REPUBLIC OF KENYA
Name of Project : DANDORA – Feasibility Study
(Developing A New Dumpsite Of Regional Acclaim)
Client : Ministry of Local Government – Department of Urban Development
Implementing Agencies : City Council of Nairobi
Partners : Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea, Government of Italy, Government of Kenya, Ministry of Local Government, Nairobi City Council, Local Communities
Prospective Financier : The proposal is presented to the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea of the Government of Italy for financing consideration
Table of Contents
1.
Scope of the Study...1
1.2
General
...1
1.2.1 Phase 0………2
1.2.2
Phase 1 ...
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1.2.3
Phase 2 ...
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1.3
Project Deliverables
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1.4
Outline Programme
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1.
Back ground
As per our letter of 30th Novenber 2006 – MLG. 1099/34, in which we describe the history of the land fill site of Dandora.
2.
Scope of the Study
1.2 General
The Ministry of Local Government – Department of Urban Development is requesting funding from the Government of Italy to carry out a feasibility study into the following areas associated with the existing waste management system in Nairobi, Kenya.
• Development of a new Sanitary Landfill to replace the existing Dandora facility
• Managed closure of the Dandora Landfill to minimise environmental impacts to the surrounding environs
• Establishment of a series of satellite Waste Transfer Stations around Nairobi
• Undertake appropriate Environmental Audit (EA) for the existing landfill at Dandora and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the new landfill site.
• Evaluate the potential for generating electricity from the decomposition of the municipal waste deposited in both landfills
• Prepare a medium to long term waste strategy to encourage the reduction of waste through re-use and recycling and identify sustainable options for the treatment and disposal of residual waste
• Outline a programme for raising public awareness.
• Identify the needs of the Ministry to successfully manage the waste management system for Nairobi.
The existing landfill at Dandora is nearing capacity and there is a pressing need to develop a replacement given the existing poor environmental provision at the site. Any new landfill facility will need to comply with more modern environmental practices in order to minimise risk to the people of Nairobi and the adjacent surroundings.
In achieving the goals set out, a clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol whereby the previously uncontrolled emissions (greenhouse gases, odour and dust) emanating from its historic waste management practices will be significantly reduced by instigating modern operational procedures and installing environmental protection measures at the new landfill as well as Dandora. Moreover, by establishing a modern waste management system, driven by the preparation of the strategy, will decrease the need for landfill through increased recycling and reuse.
The feasibility study will be carried out in two phases, the first focussing on the replacement landfill and the second on developing a strategy to manage the waste more sustainably in the future.
1.2.1
Phase 0The project will be coordinated by the Ministry of Local Government.
An Italian-Kenyan technical joint committee will be set up with a secretariat at the Department of Urban Development, Ministry of Local Government.
The Ministry of Local Government will have also the responsability to organize the kick-off meeting and a final meeting-workshop in Nairobi with the presence of the Ministries involved, the Local Authorities, the local communities and all the other parties involved in the waste-environmental sectors.
The feasibility study will be implemented by the City Council, providing assistance to the experts for the entire period (12 months) of the project, and mainly by Eurafrica Management and Consulting (Eurafrica), the Italian company already active and operative in Kenya providing the necessary qualified technical expertise, know-how and technical assistance.
Eurafrica will coordinate and have the responsibility for all the international and local experts which will be involved in the 12 month-feasibility study.
1.2.2 Phase
1
(i) Inaugural Meeting, Site Visit and Inception Report
The feasibility study shall comprise a number of evaluations and assessments which together will produce an overall development plan to replace the existing landfill.
However, initially it will be important to determine the remaining life of the Dandora Landfill in order that any new measures can be made prior to the closure of the existing site. Therefore, it is essential that a review of the current facility’s anticipated life and recommend any improvements to the operation that can be cost effectively implemented to extend Dandora’s capacity. An initial inception meeting will be held to inspect the site and prepare a short term action plan for Dandora. In order to accurately calculate the remaining void space it is expected that a topographic survey will be commissioned and a computer model produced of the final restoration profile. At the inception meeting the overall project objectives will be discussed. The outcome of the inaugural meeting shall be:
• Inception Report to include a detail programme, resource schedule requirements for information, and details of the progress meetings
• Short term action plan to maximise the capacity of the landfill at Dandora Both documents shall be presented to MOLG project management team (PMT) for approval.
(ii) Data Collection
It is expected that a comprehensive set of data and information on which to find appropriate designs and studies will need to be collated. It is recognised that data may be sparse and where available, difficult to locate. As such a
reasonable programme of data collection is anticipated. To mitigate against time delays the early part of the data collection will concentrate on the waste stream; of particular importance is the need to calculate the remaining life span of Dandora Landfill and compute the necessary volume of the new site. This will allow waste generation modelling to be undertaken concurrently with the remainder of the data collection.
The generic types of data that will need to be captured are: • Waste Data
• Population Growth Predictions • Economic growth indicators
• Socio-demographic and geographic data • Cost allocation to waste management • Existing practices for collection of waste • Waste deposition areas within the city
• Nature of recycling initiatives in Kenya, particularly in Nairobi
• The existing stakeholders in waste management (e.g. government, private contractors, Non-Government organisations, etc)
• Operational practices at the existing landfill • Current environmental legislation and policy
• National aspirations for waste management in Kenya
• Existing Geological and Hydrogeological information relating to the current and proposed landfills
• Data on the existing road networks to the sites
• Existing environmental information for both sites (e.g. ecology, landscape, proximity to residential areas, climate, etc)
• Spatial information relating suitable development plots for the transfer stations.
The above shall not be considered exhaustive and the detailed list shall be prepared as part of the inception report. In doing so the PMT shall be made aware of the type of information that may reside in the MOLG archives and request that the PMT search the archives to identify and obtain copies of the available data.
For this stage of the Project physical investigations to identify the geological and hydrogeological conditions at Dandora and the new landfill site will not be undertaken in order to perform an appropriate risk assessments to identify suitable environmental protection measures in compliance with any National environmental legislation. A conservative estimate of the ground conditions obtained from existing information will be used in assessment of environmental impacts. Also, for the future waste strategy a waste composition analysis will be established from existing information in order to establish the potential for recycling.
A baseline data report shall be collated which will bring together all the relevant information for the study. Where investigations are carried out beyond the timeframe for the baseline report, the results will be presented as addenda. The baseline report shall be presented to the PMT for approval. (iii) Initial Reports
Following on from the baseline data report a number of situation reports shall be prepared which will be used in the main feasibility assessment. As a minimum the Project shall provide a review of:
• Legal and Institutional framework
The Project shall review the legal and regulatory framework which will underpin the constraints to the development of the waste management system. It shall also highlight areas that could be reinforced to enhance the efficiency of the waste operations and environmental protection. Examples are:
o Planning Guidance and Approval
o Environmental Permitting
o Targets for reducing waste to landfill
o Guidance on packaging
o Regulations appropriate to Hazardous Waste • Waste Generation
From the basic information generated in the baseline study a model will be prepared for the waste stream. Subject to the data available this may be in the form of a zonal spreadsheet identifying population, housing, waste generation. Initially this will be based on total waste arising as in the medium term the majority of waste will still be sent to landfill. This model will be modified to cater for the waste composition that will be used in the future waste strategy for Nairobi. This will enable robust decisions to be made as to the correct waste management solutions.
As part of this process, account must be taken of population growth areas which could affect the future waste projections and the fact that waste may lie in public places which should be removed and deposited in the landfill as part of a clean up campaign.
Even with the very best models, there is always uncertainty in future growth predictions and it will be essential to consider a number of growth scenarios to test the sensitivity of the void space needed for the new waste management infrastructure.
This report will present the results of the modelling exercise that will be performed. In order to digest the information more readily the results will also be summarised graphically.
• Socio-Demographics
In order to fully apportion waste to various areas around Nairobi and meaningfully estimate the waste collection needs, an assessment should be undertaken of the geography related to the population. Moreover this should be linked to standard of living and housing stock. This report will be used to consider any future waste management options.
There are a number of stakeholders actively interested in waste management, such as.
o Government who sets policy and monitors progress towards its aspirations
o Nairobi City Council who is involved in the collection and disposal of the waste
o Private enterprise which also undertake waste collection and recycling
o Other organisations who are involved in recycling can assist in developing a public mind set and demonstrating real recycling initiatives
o Some sectors of the public (e.g. informal recyclers) who make a living collecting recyclable material from the refuse wagons and landfill. A new waste management system will place an additional burden, whether it is technical knowledge, management practice or resource allocation. A gap analysis shall be performed to identify what attributes of the existing industry would need to be reinforced and how best this can be achieved.
• Site Selection for the locations of supporting Transfer Stations
A fleet of collection vehicles from the Council and private enterprise will serve the new replacement landfill. To avoid lengthy cross city journeys by the collection vehicles a series of transfer station are contemplated. This allows bulking up of the waste and more efficient transportation of material to the landfill. It also allows the collection vehicles to focus on collection rather than haulage. When the travel time/distance is short, negating the need for a transfer station, the collections vehicles will go direct to the landfill. However, an on site transfer facility should be considered to avoid refuse wagons going to the deposition face. This would minimise the risk of damage to the vehicles.
In order to identify suitable locations for the Transfer Stations a travel time appraisal shall be carried out. This allows zones to be created which ergonomically positions these facilities so that unnecessary travel by the refuse vehicles is avoided.
Having established the zones that should have a transfer station located within it, then a site selection exercise will be performed to identify a series of plots which could be developed or redeveloped. This selection exercise should be robust and transparent. This will be carried out by employing a qualitative scoring system that assesses a number of facets associated with the sites and to which scores can be assigned. Typically these facets would include: proximity to housing, abnormal development costs, environment issues, access, etc. Weightings can be applied to each facet to reflect relative importance. The sum of the weighted scores yields a site score. The highest score should then be considered the preferred location for a transfer station in that zone.
This approach would be adopted for approximately four zones which would be served by up to three transfer stations; the fourth zone may not need a transfer facility as may be close enough to the landfill facility.
A function layout shall be initially prepared to determine the size and operational needs of the transfer station and so to aide selection of a short list
of sites for each zone. The principal focus should be sites currently in the Council’s ownership; otherwise the development costs would be that much higher due to the land purchase.
Consideration should also be given in the site selection exercise to the potential to expand and adapt the transfer station locations at a later date to encompass other waste operations technologies and become broader ‘environmental hubs’ and thereby offer some degree of future proofing.
(iv) Conceptual Design of the Transfer Stations
A conceptual design for a generic transfer station shall be prepared. In order to capitalise on the cost efficiencies arising from a standard design, each station will be more or less the same subject to site specific changes. This also avoids changes in staff induction if they are moved from one site to another during the operational phase of the waste management system. The design shall as a minimum comprise a series of drawings and outline technical specifications:
• A location plan
• General layout showing key features and turning, storage and manoeuvring areas
• Typical details and sections of the buildings
• Details of the other infrastructure (e.g. weighbridge, offices, welfare, drainage, etc)
• A list and specification for the equipment needed to operate the site. • An outline operational working plan illustrating how the facility should be
operated
• An estimate of construction and operations costs.
The conceptual design will be needed to establish a basis for accurate budget estimation.
• Environmental Audit (EA) for Dandora and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the New Landfill
In order to evaluate the potential impacts from the existing and new landfill facilities an Environmental Audit Study will be carried out for the existing Dandora Dump Site and an EIA for the new landfill. This will identify whether or not there are any unacceptable impacts to the environment and where they do arise establish mitigation measures that will reduce the effects to a satisfactory level. The facets of the EA and EIA will be agreed with the Council, but are likely to include:
• Landscape to mitigate against visual impacts
• Traffic assessment and the need to consider the disbenefits to the road network
• Noise and Air quality to evaluate and avoid unacceptable impacts to local receptors
• Hydrogeological and Hydrological risk assessments to ensure that unacceptable discharges are release to groundwater and water courses.
• Associated with the air quality, landfill gas migration will need to be considered and the effects mitigated against.
• Ecological setting to avoid disrupting or damaging wildlife or fauna
Where appropriate on site data will need to be gathered. In particular it may be necessary to instigate a ground investigation at each site to collect relevant data for the hydrogeological risk assessments.
The EA and EIA will run in tandem, but where staggering of resources is necessary, focus will be placed on the new landfill in order to minimise overall development time.
(v) Conceptual Design for the New Landfill
As with the Transfer Stations, the new landfill will be designed to enable an auditable cost estimate to be established and to present a visual portrayal of the key elements and functions of the site. The key design considerations will be: • Landfill profile shall be carefully assessed to ensure that while the requisite
void space is generated, due consideration is given to stability, phasing, surface water management and access
• Earthworks generation and basal profile will be reviewed to ensure that where possible a soil balance for the site is achieved both for construction needs, daily cover and restoration. The base of the site should be graded to encourage fluids, should they arise, within the waste mass to be conveyed to collection points. Appropriate phasing coupled with the absorptive capacity of the waste should be calculated to exceed the incident rainfall to avoid generating free leachate within the waste.
• The EA and EIA will guide the design in terms of the engineered protection system to the base, normally needed for a sanitary landfill. Depending on the risk assessment this may be a combination of geological barriers and synthetic materials. The design will be commensurate with national guidance and the need to protect groundwater
• Although the capping design will be made to minimise leachate, generation from the site as a whole leachate generation will be a feature of active phases of the landfill. As such an appropriate low cost extraction/management system will be employed.
• Complementing the leachate extraction system, a landfill gas extraction will need to be progressively installed to avoid the build up of pressure within the site which would increase the potential for lateral migration from the landfill. The gas extraction system would be initially connected to a flaring system to burn off the gas to avoid the release of greenhouse gas. Depending of the amount of waste and its composition there may be sufficient gas to be connected to a gas engine which converted the methane into electricity.
• Other elements of the site’s infrastructure will also be considered, such as the weighbridge, welfare, offices, and where appropriate garaging and maintenance sheds
The conceptual design will be presented in a report including a series of drawings, specifications, costs and a working plan illustrating how the site should be operated.
(vi) Conceptual Design for the Closure of Dandora Landfill
A similar set of design considerations is appropriate for the closure of the existing landfill as for the new one. For this facility, there will be no basal engineering, but to minimise the infiltration of rainfall a restoration layer, similar to the new landfill may be appropriate. This will be essential, if a gas extraction system is to be installed to capture the remaining reserve of gas to either flare or generate electricity.
The report would encapsulate the design, costs and specification of the components needed to complete the restoration of the site.
(vii) Impacts on Employment due to the closure of Dandora Landfill
At present there are a considerable number of people earning a living out of extracting recycling and reusable waste from the landfill at Dandora. The closure of Dandora and the development of the new landfill operated under modern management systems is likely to have an adverse impact on the local population. The Council is very keen in avoiding unnecessary unemployment as a result of the changes to the waste management system in Nairobi.
The Project shall undertake an assessment of the potential impacts that would arise as a result of the new waste management system and determine how the effects can be mitigated against by identifying options for re-establishing their employment on other parts of the waste management infrastructure.
(viii) Programme
This is an important aspect of the project. Included with the designs and recommendations will be a programme that will set out the most expedient way to replace landfill capacity for the city of Nairobi and done so in such a way as the facility becomes operational before the existing site at Dandora is closed.
1.2.3 Phase
2
In addition to Phase 1, a second phase, albeit running concurrent with the first, will identify the potential direction for the future of waste management services in the city.
(i) Future Waste Strategy
The Project shall prepare a strategy for the future direction of waste management within the city and shall include short, medium and long terms options for collection, recycling, treatment and disposal. There is a global shift away from single phase waste collection and landfill disposal. This is due to change in mind set from the concept of waste as simply material to be disposed of, to waste as a material asset to be recovered/utilised. It will be pertinent to consider how far and over what timeframe the city of Nairobi can modify its waste management activities. Whichever approach is adopted it needs to be affordable and sustainable. The strategy shall consider the quantity and type of recyclate together with the ability of the country to deal with the raw materials. As such the strategy must be guided, not only by the aspirations of the Government, but needs of the country.
Waste collection can be undertaken in a significant number of ways each tailored to the treatment methodology and end use. The collection system should be flexible enough to be inaugurated without compromising medium and long term changes to reflect a move towards recycling and/or specific treatment approaches.
While waste collection may be absent in parts of Nairobi, modern systems necessitate the roll out of the collection service to the entire population, although this may for local reasons be unachievable. Nonetheless, the provision of a complete service to the city shall also be explored. However, because of the different housing stock different storage receptacles, collection and treatment processes may be appropriate and these should also be incorporated into the strategy.
A range of collections options shall be presented and how these can be adopted in the future to accommodation a different emphasis in waste management within the city. The collection methodology shall revolve around several types of waste composition, although the economics of the options shall influence the type of material collected:
• Dry recyclate (e.g. glass, plastic, cans, paper and cardboard) • Garden and/or kitchen waste
• Residual waste
Essentially, the generic options to be considered will be centred on either, single phase collection, co-mingled dry recyclate or kerbside options. It is expected that many subdivisions and combinations will need to be explored. As stated above, the methods are inextricably linked to treatment methods and how the collection methodology is influenced by the treatment options shall be explained.
Recycling is an efficient method of diverting waste from landfill and providing a more sustainable waste cycle. The methods adopted fundamentally depend on the collection approach and the markets for the segregated material. It will be essential to link each aspect of the waste management system. Recycling can be achieved using a combination of:
• Bulking Transfer stations • Materials Recovery facilities • Bring banks
• Household waste Recycling centres • Composting plants for garden waste
The advantages and disadvantages of employing each element of infrastructure shall be identified. Inevitably there will be a significant volume of residual waste collected regardless of the collection/recycling combination. This can be further treated to separate even more recyclable materials or energy recovered from the waste. The choice of options is large, but is again the output guides the selection. The main outputs from the residual treatment process are:
• Compost • Energy
• Refuse derived fuel
• Gas
Usually the last two are converted into energy. Where legislation is not controlling the performance of the waste management system (e.g. largely outside Europe and the US) the treatment process (IVC, MBT, EFW, gasification, etc) outputs should reflect the needs of the population.
The strategy shall examine the options and link these to outputs required by Government and the community. The various options will be classified and the advantages and disadvantages presented. This enables an informed decision to be made regarding the preferred solution to the medium and long term waste management system. A review of the current waste technologies shall be included.
Inevitably while landfill may have reduced use in the future, but it will still play an important part in the long term. An assessment of the landfill capacity in the future will in any case be produced as part of the conceptual design of the new landfill. Reducing dependence on landfill will in effect increase its life. The strategy report will include the waste predictions, options and preferred solution(s), along with indicative costs per tonne collected and treated. The treatment process review will include illustrations of the generic types of plant. (ii) Economic Appraisal
An economic appraisal shall be undertaken. This will not only tie all the Capex and Opex costs together, it will identify whether or not the system can be afforded by the Council and population. Financing options are available and can comprise one or more of the following.
• International Government Grants and/or soft loans • National Government funding
• International Bank Loans • Internal funding
• Private sector funding
Whichever combination is used, essentially the financial profile will breakdown to an up front Capex injection to pay for infrastructure, plant and vehicles and Opex composed of staff, consumables and maintenance. Often funding covers a proportion of the initial Capex, but the population will be responsible for the long terms Opex through taxes and other charges.
The economic appraisal will examine the need for funding in order to make the overall system more affordable. Various financial options will be explored in search of the appropriate balance between external and internal funding. (iii) Stakeholder Awareness
When any changes are proposed for any local or government authority service it may seriously affect the public and other stakeholders. It may be even more acute for waste management where a different waste collection
system is envisaged. Convention dictates that the most effective means to extract recyclate from the waste stream is by encouraging the public to fully participate. In order to maximise success the public will need to be made aware of their responsibilities and benefits associated with recycling. This is not a one off activity, but one that requires continual reinforcement.
As part of the strategy an outline public awareness programme will be prepared recommending the use of the local and national media, as well as the more obvious direct canvassing methods.
A budget will be estimated for the initial programme, together with a cyclic maintenance campaign.
(iv) Institutional strengthening
A modern system of waste management requires more proactive and involved institutional support. Apart from laying the foundation to the change by the establishment of regulations government should track performance of the waste strategy and that of any contractors.
A gap analysis will be carried out to ascertain the difference between current overarching practice and the need to manage and monitor an improved regime. Suggestions will be made as to the approaches that could be undertaken by the Council and, indeed government, to administer and operate the infrastructure. Just as importantly a degree of knowledge transfer will be essential to ensure that the principal stakeholders understand the reasons behind the change and the technicalities associated with its implementation.
A programme of seminars will be arranged and delivered on a range of topics, for example:
• Waste collection • Landfill operations
• Environmental Monitoring
• Development of waste strategies • Financial monitoring
• Waste composition and recycling • Developing markets for recyclate
The audience for these seminars shall be agreed in consultation with the PMT.
The inception report prepared shall also consider appropriate opportunities for the staff of the PMT to be actively involved in the project.
(v) Energy from Landfill
The decomposition of municipal solid waste generates a mixture of gases, mainly methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Methane is flammable and can be used to power a generator. Throughout the world landfills, subject to age and volumetric factors, provide a source power which last for a significant number of years. With the closure of the existing Dandora Landfill and the development of a new facility, there is the potential to exploit a large field of
methane that can be converted into electricity. This provides a source of power that can be used locally or sent to the grid for re-sale.
A business case will be developed to evaluate the feasibility of generating electricity from the landfill gas at bothfacilities
.vi) CDM draft project
A draft CDM project-study will be carried out in order to obtain a validation of the CDM project activity and a registration of the CDM project activity with a certification of the reductions of greenhouses gases that will occur.
1.3
Project Deliverables
The following deliverable in fulfilment of the project shall be provided:
Phase 1
• Inception Report detailing the work, programme and resources needed to fulfil the objectives of the brief
• A report providing recommendation as to how the capacity of the existing landfill at Dandora can be increased
• Baseline report collating all the relevant and readily available data needed to undertake the project
• Where necessary undertake topographic surveys of Dandora and the new landfill facility
• A review of the legal and institutional framework within Kenya which will influence the development of the infrastructure needed as part of the improvements to waste management scheme in Nairobi
• A report indicating the potential for waste growth and what would influence the change
• Socio-demographic situation report for Nairobi
• Identify the capacity of the existing stakeholders to participate in the future waste management system
• A report on the site selection of suitable locations for the construction of transfer stations
• A report in the form of drawings and specification and costs presenting the outline design of the transfer stations
• An environmental audit report for the Dandora Landfill • An environmental impact assessment for the new landfill
• A report in the form of drawings and specification and costs presenting the outline design of the new landfill
• A report in the form of drawings and specification and costs presenting the outline design of the restoration of Dandora Landfill
• A report on how the proposal will affect the lives of those currently working on the existing landfill and they may be incorporated into the new waste management system
• Overall development programme Phase 2
• A Waste Management Strategy for the future system for Nairobi
• Economic appraisal of the implications of a new waste management system
• Preparation of a stakeholder awareness programme • A report of the needs of institutional strengthening
• An assessment of the potential to convert methane gas into electricity at Dandora and the new landfill
1.4 Outline
Programme
An outline programme is presented as an Excel spreadsheet as attached to this document. It is envisaged that both phases of the project would run concurrently with an overall completion time of 12 months.
