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Distributed Roughness Effects on Transitional and Turbulent Boundary Layers

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Figure

Fig. 1: Compuational domain and boundary conditions. Inset plot shows the roughness characteristics
Fig. 2: Grid sensitivity study: (a) Streamwise evolution of the maximum value of the time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) along the mid plane of the computational domain for test case k8 (b) Carpet plot showing the profiles of u 0 u 0 over a roughn
Fig. 3: Roughness elements embedded within and protruding into the bound- bound-ary layer.
Fig. 4: Instantaneous contours of vorticity magnitude on x−z and x−y planes.
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