader through the recommended steps for preparing a site-speciﬁ c logging plan.

3. “Operational Considerations for Reduced Impact

Logging”, spans the operational activities from opening the

forest, through the felling, bucking, and skidding process, through to the ﬁ nal deactivation of skid trails. A special section on utilization focuses on the issue of logging waste: its causes and suggestions for solutions.

4. “Planning, Location, Survey, Construction &

Maintenance for Low-Impact Forest Roads”. This is

a special, stand-alone manual which focuses on the broad spectrum of activities associated with the planning, location, construction and maintenance of a forest road network. The emphasis is on impact reduction. The underlying theme of the manual is that impact costs money and, conversely, less impact results in savings.

These manuals have been prepared by the Tropical Forest Foundation under a funding grant from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The executing agency for this grant is the Centre for Forestry Education and Training (CFET) with implementation activities shared by TFF and CFET.

Critical comments and suggestions for improvements are welcomed. Please address your correspondence to:

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F o re w o rd

The Regional Director Tropical Forest Foundation

Manggala Wanabakti, Blk.IV, Lt. 7, Wing ‘B’

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Senayan, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia Tel. (+021) 5735589

Fax. (+021) 57902925 E-mail: [email protected]

This manual is available free of cost on request while copies last. This manual is also available as a PDF ﬁ le and can be downloaded from the TFF website www.tff-indonesia.org.

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LIST OF FIGURES

L is t o f F ig u re s , T a b le s a n d P h o to

Figure 1 : You can create an SOP for sharpening a pencil !! ... 36

Figure 22-1 : Constraints to logging. ...43

Figure 24-1 : Sample logging plan. ... 49

Figure 40-1 : Creating a log “matt” on minor stream crossing. ...55

Figure 41-1 : Optimizing recovery of the main stem volume. ... 60

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LIST OF TABLES

is t o f F ig u re s , b le s a n d P h o to s

Table 1 : RIL IMPLEMENTATION CRITERIA &

INDICATORS FOR INDONESIA ...15 Table 2 : Elements of RIL Compared with Existing Ministry of

Forestry Regulations and Suggestions ...21 Table 3 : A Proposed Framework for Standard Operating Procedures Covering Forest Administration, Planning and Operations ...37

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LIST OF PHOTOS

L is t o f F ig u re s , T a b le s a n d P h o to

Photo 1 : Managements close involvement in operational aspects

of RIL is important for successful adoption of RIL techniques. .. 7

Photo 2 : Collecting tree data. ... 8

Photo 3 : Producing contour maps from field data. ... 9

Photo 4 : Preparing a logging plan. ...10

Photo 5 : Locating the skid trail network. ...11

Photo 6 : Opening a skid trail prior to felling. ...11

Photo 7 : Bucking to minimize waste. ...12

Photo 8 : Preparing to winch a log. ...13

Photo 9 : Cross ditching. ...13

Photo 10 : Waste assessment as part of the evaluation activity. ...14

Photo 11 : The Sikorsky S-64F ... 30

Photo 12 : Normally associated with cable logging in the Pacific Northwest of America and Canada, this Thunderbird TTY-70 skyline yarder. . . . ...31

Photo 14 : Looks can be deceiving! This is not your average crawler tractor. ...32

Photo 13 : The Rimbaka Timber Harvester. ...32

Photo 15 : The rubber tired skidder. ...33

Photo 16 : Using felling wedges; simple but effective in improving directional felling. ...33

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PREFACE

P re fa c e

Ignorance is no longer a legitimate excuse not to implement Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) for most forest concessions. The concept has been around for many years and the technical aspects are fairly well understood.

Information and training in RIL is now being offered by a number of organizations so lack of resources is no longer a good excuse either.

The beneﬁ ts of RIL have been demonstrated again and again and the old excuse that, “it is too expensive to implement” is simply not valid. Furthermore, there are now well known examples of RIL being implemented successfully by forest concessions in Indonesia. However, most forest concession companies who start the process of adopting RIL practices, do not actually follow through with full adoption to the point where the beneﬁ ts of RIL can be realized at an operational level.

Why is something which is obviously of beneﬁ t to a forest management company, not being adopted more readily? What are the stumbling blocks? And how can they be removed? This manual sets out to explore these questions and to provide some answers and some guidance towards a more effective adoption of RIL.

Increasingly, resear-chers and practitioners alike, are ﬁ nding that it

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P

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is often the “Management” which presents the biggest obstacles to improving forest practices. This can occur in many ways related to attitude, neglect, and inappropriate institutional or operational arrangements. Management can also create an obstacle for RIL adoption by failing to promote suitable techniques and technologies.

This manual explores the main obstacles to successful adoption of RIL, which are under the direct control of the Management of a forest concession. The manual also provides guidance on how to overcome these obstacles.

Although the primary focus of this manual is the Management of the forest concession company, it is recognized that the Ministry of Forests also has a major role to play in the management of the forest resource. This role is enshrined in forest laws and regulations and brought to bear on the forest concession staff and Management through a system of ﬁ eld visits and regulatory controls.

It is becoming increasingly obvious that the forest regulatory system as set by the government, contains many disincentives for the adoption of sustainable forest management and speciﬁ c management strategies such as RIL. The disincentives can be in the form of poorly formulated regulations or, in the way in which the regulations are administered.

Although the manual does not go into detail on the management role of the Ministry of Forests, it highlights the impact which existing policies, regulations, and practices have on the willingness of the forest concession Management to adopt RIL.

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A

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NTRODUCTION

TO

RIL

n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL

CHAPTER I

1.1 Scope of Management Considerations

Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) is usually thought of in very practical terms involving modifi cations to logging planning, directional felling, appropriate equipment, deactivation of skid trails, and a host of related technical modifi cations to existing practices. Indeed, these are all important elements of RIL and these are also the elements which are the easiest to address through information dissemination, training, and demonstration. There is however, a much more signifi cant aspect of RIL implementation which is frequently overlooked and which has a much greater infl uence on whether RIL is effectively adopted or not. This aspect is the role of Management. Company Management will fundamentally determine whether RIL strategies are effectively adopted or whether the entire idea will die a slow death of frustration as individuals within the company struggle with jurisdictional and communication issues as they try to adopt technical solutions.

Managements role is one of providing the vision, guidance, and facilitation. To carry out this role, management needs to meet some very basic but crucial conditions.

1. There must be a good understanding of what makes up an RIL system. What the goals, opportunities, and challenges are, and what technical aspects are involved.

2. Management must be fully committed to achieving the implementation of RIL. This is the “management commitment” which researchers and practitioners of RIL frequently refer to when discussing the problems of RIL adoption.

3. Management must ensure that the right policies,

organization structure, trained staff, and appropriate

operating procedures, are in place to ensure that all

the activities of RIL are implemented in synergy with each other. C ha pt er I

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A n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL

In this manual, we try to provide guidance to facilitate a clear understanding of these three crucial conditions.

We also look briefl y at the role of government in the management equation. In the Indonesian context, the forests belong to the State and the right to harvest is granted to the private sector. Although the private sector conducts all forest management activities which impact directly on the forest, the government through the establishment and implementation of a regulatory framework, signifi cantly infl uences the behavior of the private sector forest manager. Essentially, the government actions can be seen as either establishing incentives or disincentives for the adoption of sustainable forest management practices such as RIL.

1.2 What is RIL?

Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) consists of technologies and practices that are designed to minimize environmental impacts associated with industrial timber harvesting operations.

There is no single, globally applicable deﬁ nition of what constitutes the technical aspects of RIL because government regulations, forest conditions, terrain, tree sylvics, management practices, logging equipment, and a host of other variables, are different for each tropical forest situation.

In the Indonesian/Malaysian situation, a RIL operation should normally include the following:

• Pre-harvest inventory and mapping of individual crop trees. • Preparation of accurate, operational scale contour maps. • Pre-harvest planning of roads, skid trails, and landings to

provide access to the harvest area and to the individual trees scheduled for harvest while minimizing soil disturbance and protecting streams and waterways with properly engineered crossings.

• The development of written environmental and operational standards to guide planning and operational activities and the integration of these standards into the company structure. • The use of controlled felling and bucking techniques including

directional felling

• The development of written felling and bucking standards to minimize logging waste and to maximize volume and value

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n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL recovery.

• Construction of roads and landings so that they adhere to engineering and environmental guidelines while minimizing soil disturbance, damage to residual vegetation, impact on the forest stream system, and overall impact on the forest landscape.

• Marking skid trail locations on the ground so the skidder operators can ﬁ nd them easily.

• Opening skid trails prior to felling. Minimize soil disturbance during the construction and utilization of skid trails through the application of simple guidelines and adequate supervision • Winching logs to planned skid trails and ensuring that skidding

machines remain on the planned skid trails at all times. • On sloping topography, deactivation of skid trails after the

operation has been completed (eg. by cross-ditching) to minimize erosion.

• Conducting post-harvest assessments to provide feedback to the timber concession holder and the logging crews, and to evaluate the degree to which RIL guidelines were applied successfully.

For these practices to be applied in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner, the following prerequisites are essential:

• The concession holder and logging operator must be able to provide documentation showing that they are legally entitled to harvest the timber within the operational area and that the operation is being conducted in adherence to applicable laws and regulations.

• A detailed set of operational and environmental standards must exist to which the logging operation will conform, and the managerial, planning, and logging crews must all be thoroughly familiar with these standards.

• The planning and logging crews must be trained in their respective functions, and they must understand not only what is to be done and how to do it, but also why it is important. • Crews must be provided with proper safety equipment and

must be trained in its use and maintenance.

• Knowledgeable, well-trained supervisors must be present in the ﬁ eld to oversee the work, to maintain prescribed standards for the operation, and to ensure that the schedule of activities is followed.

• Where lodging in a ﬁ eld camp is required, the camp must

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adhere to sanitary and dietary standards applicable to the jurisdiction in which it is located.

• Logging equipment must be suited to the operating conditions and must be maintained in good working condition.

• Planning and operational activities must be thoroughly integrated in order to ensure that the plans are properly implemented. This may require adjustments to the company’s structural and procedural arrangements.

• A management and control system must be in place that will provide timely operating information to the concession holder, the logging manager, and external auditors. Such a system includes detailed job descriptions, stafﬁ ng information, equipment inventories, standard operating procedures, and similar information.

The conventional approach to logging, as still practiced by most concessions in Indonesia and Malaysia, indeed in most of the tropical world, results in a very high level of impact. Felling and extraction of logs from the forest is usually relatively unplanned. In the conventional operation, the logging crews are free to carry out their logging activities within designated blocks with very little supervision. This unplanned entry into the forest results in a high level of impact to the residual trees which are the basis for the next cutting cycle. It also results in excessive machine movements, hence excessive soil disturbance and destruction of forest vegetation. This, in turn, encourages the establishment of low-value pioneer tree species and the spread of invasive and non-productive vegetative cover. Excessive soil disturbance can also results in major soil erosion and sedimentation of the forest streams with associated negative impacts on local communities. An important implication of the conventional and relatively unplanned approach to logging with the associated excessive impact due to uncontrolled machine movements, is that this approach almost invariably implies inefﬁ ciencies. RIL works to correct this situation and provides the forest manager with opportunities to reduce costs through higher productivity, greater efﬁ ciency, and better volume recovery.

RIL can be viewed as a series of techniques which, when taken together, make up a comprehensive management strategy. This strategy takes the planning of the extraction process to the individual tree level. RIL also emphasizes the adoption of standards and operating procedures, which will lead to a greater

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Photo 1 : Managements close involvement in operational aspects of RIL is important for successful adoption of RIL techniques.

awareness and a more effective implementation of the harvesting activities.

Some extra costs are incurred to develop the information needed for this more detailed planning, but most practitioners agree, that signifi cant and immediate fi nancial benefi ts can be had from better planning, fi eld preparation, and operational control. These benefi ts are usually expressed in terms of improved effi ciency or, production cost savings, which provide a net fi nancial gain to the forest operation.

The long-term economic beneﬁ ts of following an RIL approach to planning and harvesting, are undisputed although not as well studied. By minimizing damage to the forest during the initial harvesting activity, an equal or better second harvest can be expected. Also from both an ecological and social perspective, less impact results in a more sustainable forest.

For the purposes of promoting the adoption of RIL through demonstration and training, the Tropical Forest Foundation has deﬁ ned an RIL strategy within the context of a series of discrete “elements”. Most of these elements already exist in a normal logging operation, however, to comply with an RIL standard, most of these elements will require the development of special skills or modiﬁ cations of existing practices. In some cases additional activities or “elements” will have to be added to a company’s operations.

Element 1 Creating an Appropriate Management Environment

It is all too often the perception that RIL is essentially a strategy of techniques based largely on technical aspects of planning and extraction. Yet without a ﬁ rm commitment from Management, it is unlikely that improvements in technical practices alone will ensure the successful adoption and implementation of the RIL strategy.

A strong commitment, based

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Photo 2 : Collecting tree data.

on an understanding of the potential beneﬁ ts, is the starting point. Equally important, is a recognition of the existing “gaps” in skills and understanding of the RIL concept at all levels of the production process. This understanding must, of course, be followed by the implementation of the necessary corrective actions.

In many companies, successful implementation of technical or procedural changes necessary for the implementation of RIL, would beneﬁ t from the development of clear operational and environmental guidelines, often referred to as ‘standard operating procedures’ (SOP). The value of a series of SOP’s, is only now gaining gradual recognition among the more progressive companies. In order to successfully implement a new set of SOPs, it may be necessary to hire additional personnel, upgrade the technical capability of existing staff, or even, adjust the hierarchy of function and responsibility within a company. (Appendix I for sample SOPs)

Element 2 Conducting an Operational Inventory

Tree mapping is the product of the 100% inventory which is carried out by most companies under the TPTI1)_{silvicultural} and administrative system. The regulations governing the 100% inventory require only that tree positions be shown on the maps. It is safe to say that in most companies, these maps are not used for any meaningful operational purpose and that their utility is largely conﬁ ned to meeting the bureaucratic requirements of the Ministry of Forests.

Under an RIL system, enhanced data collection can be incorporated into an existing survey procedure to produce maps that have a clear

C ha pt er I 1)

TPTI = Tebang Pilih Tanaman Indonesia / Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting Silvicultural System. This is the ofﬁ cial silvicultural and administrative system under which most of Indonesia’s forests are being managed.

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Photo 3 : Producing contour maps from field data.

planning and operational utility. Tree positions are usually combined with contours and planimetric detail to produce a comprehensive and useful map.

Element 3 Preparing an Operational Scale Contour and Tree Position Map

There is little disagreement that operational scale contour maps are a fundamental prerequisite for the successful implementation of RIL, speciﬁ cally for the successful planning and location of skid trails in the broken topography of Indonesia and Malaysia. Operational scale could vary from 1:1,000 to 1:5,000. The choice of map scale and contour interval should be a function of topographic variability and the level of detail that a forest operation may wish to include on the map.

The preparation of such contour maps can be achieved by conventional mapping techniques from aerial photographs, however, for a variety of reasons, this is still far from an achievable reality in Indonesia.

TFF has promoted a pragmatic approach to the collection of topographic data whereby the existing 100% inventory procedure is modiﬁ ed slightly to include the collection of elevation data which then makes possible the production of accurate, operational scale contour maps2)_. Experience has shown that this modiﬁ cation increases the cost of the inventory by $1.50 to $1.80 per hectare.

Operational scale maps which combine contours, planimetric detail and tree position information can be produced using manual cartographic methods or through the use of a variety of computer assisted mapping techniques. Cha

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2)_{Technical Procedures for Topographic Forest Surveys and Tree Mapping, April 2004, ﬁ rst of a}

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Photo 4 : Preparing a logging plan.

This step will require training of the inventory crews, not so much too collect the necessary data but, more importantly to follow a disciplined survey protocol in order to avoid unmanageable data errors at the mapping stage. Of all the steps in the RIL process, this one presents the biggest technical challenge.

Element 4 Planning the Skid Trail Network

The operational contour and inventory maps are the basis for the planning of the skid trail network. Skid trail planning3)_is a fundamental element in the RIL system.

Be sure to consider the spatial context. Most concessions still use the 100 ha square logging unit boundary system to organize and administer their planning and operational activities. Such boundaries should not be used as the limits of the skid trail planning. Natural barriers such as streams, swamps, ridge tops or excessively steep ground should form the limits of the area which will be skidded to each landing. Successful skid trail system planning must look beyond the artiﬁ cial administrative boundaries within the approved annual operating area and must be carried out in the context of planning for the most efﬁ cient harvest unit.

A vital ingredient of the logging planning under an RIL system, is the incorporation of basic operational and environmental standards. Operational guidelines could refer to simple considerations such as maximum slope of a skid trail or location and design of landings. Environmental standards could relate to slope considerations, riparian management zones, and other possible environmental constraints. Such standards may be best deﬁ ned and promoted within the context of a comprehensive set of SOP’s (see Appendix I).

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3)_{Planning Considerations for Reduced Impact Logging, August 2005, the second in a series of}

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Photo 5 : Locating the skid trail network.

Photo 6 : Opening a skid trail prior to felling. The use of maps for operational planning is poorly developed at the formal education levels and within the concession staff. This skill requirement is often in need of signiﬁ cant training inputs before it can effectively contribute to the implementation of RIL and sustainable forest management.

Element 5 Field Location of Skid Trails and Landings

Conﬁ rm the validity of the planned skid trail network on the ground and demarcate all skid trails by using paint or ﬂ agging ribbon.

Both the planning and ﬁ eld location of skid trails should be governed by standards which give guidance on how to deal with skid trail slopes and optimum skidding distances as well as dealing with issues of steep ground, environmentally sensitive sites, and streams.

Crossing streams should be avoided if at all possible in order to maintain water quality and overall hydrological function.

Element 6 Opening of the Skid Trails Prior to Felling 4)

The beneﬁ ts of opening the skid trail network prior to felling are not always clearly understood

A crawler tractor or skidder should drive along all located skid trails with its blade raised slightly above the ground. The beneﬁ t of doing this prior to commencement of felling and skidding activities, is that a clearly visible extraction “network” is established prior to the

commencement of these activities. Cha

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4)_{For guidance to Elements 6 to 10, refer to “Operational Considerations for Reduced Impact}

Logging”, March 2006, the third in a series of technical procedures manuals covering the implementation of RIL

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Photo 7 : Bucking to minimize waste.

The faller has better access and a better sense of the need for directional felling.

The soil should not be disturbed and all pole and sapling size trees need to be left on the skid trail. This woody material will help to protect the soil during the skidding operation. Where the skid trail must pass along a sloping hillside, side cutting will, however, be unavoidable.

Element 7 Felling - Develop Appropriate Felling and Bucking Guidelines

Considerations which could be included in such guidelines include, directional felling, avoiding protected trees and future crop trees, proper bucking to maximize utilization, the use of appropriate techniques, riparian protection zones, and worker safety.

Fallers should be trained to take these guidelines into account when choosing the most appropriate felling directions. Since cruising procedures already require the marking of future crop trees and other protected trees, it seems a logical expectation that a faller who knows how to fell a tree, can be taught a few additional points to keep in mind when choosing the most appropriate felling direction. The underlying recognition here, is that the faller is essential the main decision maker in a forest operation since what the faller does has one of the greatest impacts on the forest.

The skill level of the faller should be adequate to carry out directional felling effectively. Companies need to ensure that the faller is supplied with appropriate tools to permit directional felling.

Element 8 Skidding - Develop Appropriate Skidding Guidelines

In conventional extraction practices, the skidding activity creates some of the worst damage to the soils and to the residual stands. By planning, locating, and opening the skid trails prior to the commencement of felling activities,

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Photo 8 : Preparing to winch a log.

Photo 9 : Cross ditching.

signiﬁ cant improvements in skidding efﬁ ciency and in damage reduction can be achieved.

Additional reductions in skidding damage will require close supervision and the adoption of simple skidding guidelines that are appropriate to the individual company or situation. Some points to consider include the increased use of the winch, the need to stay on existing predetermined trails, avoiding stream crossings, and, adopting proper strategies for dealing with sensitive sites.

Development of such guidelines, or SOP’s, should be the responsibility of the individual company so that the guidelines are appropriate to the management system and the physical situation within the concession.

For both the felling and skidding activities, it is important that appropriate equipment be used to further enhance the beneﬁ ts of improved planning and operational control.

Element 9 Deactivation

In many cases it will be desirable to deactivate the skid trails, particularly in hilly terrain. This should involve cross ditching to minimize channeling and erosion of skid trails with steeper gradients. This activity should be incorporated into the normal job description

of the tractor operator and should be carried out as soon as each skid trail is ﬁ nished in order to avoid unnecessary additional cost.

As with many of the other operational aspects of the RIL management system, clear and simple guidelines should be developed within the context of the individual operational unit or concession, to best reﬂ ect the operating and management

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Photo 10 : Waste assessment as part of the evaluation activity.

conditions unique to that situation.

Where necessary, or appropriate, reclamation of landings and skid trails may be part of this activity, and various techniques can be deployed.

Element 10 Evaluation and Monitoring

In order to ensure successful implementation of the RIL system and, to provide a meaningful feed-back to the management and staff of a concession, an appropriate evaluation procedure should be developed. This might involve post-logging surveys of the skid trails as a sampling of soil disturbance or other, sampling procedures, or, it might involve a simple ﬁ eld inspection of a logging unit by a designated person and the preparation of a simple report.

The purpose of such evaluation and inspection is to provide an internal feed-back so that any shortcomings in implementation can be quickly identiﬁ ed and corrected. Such evaluation is also necessary to ensure that management and staff, are constantly aware of the objectives, achievements, and areas requiring improvement with respect to successful implementation of the RIL system.

For more detailed technical guidance on the operational considerations of RIL implementation, refer to the manual, “Operational Considerations for Reduced Impact Logging”, March 2006.

1.3 A Framework to Guide Implementation

During the process of developing training modules for the adoption of RIL, TFF has found it useful to elaborate on the procedural and technical requirements in the format of a criteria and indicator matrix. C ha pt er I

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This matrix can be used by the forest manager as a guide to understanding and implementing the changes necessary to realize the beneﬁ ts of a RIL system.

It can also be used by an outside party to evaluate and monitor the performance of a forest management unit’s efforts at adopting RIL. C ha pt er I Activity or

Element Implementation Indicator Implementation Veriﬁ er Additional Comments

1. A pre-harvesting, operational inventory has been conducted which identiﬁ es all trees to be harvested and trees to be protected according to the standards set in the Indonesian TPTI5)_{or TPTJ}6)_{silvicultural}

and administrative systems.

1.1 Field visits verify that the inventory has been conducted and that trees are labeled and numbered according to regulatory requirements.

1.1.1 Spot checks should be conducted in multiple locations. 1.2 The Company has written standards for its cruising activities including a clearly

stat-ed policy, on which trees are suitable for inclusion in the inventory (see audit notes below).

1.3 Cruising summaries (LHP) are available for the entire area to be harvested. 1.4 Document check should verify that species protected by Indonesian law and CITES

protocol are not included in the list of species proposed for harvesting.

COMMENTS :

A 100% inventory is mandatory for Indonesian forest concessions. Requirements and pro-cedures for such an inventory is well documented by the Ministry of Forests (MoF) and available to all companies. MoF regulations detail the inventory, marking, mapping, and reporting procedures for commercial, protected, and future crop trees.

The regulation (SK) on minimum stocking standards for concession license and RKT re-newal is not considered legitimate for RIL audit purposes as it is counterproductive to the goals of RIL and contains completely unimplementable expectations.

2. Operational scale contour and tree position maps of adequate accuracy are available for the entire area to be harvested annually.

2.1 The company has acquired appropriate scale contour maps through remote sensing methods or has adopted suitable ground survey procedures to permit routine con-tour and tree position mapping.

2.1.1 An appropriate operational map scale is not greater than 1:5,000 with contour intervals of not more than 5 m. 2.1.2 Minimum information content of the operational contour and

tree position maps includes all permanent and seasonal wa-tercourses, contours, roads (existing and planned), block boundaries, physical features which could inﬂ uence logging planning, and the location of all trees suitable for harvesting. 2.1.3 It is recommended that systematic ground surveys leave

be-hind a recognizable survey grid which can be used for ﬁ eld orientation.

Table 1 : RIL IMPLEMENTATION CRITERIA & INDICATORS FOR INDONESIA

5)_{Tebang Pilih Tanaman Indonesia (Indonesian selective cutting and planting system)} 6)_{Tebang Pilih Tanaman Jalur (Selective line cutting and planting system)}

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A n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL C ha pt er I Activity or

2.2 Accuracy of the maps must be adequate to permit accurate planning of skid trails according to contours, location of physical features (streams) and tree location infor-mation.

2.1.4 Field checks will verify accuracy of the map. Tree location should be accurate within a radius of 20m.

COMMENTS :

Although contour mapping is recommended under MoF regulation, it is not an enforceable requirement. However, accurate contour maps play a much larger role in RIL planning than tree position maps, consequently, these indicators and verifi ers are important preconditions to RIL implementation and should be subjected to signifi cant audit scrutiny in the fi eld.

3. Forest roads are planned, located, constructed, and maintained so as to minimize the impact on the forest and related values.

3.1 Company speciﬁ c road standards have been developed to guide the planning, loca-tion, construcloca-tion, maintenance, and deactivation of forest roads.

3.2 Roads are located and constructed according to company standards.

3.3 Road locations are routinely positioned on operational planning maps prior to com-mencement of logging planning and operations.

3.4 Roads are maintained to minimize erosion.

3.5 Roads no longer required for forest management activities, are deactivated so as to prevent erosion and to safeguard against unauthorized activities.

COMMENTS : Technical guidance on roads is provided in the TFF “Planning, Location, Survey, Construc-_{tion and Maintenance for Low Impact Forest Roads”} 4. Harvesting boundaries are established in the ﬁ eld and shown on the maps according to existing

regula-tory requirements.

4.1 Procedures for the establishment of logging boundaries are clearly stated. 4.1.1 Random and representative ﬁ eld checks verify the existence

of operational boundaries

4.2 Harvesting boundaries do not conﬂ ict with or overlap with protected area bounda-ries as identiﬁ ed on a higher order plan, either inside or outside of the concession boundary.

COMMENTS : Boundary demarcation is required under MoF regulations. Procedures are prescribed by _{the MoF in detail. Both map and ﬁ eld checks will be required to verify compliance.} 5. The company is in possession of valid concession license and a valid annual cutting permit (SK RKT)

5.1 Current concession license and annual cutting permit are signed by appropriate au-thorities.

5.1.1 A document check veriﬁ es the existence of valid license docu-ments.

COMMENTS : Possession of a valid concession license and annual cutting permit are part of the legality _{standard and one of the main pre-conditions for participation in the “RIL veriﬁ ed” program.} 6. Operational scale harvesting plans are prepared showing how the company proposes to carry out

har-vesting activities.

6.1 Harvesting plans are prepared on the contour and tree position maps.

6.2 The company has developed operational and environmental standards to guide planning and logging activities

6.2.1 Operational standards include considerations for maximum gradient of skid trails, soil considerations, location of landings, organization (sub-compartmentalization) considerations7)_, and stream crossing procedures.

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n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL C ha pt er I Activity or

6.2.2 Environmental standards include a policy on maximum slope suitable for ground based logging, riparian buffer zones, stream crossing, considerations for landings, and considera-tions related to cultural aspects8)_.

6.3 The company has designated capable personnel responsible for carrying out de-tailed logging planning.

6.3.1 Accurate plans incorporating existing contour and tree posi-tion informaposi-tion as well as planning standards, are being rou-tinely prepared.

COMMENTS :

This is an RIL requirement. The only MoF logging planning requirement is the division of the annual harvest area into +/-100 hectare blocks and the planning of the trucking roads two years prior to harvesteing. However, the preparation of detailed harvest plans by com-petent personnel is a key element in the successful adoption of RIL practices.

7. Skid trails and landings are located prior to the commencement of felling activities in accordance with operational and environmental standards.

7.1 The company has designated capable personnel responsible for carrying out de-tailed skid trail and landing location.

7.1.1 Field checks conﬁ rm that skid trails and landings are being routinely located according to the logging plan and the stand-ards which have been speciﬁ ed.

7.2 Updated maps have been prepared showing actual location of landings and skid trails where there is a variation of the original plan.

COMMENTS : Field checking is required to conﬁ rm compliance.

8. Skid trails are opened prior to the commencement of felling activities and in accordance with opera-tional and environmental standards9)

8.1 The purpose and procedure of opening up skid trails is clearly communicated to operational supervisors and personnel

8.1.1 Foremen in charge of logging activities, have up-to-date and accurate maps to guide the extraction activities

8.2 Simple technical guidelines exist for opening the skid trails 10)

8.2.1 Field checks conﬁ rm that skid trails and landings are being routinely opened prior to felling and that skid trails and land-ings are built according to the speciﬁ ed standards.

COMMENTS :

This is an RIL requirement whcih seeks to ensure that the beneﬁ ts of detailed harvest plan-ning is actually passed on to the operational stage. Experience has shown that opeplan-ning of the skid trails progressively with the logging operation, does not work effectively in the tall timber and broken terrain conditions commonly found in Indonesia, consequently, opening of the planned and located skid trails prior to felling is an important step in the process of implementating an RIL system.

9. Felling and bucking is carried out according to RIL principles and guidelines. 11)

7)_{Operational Standards will be published in the manual, “Considerations for RIL Planning”.} 7)_{Operational Standards will be published in the manual, “Considerations for RIL Planning”.} 8)_{Environmental Standards will be published in the manual, “Considerations for RIL Planning”.} 9)_{An operational procedures manual will be published as part of the ITTO project output.} 10)_{These will be included in the procedures manual (see footnote #5)}

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A n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL C ha pt er I Activity or

9.1 Fallers have been instructed on simple decision making criteria to guide their efforts at directional felling. This includes considerations for: personal safety, alignment to skid trail, location of future crop and protected trees, recoverability of the felled tree, and minimizing felling breakage

9.1.1 Do the fallers have a pocket sized card covering basic falling and bucking considerations?

9.2 Fallers are equipped with basic safety equipment and tools appropriate for the imple-mentation of directional felling.

9.2.1 Fallers are supplied with and use basic safety equipment (hardhats) as well as appropriate felling aids such as felling wedges.

9.3 The company has a clear, written utilization policy and bucking standards. This policy should specify maximum tolerable defect, preferred log lengths, and accept-able species.

COMMENTS : For additional technical details, the manual “Operational Considerations for RIL” should _{be consulted.} 10. Skidding is carried out in such a way as to minimize soil disturbance and damage to the residual

stand.

10.1 The company has issued operating instructions to tractor operators which seek to ensure that machines remain on the skid trails and maximize winching.

10.1.1 If the log is within 20 m of the skid trail, it should be extracted using the winch only unless its position is such that there is no clearance under the log for the cable or if there is an obstacle which would prevent direct winching.

10.2 The tractor operator does not develop new skid trails which are not marked in the ﬁ eld without consulting with the foreman.

10.2.1 There is no evidence of criss-crossing or duplicate skid trails.

COMMENTS :

This is an RIL requirement dealing with skidding. In the Dipterocarp forest, minimizing soil disturbance is the key to ensuring good regeneration. The forest ﬂ oor usually has an abundance of seedlings. With the opening of the forest canopy, the existing regeneration grows agressively.

Soil disturbance not only implies destruction of poles and sapplings, but also of the seed-lings. Soil disturbance/displacement is the single most important factor affecting forest regeneration.

11. The company has a clearly stated policy for deactivating landings and skid trails aimed at minimizing the risk of erosion.

11.1 Deactivation guidelines for skid trails should specify how and under what conditions cross-ditching will be done.

11.2 Cross-ditching of skid trails is a part of the tractor operator’s normal job description. 11.2.1 Field checks verify that cross-ditching and deactivation of

landings is done according to the company’s standards.

COMMENTS : Field checks are required. Technical guidance is available in the manual, “Operational Con-_{siderations for RIL”.} 12. Monitoring and post-harvesting evaluation is being carried out with the intention of providing continuous

self-evaluation and feed-back to the management on the implementation of RIL practices.

12.1 Monitoring and evaluation activities have been identiﬁ ed as job descriptions and competent personnel have been instructed to carry out these functions.

12.1.1 These duties may be added on to the job description of the foreman or new personnel may be appointed as ‘block in-spectors’.

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n I n tr o d u c ti o n to R IL C ha pt er I Activity or

12.2 Routine ﬁ eld monitoring is carried out during the logging activities to ensure that RIL objectives are being achieved

12.3 A post harvesting evaluation procedure has been adopted, which assesses compli-ance with RIL objectives and reports to management.

12.3.1 ‘Block reports’ are available. They should cover all aspects of the logging and deactivation requirements and should also report on utilization matters. An attached map indicating the areas logged is desirable.

COMMENTS : Technical details are provided in the TFF publication, “Operational Considerations for _RIL”. 13. Management has put in place appropriate policies, instructions, and personnel to ensure that all

sec-tors of the operation are clear on the need to modify practices to make the adoption of RIL practices an operational reality.

13.1 Company policy and instructions to inventory, planning, and operations personnel, state the objectives of adopting RIL and clearly inform on individual job responsibili-ties.

13.1.1 Policy statements and/or standard operating procedures exist which describe the various elements of the RIL system. 13.1.2 Job descriptions exist which demonstrate the integration of

function and responsibility.

13.2 Personnel have been designated, trained, and adequately instructed to ensure that all RIL activities are carried out effectively.

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G

OVERNMENT

P

OLICY

AND

P

RACTICES G o v e rn m e n t P o li a n d P ra c ti c e s

_{CHAPTER II}

2.1 The “Management” Role of Government

Although the focus of this manual is on the management considerations of the private sector forest manager and how he can affect the implementation of RIL, a discussion of this issue would be incomplete without an examination of the role of government as a partner in management.

Indonesian forest legislation clearly states that the forests belong to the state and that the government retains the management responsibility to ensure the sustainable management of the country’s natural forests. The forest legislation also makes provision for the transfer of the right to harvest the forest, to the private sector, in return for the exercising of management responsibilities and the payment of royalties and taxes as set by government.

The government exercises its management responsibility through the development of a regulatory framework consisting of laws, regulations, decrees, and special letters of instruction. This framework includes a complex set of requirements for reporting and inspection. The Ministry of Forests and its provincial and district level forestry agencies are responsible for implementing and administering forest policy through the application of this regulatory framework.

Government Commitment

The Ministry of Forests has recognized the important and complimentary role, which RIL can play in achieving the goal of sustainable forest management.

The Government’s intention to support the implementation of RIL is mentioned under Criteria 2 and 3 of “Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management” (SK Menhut No. 4795/KPTS 11/2002) signed by the Minister of Forests. Although speciﬁ c details are not provided in this SK, it is nevertheless an enforceable requirement for the forest concessions. A second SK has been issued by the Director General of Production Forest Management

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v e rn m e n t P o lic y a n d P ra c ti c e s

(SK DirJen Prod. For. Mgmt. No. 274/VI-PHA/2001). This SK is in the form of a “letter of suggestion” and provides considerable detail on the technical aspects of RIL.

Regulation versus Recommendation

The basis for most forest management regulation in Indonesia is the TPTI1)_{silvicultural and administrative system. Some of the} recognized activities crucial to RIL are clearly spelled out under the TPTI regulations. Other activities are either not explicitly mentioned or are only referred to in broad generalities.

Government regulators have attempted to institutionalize the concept of RIL within the overall regulatory framework, by issuing two letters of instruction. The ﬁ rst is in the form of a regulation deﬁ ning sustainable forest management. In this regulation, the

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Table 2 : Elements of RIL Compared with Existing Ministry of Forestry Regulations and Suggestions

Description of RIL Elements and Activities

TPTI Regulations MoF “Letter of Suggestion” for RIL

(SK No. 151/Kpts/IV-BPHH/1993) (SK No. 274/VI-PHA/2001)

Commitment of Management

Emphasized but no speciﬁ c activities spelled out and no detail provided.

- Standard Operating Procedures Not speciﬁ cally mentioned

- Standards and systems, etc. Pre-harvesting inventory (and vine

cutting) Yes. Detailed prescription for the inventory procedures

Yes. Referred to TPTI inventory pro-cedures

(Vine cutting not mentioned)

Topography and tree position

mapping Tree position map required; Topography map not mentioned

Yes. Both tree position map and operational scale contour map men-tioned as important prerequisites

Skid trail planning General mention of need to do _{skid trail planning} The need for skid trail planning is _{clearly identiﬁ ed} Location of skid trails Not mentioned Not speciﬁ cally mentioned

Opening skid trails before felling Not mentioned Recommended

Felling (standards) General comments regarding _{care in felling} Directional felling recommended

Skidding (standards) General comments regarding _{care in skidding} Discuss need to minimize skidding damage through more emphasis on winching.

Deactivation of skid trails Not mentioned Recommended

Post harvesting monitoring and evaluation

Prescribed as a detailed system-atic procedure covering 100% of the area (ITT)

More subjective evaluation and monitoring emphasized

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G o v e rn m e n t P o li a n d P ra c ti c e

s _{need to adopt RIL practices is cited under criteria 2 and 3. The} second instruction is in the form of a “letter of suggestion” which provides a much more detailed deﬁ nition of RIL activities. It should be understood, however, that this detailed deﬁ nition of RIL is in the form of a “suggestion” and has no enforceable status.

2.2 The Intention of the Regulatory Framework

The purpose of the regulatory framework, is to ensure that the forests are managed sustainably for the production of timber and that their ecological functions are maintained to the beneﬁ t of society. The collection of forest revue is one of the ways in which government realizes the beneﬁ ts of the forest on behalf of the greater society.

Indonesia has committed itself repeatedly to the achievement of sustainable forest management in a variety of national and international forums. One of the more notable of these commitments was to the ITTO2)_{year 2000 objective which stated} that all member countries would strive to achieve the goal of sustainable forest management by the year 2000. Although the “year 2000 goal” was viewed by many as overly optimistic, developments both outside and within the control of the Indonesian government, have resulted in a general movement away from, rather than towards the achievement of this goal.

In many areas of Indonesia, the achievement of sustainable forest management will inevitably be linked to the achievement of sustainable development, which, according to the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development, is deﬁ ned as:

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

This realization is placing a greater urgency on the need to bring Indonesia’s forests under sustainable management where the demands of the industry and society as a whole do not compromise the capability of the forest to fulﬁ ll those demands. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is, therefore, deﬁ ned by the ITTO, as: C ha pt er I I 2)

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v e rn m e n t P o lic y a n d P ra c ti c e s

“ . . . the process of managing permanent forest land to achieve one or more clearly speciﬁ ed objectives of management with regard to the production of a continuous ﬂ ow of desired forest products and services, without undue reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social environment.”3)

2.3 The Impact of Poor Regulations

An argumentative self defense one commonly hears in the halls of the Ministry when discussing the obvious gaps between the intent of the regulatory framework and the substantial different reality one commonly sees in the typical forest concession, is the statement that, “… the problem is not the regulations, but their implementation.”

There is obviously substantial truth in this statement but the argument is not entirely one-sided. Indonesia has seen a wealth of forestry projects most of which have included components that analyzed forest administration policy in one form or another. An almost uniform ﬁ nding has been that the Indonesian forestry sector must deal with an overwhelming maze of laws, decrees, regulations, guidelines and instructions; many having very little or no technical validity; often conﬂ icting in their effect; in some cases actually harming the achievement of sustainable forest management; and in many cases, fundamentally unimplementable for a variety of reasons.

Rules, regulations, laws, etc. which are not technically sound or economically viable, or which do not contribute anything positive to the goal of achieving sustainability in overall forest management, will not get properly implemented and will only contribute to a culture of corruption.

2.4 The Corruption of Practices

Inappropriate and excessive regulations tend to lead to corrupt practices as company managers seek to avoid excessive costs in applying illogical or inappropriate regulations, and government ofﬁ cials whose job is to enforce the regulations, see this as a means of leveraging extra income.

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G o v e rn m e n t P o li a n d P ra c ti c e

s _{There is little doubt that Indonesia’s regulatory framework is} fraught with problems. This has lead to a culture of corruption which adds signiﬁ cantly to the cost of doing business. It has an additional effect in that it frustrates the motivation to work towards sustainable forest management.

As a partner in forest management committed to the achievement of sustainable forest management practices such as the adoption of RIL, the Ministry of Forests bears a considerable degree of responsibility for the fact that relatively few of the country’s forest concessions have successfully adopted better practices. The solution to this dilema is not more regulations, but better regulations. A simple test should be applied to every regulation or decree : “Does it contribute positively to the achievement of sustainable forest management ?” If the answer is no, not sure, or not clear, serious consideration should be given to revising or even repealing such a regulation.

The Indonesian regulatory framework must become more outcome orientated and less restructive to provide forest managers with more insentive to adopt better forest management practices.

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O

RGANIZATIONAL

AND

O

PERATIONAL

R

EQUIREMENTS

FOR

RIL

ational

CHAPTER III

The success or failure of a forest concession’s attempt to adopt a RIL forest management regime, depends not so much on mastering the technical aspects as it does on the willingness of the company management to make the necessary adjustments in the way the business of logging is conducted.

However, enthusiastic initial endorsement of RIL on the part of company management or ownership, does not automatically lead to the adoption of RIL. Examples abound where a concession company has successfully converted its inventory, mapping, and planning functions to RIL methods only to have the entire effort fail because the logging teams did not implement the RIL logging plans.

Such failure of RIL uptake can usually be traced to a breakdown in either (or both) the organizational and operational arrangements within a company.

To ensure the adoption of new methods and technologies, is ﬁ rst and foremost a Management responsibility. A strong commitment on the part of the Management is an obvious prerequisite, however, this is not enough. Management must ensure that the necessary organizational and operational requirements are met. From an institutional perspective, one way of ensuring that all the elements of an effective management structure are put in place, is to start with the development of a company-speciﬁ c set of standard operating procedures (SOPs). Of course this does not eliminate the need for Management to monitor closely all efforts to change to a RIL system, but it can provide a useful framework for ensuring that all personnel in the organization know their job functions and understand how they relate to the previous and the next step in the production process.

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Organizational and Oper

R

equirements

for RIL A number of sample SOPs have been presented in Appendix I. These should be viewed as a guide only when developing company-speciﬁ c SOPs.

3.1 Organizational Requirements

The broad goals of an RIL system are to minimize the impact of the logging activity and, to maximize the efﬁ ciency of the operation. These are not always mutually achievable in every phase of the operation.

A complete inventory of the operating area will obviously cost more than no inventory at all, however, the beneﬁ ts which can be realized in machine productivity through more effective planning and improved supervision in the logging activity, can more than offset the additional inventory cost and result in the overall realization of both goals: lower logging impact and greater logging efﬁ ciency.

To achieve this optimization of goals, a forest manager will have to ensure that an important set of preconditions are met. These can be highlighted by posing a series of questions.

3.1.1 Sufﬁ cient Staff

Are there sufﬁ cient staff to carry out all the key activities? Manpower requirements for labor intensive activities such a forest inventory are well known and the adequacy of existing stafﬁ ng is relatively easy to verify.

3.1.2 Adequate Qualiﬁ cations

Do the staff and the forest workers have the necessary skills and qualiﬁ cations? Basic skill requirements vary with each job. Management must be able to evaluate the competence of the people it puts in charge of the different activities.

If skill levels are inadequate, is there an external training program available to upgrade the job competence or do internal training programs have to be developed?

3.1.3 Organizational Structure

Has the manager put in place an organizational structure that

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ational

ensures all essential tasks are carried out?

In some cases, changing to an RIL system will require the creation of new job functions. Does the organizational structure accommodate these new job functions and integrate them into an effective system? An example might be the creation of the job function of block inspector to provide effective oversight and monitoring reports to the Management to ensure that the logging activities meet the desired goals.

3.2 Operational Requirements

The successful adoption of RIL practices is often frustrated by unresolved operational problems.

3.2.1 Deﬁ nition of tasks and responsibilities

The forest manager or camp manager is primarily interested in achieving production targets and often pays scant attention to essential functions such as operational planning which play an important role in realizing greater efﬁ ciency in a logging operation but which traditional have little bearing on the achievement of production targets.

If the camp manager does not understand the potential beneﬁ ts of adopting RIL practices and, if he does not receive clear direction from upper management, he is unlikely to be guided by the efforts of the Planning Department, even though he may have tolerated the development of RIL skills and methodologies at the data collection, mapping, and planning stages. A common outcome of this common situation is that the adoption of RIL never gets past the planning stage.

Part of this problem relates to the clear deﬁ nition of tasks, or job description. For example, unless the requirement of cross-ditching of completed skid trails is added to the tractor operators job description, it is unlikely to get done.

3.2.2 Integration of function

Most forest concession companies have an organizational structure based on function, hence, inventory and mapping may be carried out by the Inventory Department. There may be a Forest Engineering Department responsible for forest road

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Organizational and Oper

R

equirements

for RIL planning, location, and survey. Logging is carried out by the Production Department, and so on.

The change to a RIL system often begins with the data collection and planning functions. A high level of technical competence can be achieved in the generation of accurate maps and the detailed logging planning, however this does not guarantee the realization of the RIL goals.

Management must ensure that systems are in place which deﬁ ne how the efforts of the Planning Department are transferred to the Production Department to ensure that planned and located extraction networks are followed by the tractor operators.

3.2.3 Communication

Effective communication is an unavoidable prerequisite for bringing about change. Improved techniques, new management systems, expanded job descriptions, and trained personnel are all necessary but do not guarantee the adoption of RIL unless there is clear and effective communication.

Changes need to be explained. Written instructions are helpful. Meetings are often a useful forum for communicating the intentions and rationale for change and for ensuring effective adoption of new procedures or techniques. It is the Managements role to ensure that effective communication takes place.

3.2.4 Feedback

Changing the habits of people who have become used to do a job in a certain way is not often easy and will take time.

Management needs to be aware of problems in adoption as they occur so that corrective action can be taken. For this reason, an RIL system recommends the creation of a monitoring and evaluation function to provide current evaluation of the logging operation against clearly stated goals.

In most companies, this will require the creation of a new job function or the expansion of the job description for existing staff.

Monitoring and evaluation can take various forms and collect

C ha pt er I II

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING

FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF

REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING

Management Considerations

for Successf ul Implementation

of Reduced Impac t Log ging

ISBN : 979-97847-0-0

This publication is intended for widespread use and distribution. All

parts of this document may be reproduced to advance the adoption of

improved forest practices, providing the Tropical Forest Foundation is

acknowledged as the source. Digital copies of all or part of this manual

can obtained from the Tropical Forest Foundation upon payment of a

dupplication and handling charge.

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia

Telephone: (62-21) 573 5589, Fax. (62-21) 5790 2925

E-mail : [email protected]

Author :

Art Klassen

Editor :

Hasbillah

September, 2006

Prepared for ITTO Project PD 110 / 01 Rev. 4 (I)

for Successf ul Implementation of

Reduced Impac t Log gi ng

FOREWORD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PHOTOS

PREFACE

A

I

RIL

CHAPTER I

G

P

P

CHAPTER II

O

O

R

RIL

CHAPTER III

_{CHAPTER II}